Die Sportart Walking. Definition und Grundlagen (German Edition)

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WALKING - Definition and synonyms of Walking in the German dictionary

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So, cultures, here, are plural, and texts require mediating rather than conduit translation. The contact was made by full name and full address. The introductory statement is too direct, personal and accusatory. Bentahila reports on a study of university students Tetouan, Morocco who used a similar more personal and emotive style to write a letter of application for study grants in the UK.

Optimum relevance clearly comes from another local norm: Clearly, texts with a persuasive function, as above, must be manipulated if they are to function persuasively in the target culture. The fact that he does not mention translators is striking but belies a fundamental issue: If there is understanding of the formal level of culture, it will usually be an ethnocentric one Bennett , ; Katan Useful technically oriented communication preference models are now becoming available, thanks to the study of contrastive rhetoric Connor Also, as descriptive translation studies have shown Chesterman ; Toury ; Pym et al.

At the informal level, there are no formal guides to practice but instead unquestioned core values and beliefs, or stories about self and the world. However, not all interculturally-aware translation scholars agree with this form of active distortion of the form. For Venuti a , the main issue is exactly the opposite: Un ristretto, doppio, caldissimo, — disse al cameriere. This will allow the readers and, in reality, the barman too to add the politeness from their own expectancy frame: This solution allows the readers to glimpse, from the safety of their own environmental bubble, something of the foreignness of Italian directness in projected requests — without distorting the illocutionary intent.

In so doing the reader is likely to experience a richer perlocutionary effect, and will have begun to learn something new. At this level of culture, no word is entirely denotative. Their free-association experiment demonstrated that Americans related United States to patriotism and government while Mexicans associated Estados Unidos with exploitation and wealth. Insiders have large funds of special information about other relevant claims, received opinion, and previous positions of the writer, in addition, they have an interest in the matter under discussion: The values and beliefs that form the basis of the subconscious rules can be teased out in two particular ways, emically and etically.

Adapted from Wierzbicka In a study of insurance brochures offered by banks in Britain and Italy, Katan analysed the frequency of words that logically indicate ori- entation alternatives, as outlined by Hofstede , There are two other fundamental differences compared to the pure anthro- pological model.

Instead individuals will have many cul- tural provenances. Cultures are seen to be variously privileged or suppressed, and individuals will negotiate a position within a set of complex cultural systems jockeying for power. Within translation studies, scholars drawing on polysystem theory e.

Bassnett and Trivedi and narrative theory e. Baker all share this assumption. Secondly, the system in which the translator works is itself under question as is the validity of cultural relativity. Harwood are clear cases in point. A cultural mediator is a person who facilitates communication, understanding, and action between persons or groups who differ with respect to language and culture. The role of the mediator is performed by interpreting the expressions, intentions, perceptions, and expectations of each cultural group to the other, that is, by establishing and balancing the communication between them.

In order to serve as a link in this sense, the mediator must be able to participate to some extent in both cultures. Thus a mediator must be to a certain extent bicultural. Of course, Hatim and Mason and Baker , amongst others, are entirely correct to suggest that mediators feed their own and are fed knowledge and beliefs into the processing of the texts. It is a logical levels table that asks at each level what it is that is going on within the context of culture and in that particular context of situation.

What is the purpose of assumptions, Beliefs about the translation? The third and fourth columns consider the source and target texts, con- texts of culture and situation, and show which aspects of culture are relevant at each level. To a large extent, the table synthesizes the discussion of the iceberg and the forces acting on it. Moving away from technical culture to the formal, the mediator becomes concerned with appropriacy: Hence the need to mediate. The etic approach will be the result of ideally objective and generalized empirical study.

Its use was subsequently outlawed in South Africa. Imagine you are asked to translate, for publication in that country, an historical document from the pre-apartheid era which contains the word. Should you write it, gloss it, omit it or replace it with something else — and if so, with what, with another derogatory word or some blander superordinate term?

Are you not duty-bound to respect the authenticity of the historical record? Would you have any qualms about using the word if the translation was meant for publication outside South Africa? In Germany and Austria, denying the Holocaust is forbidden by law. Deckert was taken to court and eventually convicted. Was this morally right?

The examples from Kruger and Pym are real enough, and they involve, apart from legal issues, moral and political choices that translators and interpreters make. Traditional work on translation was not particularly interested in these issues. A broadening of the perspective became noticeable from roughly the s onwards. To get an idea of the kind of change that is involved, a quick look at interpreting will help. Over the last ten years or so interpreting studies have been transformed by the growing importance of community interpreting, which, in contrast to conference interpreting, usually takes place in informal settings and sometimes in an atmosphere of suspicion, and is often emotionally charged.

