Théâtre T04 (Littérature Française) (French Edition)

Victor Marie Hugo French: Hugo is considered to be one of the greatest and best-known French writers. Notre-Dame de Paris , Hugo was at the forefront of the Romantic literary movement with his play Cromwell and drama Hernani.

He produced more than 4, drawings in his lifetime, and campaigned for social causes such as the abolition of capital punishment. Though a committed royalist when he was young, Hugo's views changed as the decades passed, and he became a passionate supporter of republicanism ; his work touches upon most of the political and social issues and the artistic trends of his time. His legacy has been honoured in many ways, including his portrait being placed on French currency.

Alfred Des Essarts

Hugo's childhood was a period of national political turmoil. Napoleon was proclaimed Emperor of the French two years after Hugo's birth, and the Bourbon Monarchy was restored before his 13th birthday. The opposing political and religious views of Hugo's parents reflected the forces that would battle for supremacy in France throughout his life: Hugo's father was a high-ranking officer in Napoleon's army until he failed in Spain one of the reasons why his name is not present on the Arc de Triomphe. Since Hugo's father was an officer, the family moved frequently and Hugo learned much from these travels.

On a childhood family trip to Naples , Hugo saw the vast Alpine passes and the snowy peaks, the magnificently blue Mediterranean, and Rome during its festivities. They stayed in Naples for a few months and then headed back to Paris. Thereafter she dominated Hugo's education and upbringing. As a result, Hugo's early work in poetry and fiction reflect her passionate devotion to both King and Faith.

It was only later, during the events leading up to France's Revolution , that he would begin to rebel against his Catholic Royalist education and instead champion Republicanism and Freethought. On 4 September, she drowned in the Seine at Villequier , pulled down by her heavy skirts when a boat overturned.

Her young husband also died trying to save her. I will see that instant until I die, that instant—too much for tears! I don't have her any more! He wrote many poems afterwards about his daughter's life and death, and at least one biographer claims he never completely recovered from it. After leaving France, Hugo lived in Brussels briefly in , before moving to the Channel Islands , first to Jersey — and then to the smaller island of Guernsey in , where he stayed until Napoleon III's fall from power in Although Napoleon III proclaimed a general amnesty in , under which Hugo could have safely returned to France, the author stayed in exile, only returning when Napoleon III was forced from power as a result of the French defeat in the Franco-Prussian War in After the Siege of Paris from to , Hugo lived again in Guernsey from to , before finally returning to France for the remainder of his life.

Hugo published his first novel the year following his marriage Han d'Islande , , and his second three years later Bug-Jargal , In his youth, Hugo resolved to be " Chateaubriand or nothing", and his life would come to parallel that of his predecessor in many ways. Like Chateaubriand , Hugo furthered the cause of Romanticism, became involved in politics though mostly as a champion of Republicanism , and was forced into exile due to his political stances. The precocious passion and eloquence of Hugo's early work brought success and fame at an early age.

Though the poems were admired for their spontaneous fervour and fluency, the collection that followed four years later in Odes et Ballades revealed Hugo to be a great poet, a natural master of lyric and creative song. Victor Hugo's first mature work of fiction was first published in February by Charles Gosselin without the author's name and reflected the acute social conscience that would infuse his later work. Claude Gueux , a documentary short story about a real-life murderer who had been executed in France. Hugo became the figurehead of the Romantic literary movement with the plays Cromwell and Hernani One of the effects of the novel was to shame the City of Paris into restoring the much-neglected Cathedral of Notre Dame , which was attracting thousands of tourists who had read the popular novel.

The book also inspired a renewed appreciation for pre-Renaissance buildings, which thereafter began to be actively preserved. On one of the pages of his notes about the prison, he wrote in large block letters a possible name for his hero: Hugo was acutely aware of the quality of the novel, as evidenced in a letter he wrote to his publisher, Albert Lacroix, on 23 March , "My conviction is that this book is going to be one of the peaks, if not the crowning point of my work.

The Belgian publishing house Lacroix and Verboeckhoven undertook a marketing campaign unusual for the time, issuing press releases about the work a full six months before the launch. It also initially published only the first part of the novel "Fantine" , which was launched simultaneously in major cities. Installments of the book sold out within hours and had enormous impact on French society. The critical establishment was generally hostile to the novel; Taine found it insincere, Barbey d'Aurevilly complained of its vulgarity, Gustave Flaubert found within it "neither truth nor greatness", the Goncourt brothers lambasted its artificiality, and Baudelaire — despite giving favourable reviews in newspapers — castigated it in private as "repulsive and inept".

