Guía Regional Cultural Mundo Maya (Spanish Edition)

In the latter, even though the name and the concept of culture as a central theme was used, not the current Maya and their descendants in the organization or the activities thereof are included. Then we feel the need to make visible, acting, express and talk like people and from their feelings without the mask of the officers, as they always talked about the Maya by others who are not Maya. Thus begins the integration of Collective YOOL Kaaj as an open, diverse and heterogeneous group but very clear objectives: During the organization and the course of the festival itself, we realized that through this sharing people recovering spaces to express directly their customs, traditions and knowledge, and freedom to speak their language, because in every one of the activities, either in the capital or municipalities, it was present.

So were held during the month of October , over activities between exhibitions, forums, seminars, lectures, panel tables, concerts, plays, artistic and cultural events, workshops and courses, book presentations, literature, video projections, filmed, and a cultural caravan with the participation of over exhibitors , artists and lecturers. From this experience, it became clear that with the completion of an annual festival was not enough to meet our objectives and for this reason we continued organizing activities. A year later, more hands joined this initiative and continue with renewed enthusiasm calling and creating spaces, maintaining our commitment to make visible the Mayan people and their diversity; to awaken and arouse the dormant talent for centuries of exclusion and discrimination.

As the colloquium Maya years of literature, cultural caravan, cultural events, workshops, conferences, concerts, exhibitions and projects.

Petén, Aventura en el Mundo Maya » Visit Guatemala

In , the party the village is decentralized and becomes hotbed of permanent events, favoring activities in community, allowing anyone interested in activities, at any time of year is organized, following our structure, or not, just making contact with the YOOL collective Kaaj. Mexico is expecting 52 million tourists in , thanks to the hype about the Maya calendar. That compares to 22 million foreign visitors to all of Mexico in December 21 is significant because it coincides with the end of a 5,year period in the Long Count calendar.

Cracking the Maya Code. Visiting the Mundo Maya — Rick Steves.

Through a mixture of graphical and written forms, he tells of what the Mayans were dreaming and the stories they told themselves. History, myth and science — How much myth and science is behind the Mayan prophecy of an apocalypse? Maya Victor Chambor http: Take a Maya quiz.

The Case of the Maya All the good you do must come from your own initiative. The process of deciphering is the first tiny step to understanding what this great civilization contributed to humanity. Its primary focus is on the arts, languages, and archaeology of Mesoamerican civilizations. Mesoamerica Center — Facebook. The term Mayan should be used when referring to the language spoken by the Maya people. The Maya speak Mayan. If you are not referring to the language, use the term Maya. She seems never to have ruled in her own right, rather being partnered with male co-rulers.

The first of these was Kaloomte' B'alam, who seems to have had a long career as a general at Tikal before becoming co-ruler and 19th in the dynastic sequence. The Lady of Tikal herself seems not have been counted in the dynastic numbering. It appears she was later paired with lord "Bird Claw", who is presumed to be the otherwise unknown 20th ruler. In the mid 6th century, Caracol seems to have allied with Calakmul and defeated Tikal, closing the Early Classic. In the latter half of the 6th century AD, a serious crisis befell the city, with no new stelae being erected and with widespread deliberate mutilation of public sculpture.

During the hiatus period, at least one ruler of Tikal took refuge with Janaab' Pakal of Palenque , another of Calakmul's victims. The beginning of the Tikal hiatus has served as a marker by which archaeologists commonly subdivide the Classic period of Mesoamerican chronology into the Early and Late Classic. B'alaj Chan K'awiil was captured by the king of Calakmul but, instead of being sacrificed, he was re-instated on his throne as a vassal of his former enemy, [65] and attacked Tikal in , forcing Nuun Ujol Chaak , the then king of Tikal, to temporarily abandon the city.

The first two rulers of Dos Pilas continued to use the Mutal emblem glyph of Tikal, and they probably felt that they had a legitimate claim to the throne of Tikal itself. Tikal counterattacked against Dos Pilas in , driving B'alaj Chan K'awiil into an exile that lasted five years. In , Jasaw Chan K'awiil I erected the first dated monument at Tikal in years and claimed the title of kaloomte' , so ending the hiatus. He initiated a programme of new construction and turned the tables on Calakmul when, in , he captured the enemy noble and threw the enemy state into a long decline from which it never fully recovered.

