Cardiovascular Physiology: A Clinical Approach (Integrated Physiology)

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A Clinical Approach" provides a clear, clinically oriented exposition of the essentials of cardiovascular physiology for medical students, residents, nurses, and allied health professionals. This book is the second in "The Integrated Physiology Series", a sequence of monographs that review physiology in a clinically meaningful way. The lecture-style format and conversational tone of the text offset the difficult and intimidating nature of the subject. Detailed illustrations and accompanying online animated figures help students truly understand key cardiovascular concepts most relevant for the care of patients.

Learning objectives, thought questions, clinical cases, and USMLE-style review questions round out the teaching elements that challenge students and help them master the material. A companion website includes the fully searchable text and 40 animated figures. Read more Read less. Credit offered by NewDay Ltd, over 18s only, subject to status. Customers who viewed this item also viewed. Page 1 of 1 Start over Page 1 of 1.

The heart is a muscular organ which pumps blood through the blood vessels of the circulatory system provides the body with oxygen and nutrients and helps in the removal of metabolic wastes. The heart is divided into four chambers and pumps blood through the body.

Neurophysiology

Blood low in oxygen from the systemic circulation enters the right atrium from the superior and inferior venae cavae and passes to the right ventricle. From here it is pumped into the pulmonary circulation, through the lungs where it receives oxygen and gives off carbon dioxide. The cardiac cycle refers to a complete heartbeat which includes systole and diastole and the intervening pause. Cardiac output CO is a measurement of the amount of blood pumped by each ventricle stroke volume in one minute.

Renal Physiology is a branch of physiology concerned with the study of kidney and its functions. The kidneys regulate the fluid and electrolyte balance of the body by continually filtering the blood. Nephron is the smallest functional unit of the kidney which helps to purify toxic metabolic waste products from the blood.

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Much of renal physiology is studied at the level of the nephron. The functions of the kidney can be divided into three groups: The kidney's ability to perform many of its functions depends on the three fundamental functions of filtration, reabsorption, and secretion, whose sum is renal excretion. Respiratory physiology is the branch of human physiology concerned with the study of respiration.

The human respiratory system is a biological system consisting of a series of organs responsible for taking in oxygen and releasing carbon dioxide to the environment. The lungs are the primary organs of respiration, which takes in oxygen and helps breathe out carbon dioxide. The lungs are a part of the lower respiratory tract that begins at the trachea and branches into the bronchi and bronchioles.

These divide until air reaches microscopic alveoli and the process of gas exchange takes place. Neurohormones are physiologically active substances produced by specialized cells neurosecretory cells structurally typical of the nervous, rather than of the endocrine system.

Cardiovascular Physiology : A Clinical Approach

The neurohormones pass along nerve-cell extensions axons. Neurohormones are released into the bloodstream at special regions called neurohemal organs. Neurohormones constitute of chemical stimuli and sensory stimuli. The hypothalamus produces releasing hormones, neurohypophysial hormones, enkephalins and endorphins. Journal of Autacoids and Hormones , Neurohormone , Journal of Neuroinfectious Diseases , Journal of Comparative Physiology, Neurohormones of invertebrates, Regeneration neurohormones and growth factors in echinoderms.

Energy metabolism is generally defined as the entirety of an organism's chemical processes. These chemical processes typically occur in the form of complex metabolic pathways within the cell, generally categorized as catabolic or anabolic. In humans, the study of energy flows and how energy processed in the body is termed bioenergetics.

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It is deal with the breakdown of macromolecules such as fats, proteins, and carbohydrates, to provide usable energy for growth, repair, and physical activity. Energy metabolism is the process of generating energy ATP from nutrients. Metabolism comprises a series of interconnected pathways that can function in the presence or absence of oxygen. Aerobic metabolism converts one glucose molecule into ATP molecules.

Fermentation or anaerobic metabolism is less efficient than aerobic metabolism. Apoptosis is a gene-directed program has had profound implications for our understanding of developmental biology and tissue homeostasis, for it implies that cell numbers can be regulated by factors that influence cell survival as well as those that control proliferation and differentiation. Apoptosis is also called programmed cell death which occurs in multi cellular organisms.

Biochemical events lead to characteristic cell changes morphology and death. The changes due to apoptosis including cell shrinkage, membrane blebbing, chromatin condensation, nuclear fragmentation and global mRNA decay. The cells die due to apoptosis in the average human adult is between 50 and 70 billion and for average child, approximately 20 billion to 30 billion cells die a day.

The muscular system is the biological system of humans which produces movement.

The muscular system is controlled by the nervous system, although some muscles, like cardiac muscle, can be completely autonomous. Muscle is contractile tissue and is derived from the mesodermal layer of embryonic germ cells. Its functions are locomotion, vasoconstriction and vasodilatation, peristalsis, cardiac motion, posture maintenance, heat generation. It also contributes to blood glucose balance by storing energy as glycogen. Indirectly it contributes to the well-being of the organism by simply allowing a person to move about by having our skin intact to muscles help us with our facial expressions.

In the nervous system it helps monitor body position. Muscles provide us with protecting our endocrine glands and digestive organs. Muscles also aid in moving blood through veins, protect deep blood vessels and help the lymphatic system move lymph. The integumentary system is involved in protecting the body from invading microbes mainly by forming a thick impenetrable layer , regulating body temperature through sweating and vasodilation, or shivering and piloerection goose bumps , and regulating ion balances in the blood. A change in blood flow is produced due to stimulation of mast cells.

It also helps synthesize vitamin D which interacts with calcium and phosphorus absorption needed for bone growth and maintenance.

Hair on the skin guards entrance into the nasal cavity or other orifices preventing invaders of getting further into our bodies.