Mein Freund Egon: Leben und Sterben von Egon Schultz (German Edition)

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East Dane Designer Men's Fashion. A popular children's book was written about him, and almost every East German citizen knew his name from school and the media. The Egon Schultz saga drew great attention not only in East Germany, but also in the West Germany , because the Stern editor in chief Henri Nannen had purchased exclusive rights to Tunnel 57 in advance, essentially co-financing the building of tunnel.

This was partially responsible for increased tensions between the East and West German governments. By , prosecutions had begun against former border guards, charging them with murder or manslaughter. A case was opened with regard to Egon Schultz for suspicion of negligent homicide, involving investigation of all the people involved in the incident, including the Stasi agents and the border troops. Neues Deutschland embarked on a major campaign asking for donations to help cover the costs of legal counsel and court fees for the border soldiers who, from the viewpoint of the fundraising initiators, were being unlawfully prosecuted.

The investigation concluded that Christian Zobel fired the first shot in order to prevent Reinhard Furrer and himself from being arrested. The fatal shot came from the Kalashnikov of a border soldier who, on instructions from a Stasi officer, fired shots in the dark courtyard, unintentionally hitting Egon Schultz, who then died from internal bleeding. It was accepted by the court that the border soldier who had fired the deadly shot had acted in self-defense.

The case was dismissed since he had been ordered to fire. In response to the investigation against the border guards and Stasi agents, in May , private individuals pressed charges against Reinhard Furrer for supposedly murdering Egon Schultz. In , a memorial plaque was erected, replacing the one previously mounted and subsequently disappeared after on the house at Strelitzer Strasse This was done on the initiative of both, former escape helpers and friends of Egon Schultz, on the 40th anniversary of his death.

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Nazi Germany — Nazi Germany is the common English name for the period in German history from to , when Germany was governed by a dictatorship under the control of Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party. Under Hitlers rule, Germany was transformed into a fascist state in which the Nazi Party took totalitarian control over all aspects of life. The official name of the state was Deutsches Reich from to , the period is also known under the names the Third Reich and the National Socialist Period. The Nazi Party then began to eliminate all opposition and consolidate its power.

All power was centralised in Hitlers person, and his word became above all laws, the government was not a coordinated, co-operating body, but a collection of factions struggling for power and Hitlers favour. In the midst of the Great Depression, the Nazis restored economic stability and ended mass unemployment using heavy military spending, extensive public works were undertaken, including the construction of Autobahnen. The return to economic stability boosted the regimes popularity, racism, especially antisemitism, was a central feature of the regime.

The Germanic peoples were considered by the Nazis to be the purest branch of the Aryan race, millions of Jews and other peoples deemed undesirable by the state were murdered in the Holocaust. Opposition to Hitlers rule was ruthlessly suppressed, members of the liberal, socialist, and communist opposition were killed, imprisoned, or exiled.

The Christian churches were also oppressed, with many leaders imprisoned, education focused on racial biology, population policy, and fitness for military service. Career and educational opportunities for women were curtailed, recreation and tourism were organised via the Strength Through Joy program, and the Summer Olympics showcased the Third Reich on the international stage.

Propaganda minister Joseph Goebbels made effective use of film, mass rallies, the government controlled artistic expression, promoting specific art forms and banning or discouraging others. Beginning in the late s, Nazi Germany made increasingly aggressive territorial demands and it seized Austria and Czechoslovakia in and Hitler made a pact with Joseph Stalin and invaded Poland in September In alliance with Italy and smaller Axis powers, Germany conquered most of Europe by , reichskommissariats took control of conquered areas, and a German administration was established in what was left of Poland.

Jews and others deemed undesirable were imprisoned, murdered in Nazi concentration camps and extermination camps, following the German invasion of the Soviet Union in , the tide gradually turned against the Nazis, who suffered major military defeats in East Berlin — East Berlin existed between and and consisted of the Soviet sector of Berlin established in In East German official usage, it widespread in the s to refer to the Western part of the city as Westberlin. After the war, the Allied Forces initially administrated the city together within the Allied Kommandatura, however, in the Soviet representative left the Kommandatura and the common administration broke apart during the following months.

In the Soviet sector, a city government was established. When the German Democratic Republic was formed in , it immediately claimed East Berlin as its capital - a claim that was recognized by all Communist countries, nevertheless, its representatives to the Peoples Chamber were not directly elected and did not have full voting rights until In June , all railways and roads leading to West Berlin were blocked, however, more than one-thousand East Germans were escaping to West Berlin each day by In August , the East German Government tried to stop that from happening by building the Berlin Wall and it was very dangerous for illegal migrants to cross because of the presence of armed guards that were trained to shoot people in such cases.

