Sensors for Mechatronics (Elsevier Insights)

Comprehensive coverage of a wide variety of sensor concepts and basic measurement configurations encountered in the mechatronics domain Written by a recognized expert in the field who has extensive experience in industry and teaching Suitable for practicing engineers and those wanting to learn more about sensors in mechatronics. Read more Read less.

• Sensors For Mechatronics by Regtien, Paul P L?
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Sensors For Mechatronics

Get to Know Us. Delivery and Returns see our delivery rates and policies thinking of returning an item? Therefore, voltage levels should be as precise as possible. These values were implemented using a Wilson current mirror and a diode. In order to avoid damages, the node disconnects all power sources when the ISFET moves from one solution to another during calibration or sample measurements..

The conditioning section in Fig. Part a shows constant current biasing circuit Valdes-Perezgasga, Control section in Fig. The microcontroller receives voltage signals according to pH values. These values are transformed to ASCII characters representing pH values that will be transmitted every 10 s from each node. The microcontroller also implements the communication protocol, by sending information to the radio through RS interface. The communication protocol can be modified by changing microcontroller programming. Therefore, nodes in the WCSN allow for testing different protocols without hardware modification..

Additionally, the microcontroller guides the user while executing calibration procedures by pressing the buttons.. One node measuring pH 7. Each node has one switch for manually disconnecting the LCD. Thus, after calibration, the node saves energy by not presenting information locally. Nonetheless, all measurements are sent using the radio.. Radio section in Fig.

Therefore, Xtend modems allow for long range transmission required in water source monitoring. The modem was configured with the most basic setup. Hence, there were no acknowledgements or retransmissions. The modem does, however, detect errors via a bit cyclic redundancy code CRC.

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As a consequence, Xtend discards all frames arriving with errors.. Hardware implementation of each node in the WCSN.. Multi-hop networks require routing algorithms such as Ghaffari However, the WCSN implements a star topology where all sensor nodes directly transmit to the main node sink. Therefore, all nodes are one hop away from the final destination, and the network does not require a routing algorithm.

Even though all Xtend modems allow for transmission and reception, sensor nodes are programmed for transmission and the sink is programmed only for reception.. The protocol assigns each node a particular time to send information time slot. Every node can only transmit during its own time slot and must remain silent in other time slots.

This behavior avoids collisions created by several nodes contending during one time slot. All time slots form a Frame, which repeats periodically. Each frame is 10 s long.. Black rectangles show transmissions from each node, repeating every 10 s. Empty spaces mean each node is idle and cannot transmit..

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The team developed a software interface in Java for data visualization. The interface shows pH measurements, generates alarms if values are outside ranges and shows historical data. ISFET in node 3 was disconnected to generate an alarm for out-of range value. The WCSN was evaluated considering three aspects: Results in this section use standard pH 4 and 7 solutions as an example. Calibration results employing other combinations of pH values were similar.

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Table 1 shows response characteristics for the three nodes. The repeatability of calibration data slope and intercept was high as indicated by the values of the standard deviation. Table 1 summarizes results for 10 repetitions.. Line parameters of each pH sensing node.

Standard deviation in parenthesis.. These values were programmed by default in each node. If the computed value falls outside this range, the LCD shows an error message and the node uses default calibration values. Otherwise, the node stores the most recent slope value.. Tests measured three pH solutions 4, 7 and 9 for each node, in order to establish the precision and accuracy of ISFET sensors and the measurement system. Test employed ten repetitions for each pH value.

Measurements were done at room temperature using the same solutions and conditions for both the pH meter and the nodes. Table 2 summarizes results of this test. As shown, the repeatability of pH data represented by the standard deviation agrees with the commercial pH meter..

Note all ISFET values in Table 2 were extrapolated employing linear fit parameters obtained during the calibration process. Additionally, the accuracy was calculated as the relative difference between the pH value obtained with the ISFET node and with the pH meter. The second test measured the number of packets lost when the number of transmitting nodes increased from 1 to 3. Each node transmitted packets and experiments were repeated five times.

