El Day Care (Parte 1 De El Day Care) (Spanish Edition)
The children in the trials all American were from lower socioeconomic backgrounds, except for two trials that included middle-class families; the duration of daycare ranged from 2 h per week for eight months, to 7 h per day, five days per week for five years. The child to staff ratios were very low not more than 6: Some of the included trials four of eight also had some form of parent training, potentially confounding the results. Thus, while Cochrane systematic reviews of randomized controlled trials usually provide the best quality evidence, these results should be interpreted cautiously. Other evidence for developmental and behavioural outcomes comes from observational studies.
Their academic achievement Woodcock- Johnson Achievement Battery test at five years of age was negatively related to child care centre hours in infancy. However, there was a positive relation of centre hours in the toddler age group 18 to 35 months of age to language skills Preschool Language Scale at five years of age For children between 36 and 54 months of age, the amount of time they spent in child care centres was not related to academic achievement or language skills at five years of age Data from two of the largest American child care studies the cost, quality and outcomes [CQO] study, and the NICHD study of early child care suggest that staff-child interactions may have effects on cognitive outcomes.
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In the CQO study, preschool children who had been in full-time care for at least 11 months had better receptive language comprehension Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test — Revised , better prereading and premath skills Woodcock-Johnson Tests of Achievement when caregivers were sensitive and stimulating.
For both the CQO and the NICHD studies, the correlational data were controlled for maternal education, child sex and ethnicity, but not for socioeconomic status, which the authors acknowledged as potential bias In a cross-sectional Montreal Quebec -based survey 14 of families mean social class of 3.
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Socioeconomic status, however, had no significant correlations with behaviour outcomes. Early age of entry to a lowquality child care facility was significantly correlated with anger-defiance behaviour, especially in boys or if there was parent or child stress. Other studies 15 have found that children who had attended a high-quality daycare within the first year of life had better school skills, fewer behaviour problems and had good peer social relationships.
The quality of daycare was a better predictor of behaviour outcome than age of starting daycare or percentage of time spent in daycare. These results suggest that the age of entry to child care may be less critical than the quality of the child-care facility. A longitudinal study 9 of 89 African-American children six to 36 months of age demonstrated that a low child-to-caregiver ratio was associated with significantly higher cognitive and language scores.
However, children with more stimulating and rewarding home environments scored higher on receptive language and overall communication scores. Maternal age was negatively correlated with cognitive skills for children at 12 months of age, and maternal education was positively correlated with receptive language skills at 12 months of age 9. The more time spent in centre-based care in life was significantly associated with problem behaviour that continued through to grade 6 end of study period.
This behavior was not due to parenting or attachment issues One possible explanation suggested by the authors was that primary school teachers may not have the time nor the training to manage behaviour problems Importantly, the early aggression identified in some studies did not lead to later aggressive criminal acts Although there may be some negative behavioural effects of long-term nonparental child care, children may gain social skills including peer play, selfconfidence and managing new situations In a review 15 of nine studies conducted between and , some found that boys in daycare were more aggressive, others found no difference and some found that girls were more aggressive.
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Gender may influence the cognitive effects of daycare The authors suggested that this sex difference may be because preschool girls tend to seek out attention from adults caregivers compared with boys, thus engaging in more adult-child conversation 9. Better vocabulary scores were seen in Canadian children in regulated or nonregulated care, compared with those cared for by a relative or not receiving any formal care.
While reading scores in kindergarten were higher in children exposed to high-quality child care, this difference was no longer seen by grade 1. However, Canadian children in kindergarten or in grade 1 who had child care or ECE programs two years previously had statistically significant teacher ratings of language, learning and math skills, independent of socioeconomic status. This analysis, however, was confounded by other variables including other types of programs to which these children were exposed eg, play groups There may be an association between the time in nonparental care and poor peer interactions and adjustment problems Some small studies 19 have suggested that children enrolled in full-time child care early in life are at an increased risk of attachment insecurity.
However, in a large prospective longitudinal study Study of Early Child Care 17 , in which factors such as quality and type of care and family background were controlled, attachment insecurity was only seen if the mothers were highly insensitive. The data were obtained through parent self-reporting on a number of questions and from scores on the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test for children four to five years of age.
The authors chose to look only at data from children of two-parent households, which they acknowledged as a potential limitation.
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Further statistical analysis on these data would be invaluable to our understanding of the health outcomes of universal child care. Based on simulation data analysis from the Canadian National Child Care Survey, child care subsidization could increase employment of single mothers 1. Research on behaviour and developmental outcomes of child care centres is fraught with methodological difficulties.
Positive, negative and neutral results can be found for most outcomes. However, using the best quality studies to date trial data, observational studies with large n values and accounting of confounding variables , the data suggest that high-quality child care centres may have a positive effect on both behaviour and cognitive domains.
Canadian children spend a significant amount of time in nonparental child care, including in child care facilities. Some children may improve their cognitive and behavioural skills, particularly if the child care facility is of high quality.
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Child care is expensive and may be unaffordable for many Canadians. The levels of evidence reported in the recommendations has been described using the evaluation of evidence criteria outlined by the Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care The recommendations in this statement do not indicate an exclusive course of treatment or procedure to be followed. Variations, taking into account individual circumstances, may be appropriate. National Center for Biotechnology Information , U.
Journal List Paediatr Child Health v. Author information Copyright and License information Disclaimer. Telephone , fax , Web sites www. This article has been cited by other articles in PMC. With so many children now receiving some form of nonguardian care, this statement aims to: Table 1 Child care centre quality assessment tools.
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Open in a separate window. Child care centres should be designed to deliver and maintain high-quality care because there is some evidence that high-quality child care improves some cognitive and behaviour outcomes level 1, grade A To optimize the quality of child care centres level III, grade A , staff ratios should be in keeping with the recommendations of the American Academy of Pediatrics and the American Public Health Association 3: To minimize staff turnover, staff should be appropriately remunerated.
Child care can be expensive and a barrier to employment of single mothers level III, grade B. Health care providers, government and nongovernment organizations and families should collaborate to further develop affordable, accessible, high-quality child care. Institutions with a high number of employees may want to consider creating an onsite child care facility level II-2, grade B. What is the work environment and culture like at Good Samaritan Society?
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