Today, the novel remains his most well-known work. It is popular worldwide and has been adapted for cinema, television, and stage shows. An apocryphal tale [9] about the shortest correspondence in history is said to have been between Hugo and his publisher Hurst and Blackett in He queried the reaction to the work by sending a single-character telegram to his publisher, asking? The publisher replied with a single! Dedicated to the channel island of Guernsey , where he spent 15 years of exile, Hugo tells of a man who attempts to win the approval of his beloved's father by rescuing his ship, intentionally marooned by its captain who hopes to escape with a treasure of money it is transporting, through an exhausting battle of human engineering against the force of the sea and a battle against an almost mythical beast of the sea, a giant squid.

Superficially an adventure, one of Hugo's biographers calls it a "metaphor for the 19th century—technical progress, creative genius and hard work overcoming the immanent evil of the material world. The word used in Guernsey to refer to squid pieuvre , also sometimes applied to octopus was to enter the French language as a result of its use in the book. Hugo returned to political and social issues in his next novel, L'Homme Qui Rit The Man Who Laughs , which was published in and painted a critical picture of the aristocracy.

His last novel, Quatre-vingt-treize Ninety-Three , published in , dealt with a subject that Hugo had previously avoided: Though Hugo's popularity was on the decline at the time of its publication, many now consider Ninety-Three to be a work on par with Hugo's better-known novels.

1909 deaths

He was elevated to the peerage by King Louis-Philippe in and entered the Higher Chamber as a pair de France , where he spoke against the death penalty and social injustice , and in favour of freedom of the press and self-government for Poland. In , he broke with the conservatives when he gave a noted speech calling for the end of misery and poverty.

Other speeches called for universal suffrage and free education for all children. Hugo's advocacy to abolish the death penalty was renowned internationally. When Louis Napoleon Napoleon III seized complete power in , establishing an anti-parliamentary constitution, Hugo openly declared him a traitor to France. He relocated to Brussels , then Jersey , from which he was expelled for supporting a Jersey newspaper that had criticised Queen Victoria and finally settled with his family at Hauteville House in Saint Peter Port , Guernsey , where he would live in exile from October until The pamphlets were banned in France but nonetheless had a strong impact there.

Like most of his contemporaries, Victor Hugo held colonialist views towards Africans. In a speech delivered on 18 May , he declared that the Mediterranean Sea formed a natural divide between " ultimate civilisation and […] utter barbarism," adding "God offers Africa to Europe. Take it," in order to civilise its indigenous inhabitants. This might partly explain why in spite of his deep interest and involvement in political matters he remained strangely silent on the Algerian issue.

He knew about the atrocities committed by the French Army during the French conquest of Algeria as evidenced by his diary [14] but he never denounced them publicly. A modern reader may also feel puzzled, to say the least, at the meaning of these lines from the conclusion to Le Rhin, chapter 17, [15] published in , twelve years after French troops landed near Algiers.

Alfred Des Essarts | Revolvy

What France lacks in Algiers is a little barbarity. The first thing that strikes savages is not reason but strength. What France lacks, England has it; Russia too. Algeria too harshly conquered, and, as in the case of India by the English, with more barbarism than civilization. Before being exiled he never denounced slavery, and no trace of its abolition is to be found in the 27 April entry of his detailed diary. On the other hand, Victor Hugo fought a lifelong battle for the abolition of the death penalty as a novelist, diarist, and member of Parliament.

The Last Day of a Condemned Man published in analyses the pangs of a man awaiting execution; several entries of Things Seen Choses vues , the diary he kept between and , convey his firm condemnation of what he regarded as a barbaric sentence; [17] on 15 September , seven months after the Revolution of , he delivered a speech before the Assembly and concluded, "You have overthrown the throne. His complete archives published by Pauvert show also that he wrote a letter asking the United States government, for the sake of their own reputation in the future, to spare John Brown's life, but the letter arrived after Brown was executed.

Although Napoleon III granted an amnesty to all political exiles in , Hugo declined, as it meant he would have to curtail his criticisms of the government. It was only after Napoleon III fell from power and the Third Republic was proclaimed that Hugo finally returned to his homeland in , where he was promptly elected to the National Assembly and the Senate. He was in Paris during the siege by the Prussian Army in , famously eating animals given to him by the Paris Zoo. As the siege continued, and food became ever more scarce, he wrote in his diary that he was reduced to "eating the unknown".