When using the protocol explained in Fig. The measurement of pH in surface waters may tolerate higher sampling periods.

Therefore, if increasing the sampling period, new nodes can join the network without creating collisions. The three nodes were tested using 1 mW transmission power, as in study Berdugo et al. One additional test was performed in order to verify the maximum radio range. One node was measuring pH values inside a laboratory. Transmission power employed was 1 W. The receiver node was placed in different positions outside the laboratory.

The square is the transmitter. Circles show the smallest reception levels. The triangle shows location with the best reception level and the diamond shows medium level.. Long range test with obstacles using 1 W transmission power. Transmitter is the square, circles show the smallest reception levels, triangle the best and diamond shows medium level.. Best reception occurred inside the laboratory building, at 30 m through metal doors and concrete walls. Every Xtend modem in the WCSN employs one omnidirectional antenna; hence, they are transmitting information in all directions.

Note reception was possible when testing in parking lots and different roads.

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Additionally, tests verified locations inside different buildings, going south from the transmitter. However, there was no packet reception in these locations. The results are expected since signal had to propagate through concrete, glass, metal and trees, thus significantly reducing radio range.. Additionally, the test provided insights on stability performance of the node.

Figure shows typical ISFET behavior, with a drift during the first two hours and a stabilized drift after that time. Note there is a gap in data from During this time, receiver position did not allow data reception.. Gap corresponds to the time when receiver could not obtain information from the transmitter.. This paper demonstrates the performance of a chemical sensor network for pH monitoring. The pH values and the repeatability are comparable with a commercial sensor.

This result corroborates the feasibility of ISFET technology as pH sensors and the viability of the measurement circuit. The major part of systems employed in the literature report transmission distances smaller than 30 m. The Xtend radio modems used in this work allow transmission up to m through obstacles such as buildings and trees. Therefore, the application could be implemented in longer distances, with unobstructed line of sight..

Using a TDMA algorithm and sending information every 10 s, the network presented no packet losses. Since pH monitoring in water can be performed through larger periods, the system can increase the number of nodes without increasing packet losses..

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Human interface was designed and implemented in order to fulfill calibration required by chemical sensors. This functionality also allows each node to work as stand-alone pH meter, independent of the wireless network.. The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare..

Inicio Journal of Applied Research and Technology. Previous article Next article. February Pages This item has received. Under a Creative Commons license. Show more Show less. Measurements also presented high stability during 3 h of continuous measurement. However, most water analyses are carried out in centralized laboratories based on the application of conventional monitoring techniques to field-collected samples.

Therefore, the use of ISFET based sensors is promising, since they exhibit characteristics such as robustness, miniaturization, seamless integration in microsystems, low power consumption and rapid response. Both of these systems employ proprietary communication protocols. However, there is no information on distances covered with the network.

Additionally, all of them employ physical sensors and do not provide information regarding measurement precision or wireless network packet reception. None of these papers provide quantitative results regarding wireless network performance. The test included a multi-hop network with 86 m maximum distance between nodes and 1 mW transmit power. This paper presents the results of pH measurement and wireless network performance regarding packet losses and maximum radio range, thus providing information on the actual usability of the application.

White arrows show information flow. Hardware implementation of each node in the WCSN. Empty spaces mean each node is idle and cannot transmit. Standard deviation in parenthesis.

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Transmitter is the square, circles show the smallest reception levels, triangle the best and diamond shows medium level. Gap corresponds to the time when receiver could not obtain information from the transmitter. The grey area in wireless communications: A multiplatform experimental study. ECS Transactions, 14 , pp. Application of ion sensitive field effect transistor based sensors to soil analysis. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, 31 , pp. Testbed for evaluating wireless sensor networks with non-line of sight links.

The development and application of FET-based Biosensors. Biosensors, 2 ,. Specification of the bluetooth system. Wireless connections made easy. Covered core package version: