Project Egypt: A Politically Incorrect View

Sailing along the Nile is a favorite tourism activity, which is mainly done during the winter when the natural flow of the Nile would have been too low to allow navigation of cruise ships. The annual production was about 35 tons in the mids. Factories for the fishing industry and packaging have been set up near the Lake. The dams also protected Egypt from the droughts in —73 and —87 that devastated East and West Africa. The High Dam allowed Egypt to reclaim about 2. The increase was brought about both by irrigating what used to be desert and by bringing under cultivation of , ha that were previously used as flood retention basins.

In particular the area under rice and sugar cane cultivation increased. In addition, about 1 million feddan , hectares , mostly in Upper Egypt, were converted from flood irrigation with only one crop per year to perennial irrigation allowing two or more crops per year.

On other previously irrigated land, yields increased because water could be made available at critical low-flow periods. For example, wheat yields in Egypt tripled between and and better availability of water contributed to this increase. Power generation began in When the High Dam first reached peak output it produced around half of Egypt's production of electric power about 15 percent by , and it gave most Egyptian villages the use of electricity for the first time.

The High Dam has also improved the efficiency and the extension of the Old Aswan Hydropower stations by regulating upstream flows. Lake Nasser flooded much of lower Nubia and , to , people were resettled in Sudan and Egypt. In Sudan, 50, to 70, Sudanese Nubians were moved from the old town of Wadi Halfa and its surrounding villages.

Some were moved to a newly created settlement on the shore of Lake Nasser called New Wadi Halfa, and some were resettled approximately kilometres south to the semi-arid Butana plain near the town of Khashm el-Girba up the Atbara River. The climate there had a regular rainy season as opposed to their previous desert habitat in which virtually no rain fell. The government developed an irrigation project, called the New Halfa Agricultural Development Scheme to grow cotton, grains, sugar cane and other crops.

The Nubians were resettled in twenty five planned villages that included schools, medical facilities, and other services, including piped water and some electrification. In Egypt, the majority of the 50, Nubians were moved three to ten kilometers from the Nile near Kom Ombo , 45 kilometers downstream from Aswan in what was called "New Nubia".

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Housing and facilities were built for 47 village units whose relationship to each other approximated that in Old Nubia. Irrigated land was provided to grow mainly sugar cane.

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These items were removed to the garden area of the Sudan National Museum of Khartoum: The remaining archaeological sites, including the Buhen fort or the cemetery of Fadrus have been flooded by Lake Nasser. Before the construction of the High Dam, the Nile deposited sediments of various particle size — consisting of fine sand, silt and clay — on fields in Upper Egypt through its annual flood, contributing to soil fertility.

However, the nutrient value of the sediment has often been overestimated. The nutrient value added to the land by the sediment was only 6, tons of potash , 7, tons of phosphorus pentoxide and 17, tons of nitrogen. These amounts are insignificant compared to what is needed to reach the yields achieved today in Egypt's irrigation. Areas far from the river which never received the Nile floods before are now being irrigated. A more serious issue of trapping of sediment by the dam is that it has increased coastline erosion surrounding the Nile Delta.

During summer when evaporation was highest, the groundwater level was too deep to allow salts dissolved in the water to be pulled to the surface through capillary action. With the disappearance of the annual flood and heavy year-round irrigation, groundwater levels remained high with little fluctuation leading to waterlogging. Since most of the farmland did not have proper subsurface drainage to lower the groundwater table, salinization gradually affected crop yields.

By , more than 2. Contrary to many predictions made prior to the Aswan High Dam construction and publications that followed, that the prevalence of schistosomiasis bilharzia would increase, it did not.

By the s only a small proportion of Upper Egypt had not been converted from basin low transmission to perennial high transmission irrigation. Expansion of perennial irrigation systems in Egypt did not depend on the high dam. In fact, within 15 years of the high dam closure there was solid evidence that biharzia was declining in Upper Egypt. This was a consequence of the conversion of the Delta to perennial irrigation to grow long staple cotton by the British.

Large scale treatment programmes in the s using single dose oral medication contributed greatly to reducing the prevalence and severity of S. Sediment deposited in the reservoir is lowering the water storage capacity of Lake Nasser. The annual sediment load of the Nile is about million tons. This means that the dead storage volume would be filled up after — years if the sediment accumulated at the same rate throughout the area of the lake. Obviously sediment accumulates much faster at the upper reaches of the lake, where sedimentation has already affected the live storage zone.

After construction of the dam, aquatic weeds grew much faster in the clearer water, helped by fertilizer residues. Weeds have been gradually brought under control by manual, mechanical and biological methods. Mediterranean fishing and brackish water lake fishery declined after the dam was finished because nutrients that flowed down the Nile to the Mediterranean were trapped behind the dam. For example, the sardine catch off the Egyptian coast declined from 18, tons in to a mere tons in , but then gradually recovered to 8, tons in A scientific article in the mids noted that "the mismatch between low primary productivity and relatively high levels of fish production in the region still presents a puzzle to scientists.