After this, Calakmul never again erected a monument celebrating a military victory. By the 7th century, there was no active Teotihuacan presence at any Maya site and the center of Teotihuacan had been razed by Even after this, formal war attire illustrated on monuments was Teotihuacan style. These two rulers were responsible for much of the impressive architecture visible today. In the 8th century, the rulers of Tikal collected monuments from across the city and erected them in front of the North Acropolis.

Impressive architecture was still built but few hieroglyphic inscriptions refer to later rulers. By the 9th century, the crisis of the Classic Maya collapse was sweeping across the region, with populations plummeting and city after city falling into silence. The sites of Ixlu and Jimbal had by now inherited the once exclusive Mutal emblem glyph. As Tikal and its hinterland reached peak population, the area suffered deforestation , erosion and nutrient loss followed by a rapid decline in population levels.

Tikal and its immediate surroundings seem to have lost most of their population between and and central authority seems to have collapsed rapidly. In the latter half of the 9th century there was an attempt to revive royal power at the much-diminished city of Tikal, as evidenced by a stela erected in the Great Plaza by Jasaw Chan K'awiil II in This was the last monument erected at Tikal before the city finally fell into silence. The former satellites of Tikal, such as Jimbal and Uaxactun, did not last much longer, erecting their final monuments in By the end of the 9th century the vast majority of Tikal's population had deserted the city, its royal palaces were occupied by squatters and simple thatched dwellings were being erected in the city's ceremonial plazas.

The squatters blocked some doorways in the rooms they reoccupied in the monumental structures of the site and left rubbish that included a mixture of domestic refuse and non-utilitarian items such as musical instruments. These inhabitants reused the earlier monuments for their own ritual activities, far removed from those of the royal dynasty that had erected them. Some monuments were vandalized and some were moved to new locations.

Before its final abandonment all respect for the old rulers had disappeared, with the tombs of the North Acropolis being explored for jade and the easier-to-find tombs were looted. After , Tikal was all but deserted, although a remnant population may have survived in perishable huts interspersed among the ruins.

Even these final inhabitants abandoned the city in the 10th or 11th centuries and the rainforest claimed the ruins for the next thousand years. Some of Tikal's population may have migrated to the Peten Lakes region, which remained heavily populated in spite of a plunge in population levels in the first half of the 9th century. The most likely cause of collapse at Tikal is overpopulation and agrarian failure. The fall of Tikal was a blow to the heart of Classic Maya civilization , the city having been at the forefront of courtly life, art and architecture for over a thousand years, with an ancient ruling dynasty.

As is often the case with huge ancient ruins, knowledge of the site was never completely lost in the region.

It seems that local people never forgot about Tikal and they guided Guatemalan expeditions to the ruins in the s. Artist Eusebio Lara accompanied them and their account was published in Germany in Maudslay in and the early 20th century. Pioneering archaeologists started to clear, map and record the ruins in the s. In , a small airstrip was built at the ruins, [16] which previously could only be reached by several days' travel through the jungle on foot or mule.

In the Tikal project began to map the city on a scale not previously seen in the Maya area. Shook and later by William Coe of the university investigated the North Acropolis and the Central Plaza from to A New Hope , which premiered in Eon Productions used the site for the James Bond film Moonraker. Tikal is now a major tourist attraction surrounded by its own national park.

Tikal has been partially restored by the University of Pennsylvania and the government of Guatemala. There are also seven courts for playing the Mesoamerican ballgame , including a set of 3 in the Seven Temples Plaza, a unique feature in Mesoamerica. The limestone used for construction was local and quarried on-site. The depressions formed by the extraction of stone for building were plastered to waterproof them and were used as reservoirs , together with some waterproofed natural depressions. The main plazas were surfaced with stucco and laid at a gradient that channelled rainfall into a system of canals that fed the reservoirs.

The 16 square kilometres 6. A huge set of earthworks discovered by Dennis E. In addition, some parts of the earthwork were integrated into a canal system. The earthwork of Tikal varies significantly in coverage from what was originally proposed and it is much more complex and multifaceted than originally thought. By the Late Classic, a network of sacbeob causeways linked various parts of the city, running for several kilometres through its urban core. These linked the Great Plaza with Temple 4 located about metres 2, feet to the west and the Temple of the Inscriptions about 1 kilometre 0.

They assisted the passage everyday traffic during the rain season and also served as dams. A large bas-relief is carved onto limestone bedrock upon the course of the causeway just south of Group H. It depicts two bound captives and dates to the Late Classic.