The interpreter in such an exchange may well be untrained, and have personal, ideological or ethnic loyalties. Situations like these cannot be understood by looking at technicalities only; they require full contextualization and an appreciation of the stakes involved. If traditional translation criticism rarely went beyond pronouncing judge- ment on the quality of a particular version, functionalist studies Nord pursued questions such as who commissioned a translation or what purpose the translated text was meant to serve in its new environment see Chapter 3.

Descriptivism Hermans , ; Lambert ; Lefevere ; Toury worked along similar lines but showed an interest in historical poet- ics and in the role of especially literary translation in particular periods. Individual translators could differentiate themselves from their colleagues and predecessors by manipu- lating these grids and, if they did so successfully, acquire cultural prestige or, with a term derived from Pierre Bourdieu, symbolic capital Bassnett and Lefevere More recent studies have taken this line a step further and show, for example, how translation from Latin and Greek in Victorian Britain, the use of classical allusions in novels of the period, and even debates concern- ing metrical translation of ancient verse, contributed to class-consciousness and the idea of a national culture Osborne ; Prins It contained postcolonial and feminist chapters alongside pieces on translation in oral traditions and the literary politics of translator prefaces in Canada.

It made the point that translation, enmeshed as it is in social and ideological structures, cannot be thought of as a transparent, neutral or innocent philological activity. Functionalism and descriptivism asked who translated what, for whom, when, where, how and why.

Meaning of "Walking" in the German dictionary

Adopting the point of view of the practising translator faced with continually having to make decisions about whether or not to accept a commission, what style of translating to pick and what syntactical structures and lexical choices to put down in sentence after sentence, researchers found in the notion of translation norms a useful analyt- ical tool.

Norms could be understood as being both psychological and social in nature. They were a social reality in that they presupposed communities and the values these communities subscribed to; they were psychological because they consisted of shared and internalized expectations about how individuals should behave and what choices they should make in certain types of situation.

He also pointed out the relevance of the concept: Others subsequently improved the theoretical underpinning by invoking the interplay between translator and audience Geest ; Hermans ; Nord Norms possessed a directive character that told individuals what kind of statements were socially acceptable; thus, making the desired choices would result in translations deemed by the relevant community to be valid or legitimate, not just as translations but as cultural texts.

In this sense norms functioned as problem-solving devices. Andrew Chesterman a, b related norms to professional ethics, which, he claimed, demanded a commitment to adequate expression, the creation of a truthful resemblance between original and translation, the maintenance of trust between the parties involved in the transaction and the minimization of misunderstanding. Pym himself has written at length on ethical aspects of translation a, , , Focusing, like Chesterman, on professional translators, Pym sees them as operating in an intercultural space, which he describes as the position of the skilled mediator whose business it is to enable effective interlingual communication.

The ethical choices which these intercultural professionals make extend beyond translation to language facilitation as such. For example, Pym argues, given the expense of producing translations over a period of time, the mediator may advise a client that learning the other language may be more cost-effective in the long term. The idea of translators as not so much hemmed in by norms as actively negotiating their way through them and taking up a position in the process, is helped along when the translator is seen as re-enunciator Mossop and especially Folkart In this view translators do not just redirect pre-existing messages but, giving voice to new texts, they cannot help but intervene in them and, in so doing, establish a subject-position in the discourse they shape.

At the same time, the translator as re-enunciator and discursive subject in the text also brings on questions of responsibility and accountability, and hence ethics. A decisive shift of emphasis in translation studies may be discerned from this. A number of recent studies have focused on the role of translators in the context of cultural change, political discourse and identity formation in a variety of contexts for a sampling: Jeremy Munday has harnessed critical discourse analysis and the linguistics of M.

Halliday to analyse the ideological load of translated texts. As early as the s Antoine Berman linked literary translation with ethnocentrism and otherness. Berman saw it as an ethical imperative to counter what became known as the violence of ethnocentrism, the imposition of the conventions and values of the translating culture on imported texts, with the effacement of their cultural difference as a result.

His remedy was to advocate a word-for-word translation that would respect the original in its radical alterity. Venuti, too, speaks of an ethics of difference, but adds a political and ideological dimension. English is primarily a donor, not a receptor language. Many languages translate extensively, and mostly from English. Even when they also translate from other languages, English tends to account for a large proportion. A relative dearth of translations in countries already averse to learning foreign languages signals, and in turn fosters, a lack of openness to cultural diversity and especially to the very different modes of thinking and expression contained in texts that have grown up in other tongues.

