The Shadow of the Hakenkreuz

Buddhist Swastika is more often viewed as a sign of infinity, affluence, abundance and long life. It holds great importance in the Buddhist tradition and thus, this symbol can be found on almost all the Buddhist sites including the temples. Gold swastiska symbol at Hoon Siang Keng Temple. Red swastika symbol at Hoon Siang Keng Temple. These are two examples that I know of.

Perhaps further exploration may reveal more of such temples. The Aryans were a group of people who settled in Iran and Northern India and believed themselves to be a pure race, superior to the other surrounding cultures. When the Germans looked for a symbol, they looked for a symbol, which represented the purity, which they believed they contained.

Kuhusu mwandishi

Thus, the swastika symbol was adopted as a symbol of the Nazi Party of Germany. When Adolf Hitler came to power in the s, he incorporated a swastika into the Nazi party flag, and was made the state flag of Germany. As Nazism is synonymous with the swastika symbol it is banned in Singapore, why it is allowed in use in temples, monastery and buildings? Many of us do not realise it or some may have seen it but do not know the significant or the reason, including myself.

I was once asked why the swastika symbol that is associated with Nazism is being used on a place of worship. That sets my mind reeling for an answer and hence, this posting that I hope would clarify the misconception. The swastika symbolizes much more than what the intention of the Nazis planned evil deeds. The swastika symbol signified good fortune and well-being thousands of years before the Nazis even existed.

Did you seriously just post this to say you're offended and wnat to censor something so minor and trivial, that only YOU at this point have noticed it? This is really petty guys. You're not serious OP, are you?? I have to apologise if this hits you hard. Grow a sense of humor. Speaking of zombies, nice necropost.

Meaning of "Hakenkreuz" in the English dictionary

Pat rick Bernhard Borrowing f rom Mussolini: The accuracy of t he Cont ent should not be relied upon and should be independent ly verified wit h prim ary sources of inform at ion. Taylor and Francis shall not be liable for any losses, act ions, claim s, proceedings, dem ands, cost s, expenses, dam ages, and ot her liabilit ies what soever or howsoever caused arising direct ly or indirect ly in connect ion wit h, in relat ion t o or arising out of t he use of t he Cont ent.

This art icle m ay be used for research, t eaching, and privat e st udy purposes. Any subst ant ial or syst em at ic reproduct ion, redist ribut ion, reselling, loan, sub- licensing, syst em at ic supply, or dist ribut ion in any form t o anyone is expressly forbidden. Astonish- ingly, this debate has remained stuck in the national paradigm. This paper offers a differ- ent, a more European perspective.

As will be argued, the Italian example was important mainly in three respects: Second, for Hitler enthusiasm for Italian colonialism was a means of consolidating his rule and legitimising his plans for the brutal conquest of Eastern Europe. Thus it is argued that the history of Nazi Germany has to be understood in a transnational and imperial perspective. In late autumn , a remarkable dispatch from Addis Ababa reached Berlin.

Artist info: HAKENKREUZ - Primitive Reaction shop

Just two years after the conquest of the country by a massive force of , men supported by modern tanks and airplanes, the Duce Correspondence to: Bernhard had established a highly successful colony. According to Strohm, this was a clear dem- onstration of fascist pride. Mussolini aimed to settle 1. On 28 October —the sixteenth anniversary of the Fascist seizure of power in Italy—the Duce had sent the first 20, settlers overseas. While Strohm had only recently arrived in Abyssinia, he claimed he could already Downloaded by [Patrick Bernhard] at He witnessed huge bulldozers levelling the ground as well as the installation of high-tech pumping stations to green the desert.

As Strohm reported, dozens of standardised model towns had been stamped out of the ground within just a few months. Compared to the colonial undertakings of other European states, the Italian efforts were thus completely new.

Upcoming Events

The German diplomat was not alone in his admiration of Italian imperialism. This leads us to a related and broader question: This paper offers a different perspective.

My argument has three parts. The second section examines how Hitler and the Nazi apparatus engaged with Italian colonialism and the desires it stirred within Germany. We find that Hitler not only used colonial enthusiasm as a means of consolidating his rule. Italian colo- nial violence also helped to legitimise Nazi plans for the brutal conquest of Eastern Europe.

The third section shows how the Germans adopted heavily from the Italian Fascists when it came to the practical techniques of colonialism. The extensive plans made by the Nazi state for a future German empire in Africa borrowed heavily from Italian experiences in Abyssinia and Libya. The Nazis mimicked numerous Italian policies, including racist methods of population control and police repression, as well as Downloaded by [Patrick Bernhard] at Vibrant international interest was aroused by the ostensibly modern character of Fascist Italy in many social and political realms, including—to name but a few—its comprehensive social and family policies;6 a highly efficient security apparatus, which crushed left-wing resistance within just a few years;7 lofty if gigantomaniac urban visions for the remodelling of entire cities;8 as well as its corporatism, which promised peaceful labour relations after years of massive social tensions following the First World War.