During the Paris Commune — the revolutionary government that took power on 18 March and was toppled on 28 May — Victor Hugo was harshly critical of the atrocities committed on both sides. On 9 April, he wrote in his diary, "In short, this Commune is as idiotic as the National Assembly is ferocious. From both sides, folly. Death to the scoundrel! Victor Hugo, who said "A war between Europeans is a civil war", [24] was an enthusiastic advocate for the creation of the United States of Europe.

He expounded his views on the subject in a speech he delivered during the International Peace Congress which took place in Paris in The conference helped establish Hugo as a prominent public speaker and sparked his international fame, and promoted the idea of the "United States of Europe". However, in Pauvert 's published archives, he states strongly that "any work of art has two authors: When one of the authors dies, the rights should totally be granted back to the other, the people".

1811 births

He was one of the earlier supporters of the concept of domaine public payant , under which a nominal fee would be charged for copying or performing works in the public domain, and this would go into a common fund dedicated to helping artists, especially young people. Hugo's religious views changed radically over the course of his life. In his youth and under the influence of his mother, he identified as a Catholic and professed respect for Church hierarchy and authority. From there he became a non-practicing Catholic and increasingly expressed anti-Catholic and anti-clerical views.

A census-taker asked Hugo in if he was a Catholic, and he replied, "No. After , Hugo never lost his antipathy towards the Catholic Church. He felt the Church was indifferent to the plight of the working class under the oppression of the monarchy. Perhaps he also was upset by the frequency with which his work appeared on the Church's list of banned books.

In his will, he made the same stipulation about his own death and funeral. Yet he believed in life after death and prayed every single morning and night, convinced as he wrote in The Man Who Laughs that "Thanksgiving has wings and flies to its right destination. Your prayer knows its way better than you do". Hugo's rationalism can be found in poems such as Torquemada , about religious fanaticism , The Pope , anti-clerical , Religions and Religion , denying the usefulness of churches and, published posthumously, The End of Satan and God and respectively, in which he represents Christianity as a griffin and rationalism as an angel.

Although Hugo's many talents did not include exceptional musical ability, he nevertheless had a great impact on the music world through the inspiration that his works provided for composers of the 19th and 20th century. Hugo himself particularly enjoyed the music of Gluck and Weber. Two famous musicians of the 19th century were friends of Hugo: Hector Berlioz and Franz Liszt.

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The latter played Beethoven in Hugo's home, and Hugo joked in a letter to a friend that, thanks to Liszt's piano lessons, he learned how to play a favourite song on the piano — with only one finger. Hugo also worked with composer Louise Bertin , writing the libretto for her opera La Esmeralda , which was based on the character in The Hunchback of Notre Dame. On the other hand, he had low esteem for Richard Wagner , whom he described as "a man of talent coupled with imbecility.

Well over one thousand musical compositions have been inspired by Hugo's works from the 19th century until the present day. In particular, Hugo's plays, in which he rejected the rules of classical theatre in favour of romantic drama, attracted the interest of many composers who adapted them into operas.

More than one hundred operas are based on Hugo's works and among them are Donizetti 's Lucrezia Borgia , Verdi 's Rigoletto and Ernani , and Ponchielli 's La Gioconda Today, Hugo's work continues to stimulate musicians to create new compositions. Remarkably, not only Hugo's literary production has been the source of inspiration for musical works, but also his political writings have received attention from musicians and have been adapted to music.

When Hugo returned to Paris in , the country hailed him as a national hero. He was confident that he would be offered the dictatorship , as shown by the notes he kept at the time. Throughout his life Hugo kept believing in unstoppable humanistic progress. In his last public address on 3 August he prophesied in an over-optimistic way, "In the twentieth century war will be dead, the scaffold will be dead, hatred will be dead, frontier boundaries will be dead, dogmas will be dead; man will live.

His faithful mistress, Juliette Drouet , died in , only two years before his own death. Despite his personal loss, Hugo remained committed to the cause of political change. On 30 January , he was elected to the newly created Senate. This last phase of his political career was considered a failure. Hugo was a maverick and achieved little in the Senate. Hugo suffered a mild stroke on 27 June On 27 June, one of the largest parades in French history was held. The paraders marched for six hours past Hugo as he sat at the window at his house. On 20 May , le Petit Journal published the official medical bulletin on Hugo's health condition.

Hugo's death from pneumonia on 22 May , at the age of 83, generated intense national mourning. He was not only revered as a towering figure in literature, he was a statesman who shaped the Third Republic and democracy in France. It is home to many of the city's wealthiest residents. Passy was a commune on the outskirts of Paris. In , hot springs were discovered around which spa facilities were developed. This attracted Parisian society and English visitors, some of whom made the area, which combined attractive countryside with both modest houses and fine residences, their winter retreat.