But there is another factor. Fluency here means the tendency to render translations indistinguishable from texts originally written in English. Fluently translated texts make easy reading because they con- form to familiar patterns of genre, style and register. The ease of reading however comes at a cost. It erases the otherness of the foreign text, and this domestication — the term is aptly chosen, suggesting both smugness and forcible taming — has harmful consequences.

Its main ideological consequence is that it prevents an engagement with cultural difference because foreign texts, whatever their origin, are uniformly pressed into homely moulds.

Synonyms and antonyms of Racquetball in the German dictionary of synonyms

But this very discretion, Venuti argues, locks translators collectively, as a professional group, into an economically disadvantageous position. Literary translators in particular — the main group Venuti is talking about — may be underpaid and routinely overlooked in book reviews or on the title pages of translated books, but they only have themselves to blame for their lack of clout and bargaining power.

Their willingness to remain invisible in their texts renders them socially invisible as well. The inspiration is drawn from Schleiermacher, Lewis and Berman, but Venuti has more strings to his bow than the dogged liter- alism that Berman was after. He realizes, though, that literature has only a lim- ited reach and that defamiliarization needs to be practised with caution if the reader is to continue reading. Spivak wants the translator to go beyond transferring content and to surrender instead to the original, entering its textual protocols and retaining the intimacy of that encounter in a literal English version.

For all the theoretical sophistication of her discourse, Spivak ends up evoking the traditional association of translation with inadequacy and loss; she admits that she never teaches texts she cannot read in the original. Thick description seeks to provide in-depth accounts of cultural practices on the basis of detailed contextualization — the line taken also by New Historicism, for instance, and, in translation studies, by research into community interpreting see Chapter 8.

They argue that if creative translation is a cultural practice, so is academic work. Research and teaching, like the production of wayward translations, are meant to make a difference in a social, political and ideological sense. This interventionist line, and the ethical issues it throws up, has been a constant theme in the study of translation since the s. It is at its most outspoken in feminist and postcolonial approaches.

Broadly speaking, the feminist engagement with translation has been concentrated on four areas Flotow ; Simon Women, by and large, were not meant to participate in public discourse but sometimes they could translate, as a form of secondary speaking. Some women even felt more comfortable translating than writing in their own name Stark Another line of enquiry has traced the historical and ideological con- struction of translation and its remarkable correlation with traditional gender constructions.

The parallel works both ways, as it puts both women and translation in their place. The translation of gendered language, a third area of interest, has exercised researchers and translators alike. The most controversial area of work has been the practice of feminist trans- lation and criticism. Feminist critics have turned in particular to the textual strategies and self-positionings by female translators such as Aphra Behn, and to translations of female authors, from Sappho to Simone de Beauvoir. The Beauvoir case is instructive.

The criticism however tends to ignore evidence in favour of the translator. At issue in a case like this is the fairness of the criticism and the danger of double standards, as indeed Rosemary Arrojo has charged. Feminist translators can manipulate texts, but other translators cannot? Part of the feminist answer has been that, for them, translation is reparation. In a world of power imbalances, the violence that resists patriarchal oppression is not to be equated with the violence exercised by the system.

It is this awareness of power differentials that links feminist work most closely with postcolonial approaches. Jacquemond also shows why in each case the postcolonial world presents the more complex picture, as the legacy of colonialism lingers among the ex-colonizers as well as the ex-colonized. As we saw above, earlier work, not indebted to the postcolonial paradigm, had edged already towards the recognition of not just asymme- tries but inequalities between cultures, and had developed an interest in the translator as a cultural agent positioned in institutional and other networks.

Among the new ideas that postcolonial theory, aided in this case by poststructuralist thinking, has brought to the fore, is the notion of hybrid- ity. Hybridity is the condition that, for Homi Bhabha , enables cultural translation, a term he uses in a broad sense to speak of the continual displacement that comes with migration, transformation, re-inscription and in-betweenness, and which he regards as characteristic of postcolonial societies. In a more textual sense, hybridity has also proved to be a useful if somewhat fuzzy concept to grasp the dynamics of textual interweavings, heteroglossia and diverging subject-positions that manifest themselves in translations.

For Aristotle, metaphor represented an alien, deviant speech which displaced familiar usage but could be explicated and thus normalized by a process of translation. Postcolonial readings play the literal and more metaphori- cal meanings of translation off against one another. Translation is here much more than a verbal transaction, it means transfer of territory into other hands, overwriting one system of thought with another, and often the eviction — translation in its most physical sense — of the original inhabitants.

Michael Cronin and Maria Tymoczko trace all of these meanings and uses across the long history of translation in Ireland. If metaphor operates on the basis of similarity, metonymy relies on contiguity, in this case the part standing for the whole. Translation is metonymic in that it catches certain aspects of an original while representing the original as a whole; and for someone on this side of a language bar- rier, translations of a small number of works from a foreign culture create an image of that entire culture.

The issue of the representation of other- ness thus emerged in postcolonial translation studies as well Brisset The debate concerned both the context and the procedures of ethnog- raphy as a discipline. It led, among other things, to the realization that the study of translation itself cannot help but translate. But if translating is not an ideologically neutral activity, how can the study of translation be? Like ethnography also, the study of translation has begun to ask questions about its own goals and procedures, especially as the discipline becomes increasingly international and multicultural.

This broadening out and opening up to other traditions has been dramatic, even if to date attention has focused mostly on India and China Bandia ; Cheung ; Dingwaney and Maier ; Hermans ; Hung and Wakabayashi ; Liu , ; Pollard Eva Hung in Hung and Wakabayashi , for instance, has docu- mented the pre-eminence of collaborative translation throughout the Chinese tradition, upsetting the Western vision of the lone translator as the key agent in the process.

Other studies have shown Chinese translators in the early twentieth century appropriating Western texts with the express aim of turning the newly acquired knowledge against the West. The vision of the appropria- tion of foreign cultural goods as a form of cannibalism has been championed by several Brazilian writers and poets, notably Haroldo de Campos, who converts the European horror of anthropophagy into the positive image of a postcolo- nial culture no longer subservient to the colonial master and now ingesting, on its own terms and for its own purposes, what it chooses to take from abroad Vieira Lal in the Indian context, and in a roughly similar sense of adaptation and mutation Mukherjee The critiques themselves obviously impinge on the position of English in the contemporary world; paradoxically, they must be conducted in English to be heard on the international stage.

They raise questions that do not admit of easy answers, since nei- ther incommensurability nor ready transposition will do. If different cultures are to be understood on their own terms, translating becomes problematic. It can serve to gauge the nature and presuppositions of that vocabulary, and thus to interro- gate translation studies as currently constituted in a language such as English.

This in turn might help to make Western academia a province of a larger intellectual world, not its centre. The current global scene, with its economic inequality, increased inter- connectedness and urbanization, and with the pre-eminence of English, only makes these issues more pressing. In an attempt to sidestep the crude binaries of national versus global and provincial versus cosmopolitan, Michael Cronin , advocates micro-cosmopolitanism, which seeks to develop an eye for the myriad fractal complexities of the local while remaining aware of larger contexts.

Attention to detail, he argues, will confront us with the limits of our understanding. If much proves untranslatable, so much more remains to be translated. To the apocalyptic combination of forever standard- izing translation and equally relentlessly standardizing globalization, Cronin opposes a view of translation as actually fostering diversity. Translation, as he sees it, negotiates meanings and thus creates an intermediary zone of medi- ation which is socially necessary in densely populated multicultural centres. There is, it must be said, grandeur in this view of translation.

This is a natural consequence of the globalization of trade in general. The rapid expansion of the internet has been a major factor in allowing even smaller companies to market and sell their products internationally. And the demand from consumers for product information, software, user manuals, games, educational materials and so on in their own language has fuelled in its turn the demand for translation.

This means in effect that the practice of individual translators working directly with clients is in relative decline. It is not uncommon for a large multinational to be processing 1. Of necessity, translation is there- fore a team effort, and the members e. These trends are both enabled and driven by technology. Some of it, such as the internet and the semantic web, forms the general fabric for communicating and sharing information globally. Meanwhile, there is a continual evolution of other technologies designed to support language processing in general and translation in particular.

Only one of these technologies, machine translation MT is intended to automate the core task, i. Others, grouped under the heading of computer-aided translation CAT tools, are designed to increase productivity while leaving the core task to the human translator. Overall, technology is central to managing large translation projects from quote to invoice and to verifying the quality of the end product.

Finally, unless we have principled ways of evaluating a technology, we will be unable to decide sensibly whether to adopt it at all or to choose the best tool for a given task. Before returning to these topics in greater detail, we need to clarify some important terms in widespread use in the translation industry. First, internationalization i18n 1 describes the process of designing both documents and software programs or websites in such a way that they can accommodate different linguistic and cultural requirements and options without the need for redesign Esselink , This includes ensuring that the required character sets Arabic, Chinese, Russian, etc.

