Old Japanese: A Phonetic Reconstruction

Some take this as support that C o 1 may have represented C wo. In Modern Standard Japanese, it is romanized as h and has different allophones before various vowels. In medial position, it became [w] in Early Middle Japanese, and has since disappeared except before a.

Internal reconstruction suggests that the Old Japanese voiced obstruents, which always occurred in medial position, arose from weakening of earlier nasal syllables before voiceless obstruents: In some cases there is no evidence for a preceding vowel, leading some scholars to posit final nasals at the earlier stage.

However, many linguists, especially in Japan, argue that the Southern Ryukyuan voiced stops are local innovations. Vowel elision occurred to prevent vowel clusters. When a monosyllabic morpheme is followed by a polysyllabic morpheme beginning with a vowel, the second vowel is dropped: In other environments, the first vowel is dropped: In this section, a low pitch syllable is represented by a character with the Middle Chinese level tone, and a high pitch is represented by a character with one of the other three Middle Chinese tones. A similar division was used in the tone patterns of Chinese poetry, which were emulated by Japanese poets in the late Asuka period.

As in later forms of Japanese, Old Japanese word order was predominantly subject—object—verb , with adjectives and adverbs preceding the nouns and verbs they modify, and auxiliary verbs and particles consistently appended to the main verb. Many Old Japanese pronouns had both a short form and a longer form with attached -re of uncertain etymology.

Where the pronoun occurred in isolation, the longer form would be used. With genitive particles or in nominal compounds, the short form was used, whereas in other situations either form was possible. Personal pronouns were distinguished by taking the genitive marker ga , in contrast to the marker no 2 used with demonstratives and nouns. Demonstratives often distinguished proximal to the speaker and non-proximal forms marked with ko 2 - and so 2 - respectively.

Many forms had corresponding interrogative forms i du -. Old Japanese had a richer system of verbal suffixes than later forms of Japanese.

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As in later forms of Japanese, Old Japanese verbs had a large number of inflected forms. This system has been criticized because the six forms are not equivalent, with one being solely a combinatory stem, three solely word forms, and two being both. It also fails to capture some inflected forms. However, five of the forms are basic inflected verb forms, and the system also describes almost all extended forms in a consistent way.

Japanese verbs are classified into eight conjugation classes, each characterized by different patterns of inflected forms. Three of these classes are grouped as consonant bases: The distinctions between i 1 and i 2 and between e 1 and e 2 are lost after s , z , t , d , n , y , r and w. Early Middle Japanese also had a Shimo ichidan lower monograde or e -monograde category consisting of a single verb kwe- 'kick', which reflects the Old Japanese lower bigrade verb kuwe-. The bigrade verbs seem to belong to a later layer than the consonant-base verbs. There were two types of adjectives: The regular adjective is sub-classified into two types: This creates two different types of conjugations:.

The -kar- and -sikar- forms are derived from the adverbial conjugation -ku or -siku suffixed with verb ar- "be, exists". The conjugation yields to the R-irregular conjugation of ar-. As Old Japanese avoids vowel clusters, the resulting -ua- is reduced to -a-. Although the majority of Old Japanese writing represents the language of the Nara court in central Japan, some sources come from eastern Japan: They record Eastern Old Japanese dialects, [] with features such as:. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. This section needs expansion.

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