Petén, Aventura en el Mundo Maya

The Maudsley Causeway runs 0. The Great Plaza lies at the core of the site; it is flanked on the east and west sides by two great temple-pyramids. On the north side it is bordered by the North Acropolis and on the south by the Central Acropolis. The Central Acropolis is a palace complex just south of the Great Plaza. The North Acropolis , together with the Great Plaza immediately to the south, is one of the most studied architectural groups in the Maya area; the Tikal Project excavated a massive trench across the complex, thoroughly investigating its construction history.

It is a complex group with construction beginning in the Preclassic Period, around BC.

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It developed into a funerary complex for the ruling dynasty of the Classic Period, with each additional royal burial adding new temples on top of the older structures. Eight temple pyramids were built in the 6th century AD, each of them had an elaborate roofcomb and a stairway flanked by masks of the gods. By the 9th century AD, 43 stelae and 30 altars had been erected in the North Acropolis; 18 of these monuments were carved with hieroglyphic texts and royal portraits.

The North Acropolis continued to receive burials into the Postclassic Period. The South Acropolis is found next to Temple V. It is bordered on the east side by a row of nearly identical temples, by palaces on the south and west sides and by an unusual triple ballcourt on the north side. By AD — its architectural style was influenced by the great metropolis of Teotihuacan in the Valley of Mexico , including the use of the talud-tablero form.

Group G lies just south of the Mendez Causeway. The complex dates to the Late Classic and consists of palace-type structures and is one of the largest groups of its type at Tikal. It has two stories but most of the rooms are on the lower floor, a total of 29 vaulted chambers. The remains of two further chambers belong to the upper storey. One of the entrances to the group was framed by a gigantic mask.

Group H is centered on a large plaza to the north of the Great Plaza. It is bordered by temples dating to the Late Classic.

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There are nine Twin-Pyramid Complexes at Tikal, one of which was completely dismantled in ancient times and some others were partly destroyed. They vary in size but consist of two pyramids facing each other on an east—west axis. A row of plain stelae is placed immediately to the west of the eastern pyramid and to the north of the pyramids. Lying roughly equidistant from them, there is usually a sculpted stela and altar pair.

On the south side of these complexes there is a long vaulted building containing a single room with nine doorways. The entire complex was built at once and these complexes were built at year or k'atun intervals during the Late Classic. It was once thought that these complexes were unique to Tikal but rare examples have now been found at other sites, such as Yaxha and Ixlu , and they may reflect the extent of Tikal's political dominance in the Late Classic. Group Q is a twin-pyramid complex, and is one of the largest at Tikal.

Group R is another twin-pyramid complex, dated to It is close to the Maler Causeway. There are thousands of ancient structures at Tikal and only a fraction of these have been excavated , after decades of archaeological work. The most prominent surviving buildings include six very large pyramids, labelled Temples I — VI, each of which support a temple structure on their summits.

Some of these pyramids are over 60 metres feet high. They were numbered sequentially during the early survey of the site. It is estimated that each of these major temples could have been built in as little as two years. Temple I also known as the Temple of Ah Cacao or Temple of the Great Jaguar is a funerary pyramid dedicated to Jasaw Chan K'awil, who was entombed in the structure in AD , [87] [93] the pyramid was completed around — The outermost lintel is plain but the two inner lintels were carved, some of the beams were removed in the 19th century and their location is unknown, while others were taken to museums in Europe.

Like other major temples at Tikal, the summit shrine had three consecutive chambers with the doorways spanned by wooden lintels, only the middle of which was carved. The temple was dedicated to the wife of Jasaw Chan K'awil, although no tomb was found. The queen's portrait was carved into the lintel spanning the doorway of the summit shrine.

Temple IV is the largest pyramid built anywhere in the Maya region in the 8th century, [] and as it currently stands is the tallest pre-Columbian structure in the Americas although the Pyramid of the Sun at Teotihuacan may originally have been taller, as may have been one of the structures at El Mirador. Temple V stands south of the Central Acropolis and is the mortuary pyramid of an as yet unidentified ruler. Panels of hieroglyphs cover the back and sides of the roof-comb. The temple faces onto a plaza to the west and its front is unrestored.

It started life in the Early Classic as a wide basal platform decorated with large stucco masks that flanked the stairway. Later in the Early Classic a new superstructure was added, with its own masks and decorated panels. During the Hiatus a third stage was built over the earlier constructions, the stairway was demolished and another royal burial, of an unidentified ruler, was set into the structure Burial While the new pyramid was being built another high ranking tomb Burial 24 was inserted into the rubble core of the building. The pyramid was topped by a three chambered shrine, the rooms situated one behind the other.