The population was 2, in , 4, in , but larger in summer. In the population was 11, Passy's population was 17, when it was absorbed into Paris along with several other communities in Oscar Comettant 18 April — 24 January was a 19th-century French composer, musicologist and traveller. Biography Commettant studied the piano and musical composition at the Conservatoire de Paris — and made a long tour in the United-States from to as a soloist. His circuit began on a steamer on the River Hudson, the train then led him from Albany to Buffalo with stop at Niagara Falls.

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Comettant later visited Philadelphia, Washington, D. On his way to New Orleans, he sailed on the Mississippi and went through Vicksburg, Memphis and Louisville where he took the opportunity to admi The Cabochien revolt was an episode in the civil war between the Armagnacs and the Burgundians which was in turn a part of the Hundred Years' War. In the spring of , John the Fearless, duke of Burgundy, managed to raise the people of Paris and impose a reform called the Cabochien ordinance.

However, after several months, Parisians desiring a return to order supported return of the Armagnacs. Afterwards, John acquired considerable popularity among the population of Paris. Le Parnasse contemporain "The Contemporary Parnassus", e. No poem by Arthur Rimbaud was included in any of the three volumes. Rimbaud is known to have read the first collection at a time when he was developing his poetry sometime between and In a letter dated May 15, Rimbaud mentions by name dozens of poets who were included, The Lyon tramway French: The original tramway network in Lyon was developed in , and the modern network was built in The tramway system complements the Lyon Metro and forms an integral part of the public transportation system TCL in Lyon.

The network is currently served by 73 Alstom Citadis and 19 Alstom Citadis trams. Line T2 runs from Perrache to Saint-P Joseph O'Kelly 29 January — 9 January , composer, pianist and choral conductor, was the most prominent member of a family of Irish musicians in 19th- and early 20th-century France. He wrote nine operas, four cantatas, numerous piano pieces and songs as well as a limited amount of chamber music.

Of his four brothers, two also became notable musicians: Joseph received his early musical training from his father. As a foreign national he was not allowed to attend the Paris Conservatoire, instead he continued his education on the piano with George Alexander Osborne It was officially founded in , and brought together leading right-wing artists, scientists and intellectuals. The league fielded candidates in the national elections, but was relatively unsuccessful.

After this it gradually became dormant. The bulletin ceased publication in They were opposed to the League for the Rights of Man, and wanted to show that not all intellectuals supported the Left, and the cause of the homeland was as valid as the cause of Dreyfus and the lay Republic. The diocese lies in western France, and encompasses the department of Loir-et-Cher. Since it has been a suffragan of the Archdiocese of Tours. It was renamed the Cathedral of Saint Louis. With a new cathedral, a new Cathedral Chapter was required.

The Louveciennes Aqueduct of the Machine de Marly Chateau of Voisins Chateau of Pont Culture Louveciennes was frequented by impressionist painters in the 19th century; according to the official site, there are over paintings by Renoir, Pissarro, Sisley, and Monet depicting Louveciennes. It is located in the western suburbs of Paris, Inhabitants are called Saint-Germanois or Saint-Germinois.

With its elegant tree-lined streets it is one of the more affluent suburbs of Paris, combining both high-end leisure spots and exclusive residential neighborhoods see the Golden Triangle of the Yvelines. Saint-Germain-en-Laye is a sub-prefecture of the department. It occupies a large loop of the Seine.

In comparison to previous seasons, the season consisted of a relatively small number of Formula One races, following the FIA's decision to run all the Grand Prix events counting towards the World Championship of Drivers to Formula Two regulations rather than Formula One. In addition to the Formula One races and the World Championship Formula Two races, numerous other Formula Two races, which did not count towards the Championship, were held during the year.

World Championship season summary Alfa Romeo, unable to fund a new car, withdrew from racing, while BRM had been preparing two Vpowered cars for the season but withdrew them before an April race at Valentino Park, Turin, whilst attempting to enlist Juan Manuel Fangio as teammate to Stirling Moss, leav Millions travel along its motorways in summertime from Paris to holidays at the sea.

The E15 Euroroute Britain to Spain runs through the region. The region is also a transport hub for the rail-network with the TGV running through Lyon from Paris and the north, to the Mediterranean. A trans-national, high-speed rail-link is projected from Lyon to Turin. Emblem Education Schools include: Retrieved on September 6, External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Maurecourt. A verse romance approximately 11, lines long, its main character is equivalent to Sir Griflet son of Do, a Knight of the Round Table known from other literature.