We also restrict globalization g11n to the implementation of the internationalization and localization processes necessary for operating in a global marketplace. The wider impact of globalization on the translator is debated at length in Cronin and Gouadec see also Chapter 6. Technology reviews appear regularly in the ITI Bulletin http: Some websites offer daily updates on translation technologies e.

Without them the emerg- ing trend towards massive online translation section 7. The reason it is so important is that it is increasingly the medium in which text is delivered for translation and in which translation resources are shared. The tags that mark up the information are designed to be self-explanatory, as shown in Figure 7. Thus, XML is at the heart of the semantic web http: In other words, XML is a metalanguage, used to create many new languages in dif- ferent domains of knowledge and activity. It provides for the clear separation of translatable content from program code and formatting tags.

TMs are, in essence, databases of source language sentences paired with their target lan- guage translations section 7. In larger organizations the total volume of such pairs may number many millions, representing a costly and valuable asset. Unicode is the character encoding standard for XML and has been widely adopted by global organizations, since its use can hugely facilitate software localization.

Corpora are the raw resource for many applications described in the following sections: Since translation strategies and choices at all linguistic levels are highly sensitive to the particular conjunction of genre and subject matter realized in a given source text, it follows that if a corpus is to adequately serve any such purpose, it cannot simply be compiled from a random collection of data. Rather it needs to be designed as a representative and balanced sample of the data that exists it is rarely possible to build a corpus that includes everything.

If, for example, the goal is to create an MT system for pharmaceutical texts, then the selection of data for the corpus must represent that domain and not the domain of chemistry. While monolingual corpora of this kind do have a role to play in translation, the most widely used resource is par- allel corpora, which consist of source texts and their translations into one or possibly many target languages.

It is much easier to build bi- or multi-lingual compara- ble corpora, that is, a series of monolingual corpora collected over a similar time span and with a similar balance of text types, domains and readerships. Other tools exist to enhance the value of corpora by adding linguistic information, or annotations, such as part of speech taggers that mark up the part of speech of each word, or parsers that label the structural constituents of each sentence. Although they inevitably assign some wrong annotations, the best taggers have an error rate as low as 3—4 per cent while processing some 60, words per second.

With such volumes of data, automation is the only feasible solution and the good analyses drown out the bad. The annotations can then be used to constrain searches of a corpus for information on the patterning of actual word forms tokens or lemmatized forms types. Bilingual concordances display in parallel the corresponding contexts in the target language. The collocational patterns that emerge from corpora can be used by humans and by other computer tools in creating dictionaries or building MT systems. They are everywhere … and very able bowmen.

Their natural ability to infiltrate woods and move quickly through dense undergrowth atrophy with a mixed severe mononuclear cell infiltrate consistent with a clinical diagnosis of coeliac showed a predominantly T cell mononuclear cell infiltrate and although the possibility of lymphoma was cross lipid cell membranes. The inflammatory cell infiltrate and its chemical products may influence disease, however, where the mononuclear cell infiltrate is both transmural and patchy, the neutrophils, is characterised by an inflammatory cell infiltrate oedema, ulceration, epithelial cell loss, FIGURE 7.

These cells infiltrate into the colonic mucosa which would allow the Soviets to infiltrate more KGB agents into the United Kingdom under diplomatic cover. Online resources can also be found http: However, automatically pairing the corresponding segments — sentences, headings, bulleted items — of the source and target texts may not be simple, as Somers a: So, alignment tools allow the user to specify how punctuation should be taken into account.

More fundamentally, the translator may have distributed the content of a long source sentence over two or more target sentences or merged several source sentences into one, to conform to target language norms. Moreover, the ordering of the segments may be different in the translation. For these reasons, current commercial alignment tools take their cues not only from punctuation and sentence length but from document structure and the presence of names, dates and numbers or even matching entries in a terminology database. These serve as anchors which contribute to calculating the probability of a particular segmentation.

Some alignment technologies are capable of matching tens of thousands of documents before aligning the segments within them. In trans- lation applications, terminology can be massively multilingual. In company documentation and websites, terms communicate both content and brand. The impact of defective terminology on customer satisfaction can be incalculable, from impairing the usability of a product through inconsis- tent usage of terms in the accompanying manual to compromising health and safety. The translation process can simply propagate these defects to the local- ized versions or compound them through mis-translation.