Structure 5D is an unusual radial temple in the East Plaza, built over a pre-existing twin pyramid complex. It is built into the end of the East Plaza Ballcourt and possessed four entry doorways and three stairways, the fourth south side was too close to the Central Acropolis for a stairway on that side. In fact, it has been suggested that the style of the building has closer affinities with El Tajin and Xochicalco than with Teotihuacan itself. The vertical tablero panels are set between sloping talud panels and are decorated with paired disc symbols.

Large flower symbols are set into the sloping talud panels, related to the Venus and star symbols used at Teotihuacan. The roof of the structure was decorated with friezes although only fragments now remain, showing a monstrous face, perhaps that of a jaguar, with another head emerging from the mouth. Structure 5C is a small Teotihuacan-style platform that dates to about AD It had stairways on all four sides and did not possess a superstructure.

By the end of the Late Preclassic this pyramid was one of the largest structures in the Maya region. Structure 5D is the central temple on the east side of the Plaza of the Seven Temples. It has been restored and its rear outer wall is decorated with skull-and-crossbones motifs. Group 6C is an elite residential complex that has been thoroughly excavated. It lies a few hundred m south of the Lost World Complex and the excavations have revealed elaborate stucco masks, ballplayer murals, relief sculptures and buildings with Teotihuacan characteristics.

The palace has ancient graffiti and possesses low windows. The complex dates to AD Altar 5 is carved with two nobles, one of whom is probably Jasaw Chan K'awiil I. They are performing a ritual using the bones of an important woman. Altar 8 is sculpted with a bound captive. Altar 9 is associated with Stela 21 and bears the sculpture of a bound captive. It is located in front of Temple VI. Altar 10 is carved with a captive tied to a scaffold.

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Altar 35 is a plain monument associated with Stela The stela-altar pair is centrally located at the base of the stairway of Temple IV. At Tikal, beams of sapodilla wood were placed as lintels spanning the inner doorways of temples. These are the most elaborately carved wooden lintels to have survived anywhere in the Maya region. It was in almost perfect condition and depicts Yik'in Chan K'awiil seated on a palanquin. Stelae are carved stone shafts, often sculpted with figures and hieroglyphs.

A selection of the most notable stelae at Tikal follows:. It has a portrait of the king with the Underworld Jaguar God under one arm and the Mexican Tlaloc under the other. His helmet is a simplified version of the Teotihuacan War Serpent. Unusually for Maya sculpture, but typically for Teotihuacan, Yax Nuun Ayiin is depicted with a frontal face, rather than in profile. Stela 5 was dedicated in by Yik'in Chan K'awiil. Stela 6 is a badly damaged monument dating to and bears the name of the "Lady of Tikal" who celebrated the end of the 4th K'atun in that year.

Stela 10 is twinned with Stela 12 but is badly damaged. It described the accession of Kaloomte' B'alam in the early 6th century and earlier events in his career, including the capture of a prisoner depicted on the monument. Stela 12 is linked to the queen known as the "Lady of Tikal" and king Kaloomte' B'alam. The queen is described as performing the year-ending rituals but the monument was dedicated in honor of the king. Stela 16 was dedicated in , during the reign of Jasaw Chan K'awiil I. The sculpture, including a portrait of the king and a hieroglyphic text, are limited to the front face of the monument.

It was re-erected at the base of Temple 34, his funerary shrine. Stela 21 was dedicated in by Yik'in Chan K'awiil. The surviving sculpture is of fine quality, consisting of the feet of a figure and of accompanying hieroglyphic text. The stela is associated with Altar 9 and is located in front of Temple VI. Stela 23 was broken in antiquity and was re-erected in a residential complex.

The defaced portrait on the monument is that of the so-called "Lady of Tikal", a daughter of Chak Tok Ich'aak II who became queen at the age of six but never ruled in her own right, being paired with male co-rulers. It dates to the early 6th century. Stela 24 was erected at the foot of Temple 3 in , accompanied by Altar 7. Both were broken into fragments in ancient times, although the name of Dark Sun survives on three fragments. Stela 26 was found in the summit shrine of Temple 34, underneath a broken masonry altar. The monument had originally been erected at the base of the temple during the Early Classic period and was later broken, probably at the beginning of the Late Classic.

Its remains were then interred within the temple shrine.