Translations of Jaufre were popular on the Iberian peninsula; a version of the tale from a Spanish redaction even exists in Tagalog, the language of the Philippines. Synopsis Below is a summary based on the ms. Chapter names approximately follow the latter. The court of King Arthur is assembled in the hall at Cardeuil i.

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Carlisle for the feast of Pentecost, but King Arthur declares that no one He started his career as a year-old in , impressing in Formula 3 races, finishing third in the Autosport National Formula 3 Championship. The son of a motor-garage owner and haulage merchant, Collins became interested in motor vehicles at a young age. He was expelled from school at 16 owing to spending time at a local fairground during school hours. He became an apprentice in his father's garage and began competing in local trials races.

It is the capital of the department. Its inhabitants are called Yonnais. An inductee into the International Motorsports Hall of Fame, he won of the races he entered across several categories of competition and has been described as "the greatest driver never to win the World Championship". His father was an amateur racing driver who had placed 16th at the Indianapolis Stirling was a gifted horse rider as was his younger sister, Pat Moss, who became a successful rally driver and married Erik Carlsson.

Moss was educated at several independent sch Bougival is located As the site where many of the French Masters including Claude Monet, Alfred Sisley, Berthe Morisot, and Auguste Renoir painted country scenes along the Seine, the village today hosts a series of six historical placards, known as the "Impressionists Walk," at locations from which the noted painters depicted the scenes of Bougival. Considered one of the foremost engineering accomplishments of its era, the cacophanous, breakdown-prone[2] apparatus comprised fourteen waterwheels approximately 38 feet in diameter driven by the current of the Seine — in turn powering more Gnosticism from Ancient Greek: These systems believed that the material world is created by an emanation of the highest God, trapping the divine spark within the human body.

This divine spark could be liberated by gnosis. Some of the core teachings include the following: All matter is evil, and the non-material, spirit-realm is good. There is an unknowable God, who gave rise to many lesser spirit beings called Aeons. The creator of the material universe is not the supreme god, but an inferior spirit. Gnosticism does not deal with "sin", only ignorance. To achieve salvation, one needs to get in touch with secret knowledge.

The Gnostic ideas and systems flourished in the Mediterranean world in the second century AD, in conjunction with and influenced by the early Christian movements an It is a subprefecture of its department, and was officially formed when the commune of Cherbourg absorbed Octeville on 28 February Cherbourg-en-Cotentin is protected by Cherbourg Harbour, between La Hague and Val de Saire, and the city has been a strategic position over the centuries, disputed between the English and French.

Cited as one of the "keys to the kingdom" by Vauban, it became, by colossal maritime development work, The village counts about 1, residents and has very little commercial activity. It is a bedroom community for people working in Paris. It has a primary school, a Romanesque church open from Easter to Toussaint and a municipal meeting room Salle Maeterlinck. History and Culture In the nint Although the distances in the Antonine Itinerary do not agree with the real distances, French geographer D'Anville recognized a transposition of the numbers.

The Theodosian Tabula names the place "Abrolica", which William Smith states as a possible error of transcription. After the Burgundian invasion in 5th, Pontarlier became an unavoidable way of trade from the kingdom of Burgundy to Switzerland, Germany or Lombardy. Until the 17th century it lay on the easiest way to cross Jura mountains.

It was to thi Reims ; also spelled Rheims; French: Its primary river, the Vesle, is a tributary of the Aisne. Founded by the Gauls, it became a major city during the period of the Roman Empire. It was used for the anointing, the most important part of the coronation of French kings. Administration Reims functions as a subprefecture of the department of Marne,[2] He was credited with enemy aircraft shot down in over combat missions.

His victories were all claimed over the Western Front and included 26 four-engine bombers, 51 Supermarine Spitfires and 12 P Thunderbolts.



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Mayer was the first fighter pilot to score victories entirely on the Western Front. He fought in the Battle of France and claimed his first aerial victory in that campaign on 13 June Mayer was appointed squadron leader of the 7. Two months later, following his 21st aerial victory, he received the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross on 1 August He claimed 16 further victories and was awarded the German Cross The Latinisation of names in the vernacular was a procedure deemed necessary for the sake of conformity by scribes and authors when incorporating references to such persons in Latin texts.

The procedure was used in the era of the Roman Republic and Empire. It was used continuously by the Papacy from the earliest times, in religious tracts and in diplomatic and legal documents.