East Germany was a socialist republic, but there was not complete economic equality, privileges such as prestigious apartments and good schooling were given to members of the ruling party and their family. Eventually, Christian churches were allowed to operate without restraint after years of harassment by authorities, in the s wages of East Berliners rose and working hours fell. Nevertheless, the three Western Allies eventually established embassies in East Berlin in the s, although they never recognized it as the capital of East Germany, treaties instead used terms such as seat of government.

Many East German factories were shut due to inability to comply with West German pollution and safety standards. Because of this, an amount of West German economic aid was poured into East Germany to revitalize it. This stimulus was part-funded through a 7. The Soviet zone surrounded West Berlin, but did not include it, as a result, the German Democratic Republic was established in the Soviet Zone, while the Federal Republic was established in the three western zones.

Soviet occupation authorities began transferring administrative responsibility to German communist leaders in , Soviet forces, however, remained in the country throughout the Cold War. Until , the GDR was governed by the Socialist Unity Party, though other parties participated in its alliance organisation. The economy was centrally planned, and increasingly state-owned, prices of basic goods and services were set by central government planners, rather than rising and falling through supply and demand.

Nonetheless it did not match the growth of West Germany. Emigration to the West was a significant problem—as many of the emigrants were well-educated young people, the government fortified its western borders and, in , built the Berlin Wall. Many people attempting to flee were killed by guards or booby traps. In , numerous social and political forces in the GDR and abroad led to the fall of the Berlin Wall, the following year open elections were held, and international negotiations led to the signing of the Final Settlement treaty on the status and borders of Germany.

The three sectors occupied by the Western nations were sealed off from the rest of the GDR by the Berlin Wall from its construction in until it was brought down in , the official name was Deutsche Demokratische Republik, usually abbreviated to DDR. West Germans, the media and statesmen purposely avoided the official name and its abbreviation, instead using terms like Ostzone, Sowjetische Besatzungszone. The centre of power in East Berlin was referred to as Pankow.

However, this use was not always consistent, for example, before World War II, Ostdeutschland was used to describe all the territories east of the Elbe, as reflected in the works of sociologist Max Weber and political theorist Carl Schmitt. Rostock — Rostock is the largest city in the north German state Mecklenburg-Vorpommern. The city territory of Rostock stretches for about 20 km along the Warnow to the Baltic Sea, the largest built-up area of Rostock is on the western side of the river.

The eastern part of its territory is dominated by industrial estates, Rostock is considered as the only regiopolis in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern. In the 11th century Polabian Slavs founded a settlement at the Warnow river called Roztoc, the Danish king Valdemar I set the town aflame in Afterwards the place was settled by German traders, initially there were three separate cities, Altstadt around the Alter Markt with St.

Petri, Mittelstadt around the Neuer Markt with St. Marien and Neustadt around the Hopfenmarkt with St. In , the city became a member of the Hanseatic League, in the 14th century it was a powerful seaport town with 12, inhabitants and the biggest city of Mecklenburg. In , one of the earliest universities in Europe, the University of Rostock, was founded and they took advantage of a riot known as Domfehde, a failed uprising of the impoverished population.

Subsequent quarrels with the dukes and persistent plundering led ultimately to a loss of economic, in there were further clashes with Schwerin that which had far-reaching consequences. Among other things, was the introduction of a beer excise that favoured the dukes.

John Albert I advanced on the city with horsemen, after Rostock had refused to take the oath of allegiance. The citizens slighted the fortress the following spring, from to the city walls were rebuilt, as was the Lagebusch tower and the Stein Gate in the Dutch Renaissance style.

The inscription sit intra te concordia et publica felicitas, which can still be read on the gate, in it finally came to the Second Rostock Inheritance Agreement, which resulted in a further loss of former tax privileges. Danes and Swedes occupied the city twice, first during the Thirty Years War, later, the French, under Napoleon, occupied the town for about a decade until Commemorative plaque — A monumental plaque or tablet commemorating a deceased person or persons, can be a simple form of church monument.

A plaquette is a plaque, but in English, unlike many European languages. The Benin Empire, which flourished in present-day Nigeria between the thirteenth and nineteenth centuries, had a rich sculptural tradition. Among the wide range of artistic forms produced at the court were rectangular brass or bronze plaques, surviving in great numbers, they were manufactured from sheet brass or latten, very occasionally coloured with enamels, and tend to depict highly conventional figures with brief inscriptions.

In England, the London blue plaques scheme, which is administered by English Heritage, has been running for over years and is thought to be the oldest of its kind in the world, Plaques are attached to buildings to commemorate their association with important occupants or events. A range of other commemorative plaque schemes, which are run by local councils and charitable bodies. These tend to use their own criteria for determining the eligibility to put up a plaque, a list of schemes currently operating in England is available on the English Heritage website.

After the First World War, the families of British and British Empire service men and women killed during the conflict were presented with bronze Memorial Plaques, the plaques, of about millimetres in diameter, were designed by the eminent sculptor and medallist, Edward Carter Preston. In the United States, various governments have commemorative plaque schemes usually using the name historical markers. Government, through the National Register of Historic Places, state programmes, such as the California Register of Historical Resources allows designated sites to place their own markers.

As the price of metal has increased plaques have been the target of metal thieves wishing to resell the metal for cash. Plaques or, more often, plaquettes, are given as awards instead of trophies or ribbons. Such plaques usually bear text describing the reason for the award and, often, blue plaque Hartog Plate Parting stone Stolperstein.

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Berlin — Berlin is the capital and the largest city of Germany as well as one of its constituent 16 states. With a population of approximately 3. Around one-third of the area is composed of forests, parks, gardens, rivers. Berlin in the s was the third largest municipality in the world, following German reunification in , Berlin once again became the capital of all-Germany. Berlin is a city of culture, politics, media.

Its economy is based on high-tech firms and the sector, encompassing a diverse range of creative industries, research facilities, media corporations. Berlin serves as a hub for air and rail traffic and has a highly complex public transportation network. The metropolis is a popular tourist destination, significant industries also include IT, pharmaceuticals, biomedical engineering, clean tech, biotechnology, construction and electronics. Modern Berlin is home to world renowned universities, orchestras, museums and its urban setting has made it a sought-after location for international film productions.

The city is known for its festivals, diverse architecture, nightlife, contemporary arts. It is therefore a canting arm, the first written records of towns in the area of present-day Berlin date from the late 12th century. The two towns over time formed close economic and social ties, and profited from the right on the two important trade routes Via Imperii and from Bruges to Novgorod.

In , they formed an alliance with a common external policy, in Frederick I became the elector of the Margraviate of Brandenburg, which he ruled until Mitte — Mitte is the first and most central borough of Berlin. It was created in Berlins administrative reform by the merger of the districts of Mitte proper, Tiergarten and Wedding.

It is one of the two boroughs which comprises former West and East Berlin districts, note that when Berliners speak of Mitte, they usually refer to the smaller locality and not to the larger borough. Mitte is located in the part of Berlin along the Spree River. It borders on Charlottenburg-Wilmersdorf in the west, Reinickendorf in the north, Pankow in the east, Friedrichshain-Kreuzberg in the southeast, in the middle of the Spree lies Museum Island with its museums and Berlin Cathedral. The central square in Mitte is Alexanderplatz with the prominent Fernsehturm, Germanys highest building, juni to the Victory Column and the centre of former West Berlin in Charlottenburg, or Karl-Marx-Allee from Alexanderplatz to Friedrichshain and the eastern suburbs.

The former Mitte district had established by the Greater Berlin Act and comprised large parts of the historic city around Alt-Berlin. Brandenburg Gate was the exit at the Berlin city boundary until Between and , Mitte was the part of East Berlin, however at the same time it was surrounded by the Berlin Wall at its north, south. The immigrant community is diverse, however, Turks, Africans, Eastern Europeans. In , an uprising against the Party was met with violent suppression by the Ministry of State Security and the Soviet Army.

In , Ulbricht was succeeded by Erich Honecker who presided over a period in the development of the GDR until he was forced to step down during the revolution.

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The partys last leader, Egon Krenz, was unsuccessful in his attempt to retain the SEDs hold on political governance of the GDR and was imprisoned after German reunification, the SEDs long-suppressed reform wing took over the party in the fall of In hopes of changing its image, on 16 December it renamed itself the Party of Democratic Socialism, abandoning Marxism—Leninism and it received However, there is evidence that the merger was more troubled than commonly portrayed. The newly merged party, with the help of the Soviet authorities, however, these elections were held under less-than-secret conditions, thus setting the tone for the next four decades.

A truer picture of the SEDs support came with the elections in Berlin. Also reported was a deal of difficulty in convincing the masses that the SED was a German political party.