A concern before the construction of the High Dam had been the potential drop in river-bed level downstream of the Dam as the result of erosion caused by the flow of sediment-free water. Estimates by various national and international experts put this drop at between 2 and 10 meters. However, the actual drop has been measured at 0. The red-brick construction industry, which consisted of hundreds of factories that used Nile sediment deposits along the river, has also been negatively affected.

Deprived of sediment, they started using the older alluvium of otherwise arable land taking out of production up to square kilometers annually, with an estimated 1, square kilometers destroyed by when the government prohibited, "with only modest success," further excavation. Because of the lower turbidity of the water sunlight penetrates deeper in the Nile water. Because of this and the increased presence of nutrients from fertilizers in the water, more algae grow in the Nile. This in turn increases the costs of drinking water treatment.

Apparently few experts had expected that water quality in the Nile would actually decrease because of the High Dam.

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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Water resources management in modern Egypt. Egypt portal Water portal Renewable energy portal.

Ancient Egypt, an introduction (article) | Khan Academy

Carbon Monitoring for Action. Eisenhower in War and Peace. Random House Publishing Group. A Polymath in the 10th Century" , Science , Science magazine , A History of Our Time , V: Edited by Haggai Erlich and Israel Gershoni. Palestine and the Arab—Israeli Conflict Sixth ed. Retrieved 20 July The Benefits of a Much-Maligned Dam".

Development and Cooperation 6: Archived from the original on Geowissenschaften in unserer Zeit in German. Aswan and Abu Simbel: American University in Cairo Press. The geography is almost entirely rugged, barren desert, except for an explosion of green that straddles either side of the Nile as it flows the length of the country.

The river emerges from far to the south, deep in Africa, and empties into the Mediterranean sea in the north after spreading from a single channel into a fan-shaped system, known as a delta, at its northernmost section. The influence of this river on Egyptian culture and development cannot be overstated—without its presence, the civilization would have been entirely different, and most likely entirely elsewhere. The Nile provided not only a constant source of life-giving water, but created the fertile lands that fed the growth of this unique and uniquely resilient culture.

View from the high peak of the Theban hills showing the sharp delineation between the lush Valley and the barren desert. Each year, fed by melting snows in the far-off headlands, the river overflowed its banks in an annual flood that covered the ground with a rich, black silt and produced incredibly fertile fields. The visual effect is stark, appearing almost artificial in its precision. Time - Cyclical and Linear. The annual inundation of the Nile was also a reliable, and measurable, cycle that helped form their concept of the passage of time.

In fact, the calendar we use today is derived from one developed by the ancient Egyptians. They divided the year into 3 seasons: Although this annual cycle, paired with the daily solar cycle that is so evident in the desert, led to a powerful drive to see the universe in cyclical time, this idea existed simultaneously with the reality of linear time. These two concepts—the cyclical and the linear—came to be associated with two of their primary deities: Osiris, the eternal lord of the dead, and Re, the sun god who was reborn with each dawn.

The civilization of Egypt obviously did not spring fully formed from the Nile mud; although the massive pyramids at Giza may appear to the uninitiated to have appeared out of nowhere, they were founded on thousands of years of cultural and technological development and experimentation. The period before this, lasting from about B.

Prior to this were thriving Paleolithic and Neolithic groups, stretching back hundreds of thousands of years, descended from northward migrating homo erectus who settled along the Nile Valley. During the Predynastic period, ceramics, figurines, mace heads, and other artifacts such as slate palettes used for grinding pigments, begin to appear, as does imagery that will become iconic during the Pharaonic era—we can see the first hints of what is to come.

It is important to recognize that the dynastic divisions modern scholars use were not used by the ancients themselves. These divisions were created in the first Western-style history of Egypt, written by an Egyptian priest named Manetho in the 3rd century B.

Ancient Egypt

Each of the 33 dynasties included a series of rulers usually related by kinship or the location of their seat of power. Periods in Ancient Egyptian Art. The Egyptians themselves referred to their history in relation to the ruler of the time. Years were generally recorded as the regnal dates from the Latin regnum, meaning kingdom or rule of the ruling king, so that with each new reign, the numbers began anew.

These lists were often condensed, with some rulers such as the contentious and disruptive Akhenaten and even entire dynasties omitted from the record; they are not truly history, rather they are a form of ancestor worship, a celebration of the consistency of kingship of which the current ruler was a part. The Pharaoh—Not Just a King. Kings in Egypt were complex intermediaries that straddled the terrestrial and divine realms.

Ancient Egypt, an introduction

They were, obviously, living humans, but upon accession to the throne, they also embodied the eternal office of kingship itself. The ka, or spirit, of kingship was often depicted as a separate entity standing behind the human ruler. This divine aspect of the office of kingship was what gave authority to the human ruler. The living king was associated with the god Horus, the powerful, virile falcon-headed god who was believed to bestow the throne to the first human king.

One of the original divine rulers of Egypt, this deity embodied the promise of regeneration.



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