As the Italian regime repeatedly emphasised, it did not pursue economic interests in Africa, in sharp contrast to France and Britain. Bernhard Italian Fascist settlement policy was more than merely pronatalist, however. The regime also saw it as an opportunity to enhance the Italian population. The underlying assumption was that improving the soil would improve those who worked it. In some respects, these visions were a manifestation of the fascination with large-scale social engineering that was prevalent around the world in the s.

In this context, scholars speak of a scientific colonialism that arose as part of a new settlement colonialism after the First World War first in Imperial Japan and Fascist Italy. Later the military and newly founded colonisation compa- nies headed by engineers began constructing vast road and irrigation systems. Land was also cleared and levelled to prepare for cultivation. Every colonist was given a modern and standardised house with running water, furniture, horses and food supplies for the first weeks.

Together with Libya, Albania, Abyssinia and other posses- sions in the Mediterranean such as Rhodos, Imperial Italy covered an area of 1. Ultimately, the lesson Italy taught was that expansionism was not a futile effort from the past but a promising project for the future.

In this way, Downloaded by [Patrick Bernhard] at Thus, in German eyes, Italy was breaking a path for an expanded German Empire. The latter was a joint-venture of almost 30 associations all over Germany aimed at fostering ties between German and Italian local elites, thus providing the German-Italian alliance with a solid backing at the communal level. In Freiburg, for example, a small university town in south-west Germany, four such events took place during the short Abyssinian War.

Bernhard journals on this topic.

• Snowman!
• The swastika sign (卐) – a symbol of Buddhism or Nazism??
• Animal Science Reviews 2012 (CAB Reviews);
• Hakenkreuze als ungewollte Relikte?
• Every Kid’s Guide to Handling Feelings (Living Skills Book 11)?
• Gods Will: Finding Guidance for Everyday Decisions.

Just a short look at the book titles is illuminating: It would thus appear that traditional German stereotypes of Italians as lazy, dirty and chaotic began to erode at this time, if only for a short period. These books often rested upon the personal experiences of authors who had visited Libya or Abyssinia, and thus appeared to be particularly authentic to German readers. Yet even Germans who had real experience with the dirty business of colonialism showed enthusiasm, including Friedrich von Linde- quist, the former governor of German Southwest Africa.

Back home, he shared his impressions with a wider audience. These and other sources tell us that knowledge about Italian Africa was widespread in Germany in the s, and that it appealed to the colonial desires of many Germans. This is important, as the Nazi leadership was able to capitalise on this enthusiasm. Even though Hitler clearly favoured the Ostraum over African posses- sions,43 he realised that he could use colonialism as a means of uniting German society. Eastern Europe as a German Abyssinia: Justifying Colonial Violence and Shaping the Nazi Mind The example furnished by Fascist Italy also served as a rhetorical tool for justifying the territorial expansion envisaged by the Nazis in Eastern Europe.

Furthermore—and Downloaded by [Patrick Bernhard] at First, Italy and Germany occupied very similar geopolitical positions: Indeed, Hitler frequently made references to the Italian experience. We must keep in mind that well into the early s, Hitler was in a very weak position politi- cally: For a long time, it seemed as if his small Nazi Party would soon perish, like many other volkish movements at the time.

Hakenkreuz, Thou Sacred Cross

Mussolini had already accomplished much of what Hitler still longed for. It goes without saying that Hitler had an idealised image of Fascist Italy, yet precisely because his notions were idealised they were highly attractive and could be instrumentalised in different contexts. To reduce overpopulation, Italy could no longer rely on emi- gration to the United States, which was closing its borders to Southern Europe.

Fur- thermore, many Italians were living as ethnic minorities abroad, especially in Corsica, Southern France and Tunisia. After years of political, social and cultural decay, the Fascists had changed the country completely and made it the only true nationalist state in Europe. As Hitler made clear, the Duce needed a strong Nazi Germany as well. In his view, it was dangerous for fascism to remain isolated in Europe: As he claimed, the brownshirts would probably not have come into existence without the blackshirts.

These parallels between Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy on racial issues may come as a surprise to some, as common wisdom still holds that racism was a point of difference between the two dic- tatorships. Yet, as new research has made clear, racist doctrines were an essential element of Italian Fascism.

While Germany in had been forced to cede all its overseas possessions, Italy, despite being on the winning side, did not profit from the post-war arrangements. When the established colonial powers divided the former German colonies, Italy was left out in the cold. According to Bauer, the Allies had cheated Italy, and this was the reason why Mussolini had taken the initiative and conquered Abyssinia. Contemporary German authors were also very interested in the Italian rhetoric of conquest.

• Sex Terror: Erotic Misadventures in Pop Culture.
• Transient Images: Personal Media in Public Frameworks.
• Love Spells: Magic, sparkle & lots of fun!;
• Marie (FICTION) (French Edition);
• Liberty and Security (Themes for the 21st Century);
• Hakenkreuz, Thou Sacred Cross | S I D D H A R R E I C H?

The writings of Luigi Valli, for example, attracted a strong following in Germany. The Problem of German Minorities.