Clarifying Concepts in Physics: New Ideas & Answers...

First ebook edition of the book that was printed and published on June Kindle Edition , pages. To see what your friends thought of this book, please sign up. To ask other readers questions about Clarifying Concepts in Physics , please sign up. Be the first to ask a question about Clarifying Concepts in Physics. Lists with This Book. This book is not yet featured on Listopia. Manda rated it really liked it Jan 12, Valyn rated it really liked it Jan 05, Eddie King rated it really liked it Feb 21, Hilda rated it it was amazing Jan 11, Thomas Ross rated it did not like it Apr 21, Oguz rated it it was amazing May 19, Toasha Jiordano rated it really liked it Oct 31, Bill Heldenbrand rated it liked it Nov 30, David rated it it was amazing Oct 03, Aaron singh rated it really liked it Dec 31, Mickey rated it it was ok Jan 29, Spiros Armenis rated it really liked it Nov 09, Xanthia rated it it was amazing Sep 30, Landon P rated it really liked it Oct 25, Josh Roberts rated it liked it Feb 03, Ami Vithlani rated it it was amazing Aug 08, Petit Coeur rated it liked it Oct 31, A transformer is an electromagnetically coupled device consisting of, in a single-phase device, two unconnected windings wrapped around a laminated soft iron core.

What is meant by an 'ideal transformer'? The definitions and properties found in the literature are not completely the same [ 1 — 3 ]. We hope our results are as general as possible, so our analysis is based on as few assumptions as possible. Here, we define an ideal transformer as one which is absolutely free from any energy loss with only the following two conditions satisfied. The connecting wires have zero resistance too.

The transformer that serves as the model of our discussion is shown schematically in figure 1. One winding, called the primary, is connected to a current-independent alternating power source, forming the input circuit.

The other winding, called the secondary, is connected to a load of pure resistance R , forming the output circuit. The physics of the transformer involves two basic laws. One is Faraday's law of induction: When the transformer is operating, an AC current is drawn from the source to pass through the primary winding.

One may doubt how a current could appear in a circuit that does not have a net emf to drive the current. Indeed, one objective of this paper is to answer the question 'what is the primary current? The primary current is derived in section 4. The minus sign in the last equation helps us to understand the instantaneous transfer of electrical energy between the source and the primary winding: Dividing equation 2 by 3 , we obtain the voltage ratio.

In view of equation 6 , we obtain the current ratio. These two ratios, equations 6 and 8 , are widely known to students, but one of them is problematic. Transformers work on alternating currents. Suppose now that the secondary current I s is momentarily zero. There are two possibilities. The first one is that the two currents, I p and I s , continue to be zero. Currents cannot always be zero, so this never occurs.

The other possibility is that the two currents are nonzero, but their individual magnetic fluxes cancel each other out. However, the current ratio asserts that the primary and secondary currents are in direct proportion: It is known that magnetic flux is proportional to current, so if the primary and secondary fluxes are equal and opposite at a certain moment, they must always be related in this manner. Unfortunately, we come to the same conclusion: Of course, this is nonsense because a properly functioning transformer must rely on a time-changing magnetic flux.

There must be something wrong. The fact is that, even if the transformer is ideal, the instantaneous input and output powers are not exactly equal. A not-so-correct current ratio has thus been derived. The fault is rooted in two errors. As long as the primary receives electrical energy from the source, V p I p is negative, so the power V p I p can only be understood as the negative of the input power. Some texts and online resources are vague or careless in this respect [ 3 — 5 ]. However, changing the power relationship to. The critical problem in equation 9 is that it misses a term corresponding to the temporal fluctuation of the total core magnetic energy.

This term is necessary because the energy associated with the time-changing core flux must also be derived from the AC source. For this reason, the power balance must include such a term, for example,. Although some magnetic energy resides in the iron core, it is not dissipated via eddy currents, hysteresis loss, stray fields, etc, since the transformer is assumed to be ideal.

The magnetic energy that is more than the average will return to the source at a later time. Some texts state that the input and output powers are equal in their root-mean-square or averaged values, rather than being instantaneous, but little or inadequate explanation is provided alongside [ 6 , 7 ]. Later, we will ascertain what this constant actually is.

The term P m in equation 10 is the rate of change of the stored magnetic energy, so. On the other hand, equations 1 and 2 allow us to express. By integrating equation 14 w. Substituting equations 14 and 16 into 13 and then P m into equation 10 , and after rearranging the terms, we get. Obviously, the current inside the square brackets in the last equation is identical to the primary current in equation 9. It must be emphasised that this negative current ratio is consistent with the whole theory see section 5. Among the college-level physics texts surveyed by the author, only one derives a similar negative current ratio [ 8 ].

Next, I p,L is found by putting the last equation into equation 21 ,. Therefore, we obtain the final form of I p,M ,. Combining equations 16 and 24 , we find. In the last equation, the relation. Furthermore, the two components, I p,L and I p,M in equation 26 can be combined mathematically to form. A formal mathematical approach to solving the ideal transformer is given in the appendix. At the end of this section, it is worth taking note of the distinctly different functions of the two primary currents.

The current ratio of I p , L to I s equation 21 is negative—what does it mean? How does this negative sign eventually go to I s equation 22 , instead of I p , L equation 23? Undoubtedly, this negative sign means the opposite of a direction, but what is this direction? Do I p , L and I s always flow in opposite directions? No, they may flow in the same or opposite directions, depending on how the two windings are coiled around and placed in the core see figure 4.

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There are no preliminaries for his micro-miniature essays. If these are real, you have to already understand the principles to understand the essay.

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Then why do you need the book? The essays seem to be way to short to be conveying information. I tried to seriously follow a couple essays, and it they look like gobbledy gook, or mathematical double speak. If you are looking to understand physics, its probably better to go back to the classics by Feynman and others. What a waste of time.

It's a freestyle compilation of ideas found in popular science books. For a book subtitled "New Ideas" it's not clear what the author's ideas are and what has been taken from already existing sources.

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Even if there might be some original ideas, no proofs are offered whatsoever, and the content has not been peer reviewed, as stated in the first pages of the book. The bibliography at the end of the book contains zero references to the author's work, which is nowhere to be seen in the internet besides this book I've read he has over 20 patents in several countries, but those can't be found anywhere. One person found this helpful. I really want to buy it, but on paper, I need to hold in my hands this great brook written by Don Armando Bukele.

Not enough information, however it's somewhat helpful for beginners. Book supposedly conveys its ideas in simple straightforward terms.

It is anything but. The chapters are 1 - 3 pages and laced with complex equations and concepts. He was proposing some new ideas about nuclear He was proposing some new ideas about nuclear and astrophysics, well beyond my abilities.

This book clarifies nothing and is very terse. Waste of time to read.