The fact that globalization has turned authoring and translation into team activities only heightens the risk of inconsistencies. The clear implication is that terminology — process and product — needs to be managed centrally and delivered locally. This is the rationale behind TBX, already described, and the emergence of powerful tools for identifying and managing terms. A particular tool may combine elements of both approaches. Purely statistical methods escape this drawback and are language-independent, but overlook terms whose frequency of occurrence is below some preset threshold.

The corpora are not necessarily aligned at the sentence level. Such databases typically contain a wealth of other data: To avoid being swamped with information, individual users can customize their view of the contents of the database according to their role — author, translator — and working languages.

Various UN and other term banks can be reached via the International Telecommunications Union website http: Sager discusses the principles of term management. Two major developments are making the integration of authoring and translation, announced by Sager First, the exchange standards described in sections 7. Single-sourcing follows the principle of separating content from format, so that a single piece of content can be published as, for example, a Word document. It also aims to write content only once and maintain it in a single place while publishing it in many places, thus reducing redundancy.

Modules may be as small as a paragraph, a sentence, a phrase or even a word that appears in a page template. The disadvantage for the translator is being confronted with linguistic fragments without any clarifying context. A task topic, for example, is intended for instructional procedures and is itself modularized into sub-elements containing content for prerequisites e. Such metadata could allow the translator to recover useful context when presented with an isolated segment from a CMS.

It could even be used to govern the translation choices of an MT system; for example, where creating a document is tagged as occurring in the title of a sequence of steps, a nominalizing translation of the form creation of a document may be more appropriate for many TLs. Even within the same sector, CLs vary from one company to another while respecting the same general principles.

Moreover, the prescriptions extend to non-technical expressions. The principle of avoiding undue complexity is complemented by that of avoiding ambiguity: So, for example, Water pump drive belt loose is deprecated and The drive belt of the water pump is loose is preferred. If fully automatic checking remains hard, then even limited automatic correction is harder, since it entails not only recognizing that there is an error but also offering one or more correct alternatives. Kittredge and Nyberg et al. The Simple English Wikipedia http: These memories comprise translation units TUs , consisting of corresponding source and target segments.

While the segments may often be full sentences, a TU can also pair captions, headings, list items, contents of individual table cells or even single words, for example, a label on a user interface button. TMs are designed to increase productivity by detecting that the segment cur- rently being translated matches wholly or partially the source side of one or more TUs and then presenting to the translator the corresponding target segment or segments.

The translator is free to accept or adapt any proposal as the translation of the current segment, so leveraging previous efforts by avoiding translating from scratch. Novel TUs are added to the memory and thus the volume of reusable TUs grows progressively. Large companies often have TMs numbering millions of units. The TM used for a particular job can be created by importing TUs from existing sources hence the importance of TMX , by aligning legacy documents, or during the very process of translation, having been initially empty.

Translation memory is most effective with documents — such as manuals or catalogues — with a high degree of internal repetition or of external repetition relative to previous releases of the same document or, for example, documents describing related products. At the core of a TM application is the algorithm that determines the match between the current segment and the stored TUs. An exact match is one where a TU source segment is identical in wording, punctuation and formatting to the current segment.

A fuzzy match is one where the non-placeable elements of the two segments are only partially the same emboldened in the example below ; nevertheless, the existing translation may be highly reusable, as with this example: The score is then used to rank the translation sug- gestions displayed to the translator. The basic principle is to compute the string—edit distance — the minimum number of deletions, insertions and sub- stitutions required to transform one string of symbols here, characters or words into another, relative to the length of the string.

However, different implementations of the principle may take into account only characters or only words or both, and variously weight the calculations in favour of dele- tions, insertions or substitutions, or even according to the provenance of a TU e. As a result, no two TM tools are guaranteed to report the same results when a source segment or whole document is analysed against a given memory. Many tools support pre- translation, which automatically inserts the translations of all exact matches into the draft target text. Magisterarbeit aus dem Jahr im Fachbereich Sport - Sportarten: Theorie und Praxis, Note: Nicole Prell, Astrid Rager, Die Autoren zeigen in Wort und Bild alles Wissenswerte: Freyunger Gesundheitsamt organisiert Nordic - Walking -Aktion.

For fitness and fun: Neues Angebot in Degerloch: Kurs im Nordic Walking beginnt. Veranstalter ist der LAC Degerloch. Aber mit steigendem Alter und abfallender Leistungskurve wird selbst er milder Eleonore Dehne-Seer bietet die Sportart an der