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The stereotyped movement patterns were directly observed and in some cases further documented by video recordings made by parents. The probe questions were used again on follow-up at a mean age of 10 years 7 months SD 4y 4mo. Mean age at onset was 17 months. Males exceeded females by 3: Family history of a pattern of SMD was reported in 13 and neuropsychiatric comorbidity in 30 attention-deficit-hyperactivity disorder in 16, tics in 18, and developmental coordination disorder in Obsessive-compulsive disorder occurred in only two.

The Short Sensory Profile correlated with comorbidity p movements , which were usually associated with excitement or imaginative play. Mean length of follow-up was 4 years 8 months SD 2y 10mo. Of the 39 children followed for longer than 6 months, the behavior stopped or was gradually shaped so as to occur primarily privately in Dystonia and paroxysmal dyskinesias: Full Text Available Dystonia is defined as a neurological syndrome characterized by involuntary sustained or intermittent muscle contractions causing twisting, often repetitive movements and postures.

Paroxysmal dyskinesias are episodic movement disorders encompassing dystonia, chorea, athetosis and ballism in conscious individuals. Several decades of research have enhanced the understanding of the etiology of human dystonia and dyskinesias that are associated with dystonia, but the pathophysiology remains largely unknown.

The spontaneous occurrence of hereditary dystonia and paroxysmal dyskinesia is well documented in rodents used as animal models in basic dystonia research. Several hyperkinetic movement disorders , described in dogs, horses and cattle, show similarities to these human movement disorders. Although dystonia is regarded as the third most common movement disorder in humans, it is often misdiagnosed because of the heterogeneity of etiology and clinical presentation.

Since these conditions are poorly known in veterinary practice, their prevalence may be underestimated in veterinary medicine. In order to attract attention to these movement disorders , i. Functional jerks, tics, and paroxysmal movement disorders. Functional jerks are among the most common functional movement disorders. The diagnosis of functional jerks is mainly based on neurologic examination revealing specific positive clinical signs. Differentiation from other jerky movements , such as tics, organic myoclonus, and primary paroxysmal.

Basal ganglia, movement disorders and deep brain stimulation: Studies in non-human primates NHPs have led to major advances in our understanding of the function of the basal ganglia and of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of hypokinetic movement disorders such as Parkinson's disease and hyperkinetic disorders such as chorea and dystonia. Since the brains of NHPs are anatomically very close to those of humans, disease states and the effects of medical and surgical approaches, such as deep brain stimulation DBS , can be more faithfully modeled in NHPs than in other species. According to the current model of the basal ganglia circuitry, which was strongly influenced by studies in NHPs, the basal ganglia are viewed as components of segregated networks that emanate from specific cortical areas, traverse the basal ganglia, and ventral thalamus, and return to the frontal cortex.

Based on the presumed functional domains of the different cortical areas involved, these networks are designated as 'motor', 'oculomotor', 'associative' and 'limbic' circuits. The functions of these networks are strongly modulated by the release of dopamine in the striatum. Striatal dopamine release alters the activity of striatal projection neurons which, in turn, influences the inhibitory basal ganglia output. In parkinsonism, the loss of striatal dopamine results in the emergence of oscillatory burst patterns of firing of basal ganglia output neurons, increased synchrony of the discharge of neighboring basal ganglia neurons, and an overall increase in basal ganglia output.

The relevance of these findings is supported by the demonstration, in NHP models of parkinsonism, of the antiparkinsonian effects of inactivation of the motor circuit at the level of the subthalamic nucleus, one of the major components of the basal ganglia. This finding also contributed strongly to the revival of the use of surgical interventions to treat patients with Parkinson's disease.

While ablative procedures were first used for this purpose, they have now been largely. The clinical approach to movement disorders. Movement disorders are commonly encountered in the clinic. In this Review, aimed at trainees and general neurologists, we provide a practical step-by-step approach to help clinicians in their 'pattern recognition' of movement disorders , as part of a process that ultimately leads to the diagnosis.

Rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder. Surgical management of movement disorders Enslin South Movement disorders are usually treated by neurologists, and appropriately so. The first-line management of all conditions that are grouped together as movement disorders e. Parkinson's disease, dystonia, essential tremor is with medication and, in some, with rehabilitative strategies, such as occupational therapy, Children were assessed on Kiddie schedule for affective disorders and schizophrenia--present and lifetime version and….

Delays and deficits may both contribute to atypical development of movement skills by children with ASD. The group matched on chronological age…. Stereotyped movement disorder in ICD According to current proposals for ICD, stereotyped movement disorder will be classified in the grouping of neurodevelopmental disorders , with a qualifier to indicate whether self-injury is present, similar to the classification of stereotypic movement disorder in DSM At the same time, the WHO ICD Working Group on the Classification of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders has proposed a grouping of body-focused repetitive behavior disorders within the obsessive-compulsive and related disorders OCRD cluster to include trichotillomania and skin-picking disorder.

DSM-5 has taken a slightly different approach: DSM-5 also includes a separate category of nonsuicidal self-injury in the section on "conditions for further study. In this article, we attempt to provide preliminary answers to some of these questions as they relate to the ICD classification of mental and behavioral disorders. Advances in surgery for movement disorders. Movement disorder surgery has evolved throughout history as our knowledge of motor circuits and ways in which to manipulate them have expanded. Today, the positive impact on patient quality of life for a growing number of movement disorders such as Parkinson's disease is now well accepted and confirmed through several decades of randomized, controlled trials.

Nevertheless, residual motor symptoms after movement disorder surgery such as deep brain stimulation and lack of a definitive cure for these conditions demand that advances continue to push the boundaries of the field and maximize its therapeutic potential. Similarly, advances in related fields - wireless technology, artificial intelligence, stem cell and gene therapy, neuroimaging, nanoscience, and minimally invasive surgery - mean that movement disorder surgery stands at a crossroads to benefit from unique combinations of all these developments.

In this minireview, we outline some of these developments as well as evidence supporting topics of recent discussion and controversy in our field. Moving forward, expectations remain high that these improvements will come to encompass an even broader range of patients who might benefit from this therapy and decrease the burden of disease associated with these conditions. Movement disorders secondary to craniocerebral trauma. Over the past few decades it has been recognized that traumatic brain injury may result in various movement disorders. While tremor is associated most frequently with cerebellar or mesencephalic lesions, patients with dystonia frequently have basal ganglia or thalamic lesions.

Moderate or mild traumatic brain injury only rarely causes persistent post-traumatic movement disorders. It appears that the frequency of post-traumatic movement disorders overall has been declining which most likely is secondary to improved treatment of brain injury.

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In patients with disabling post-traumatic movement disorders which are refractory to medical treatment, stereotactic neurosurgery can provide long-lasting benefit. While in the past the primary option for severe kinetic tremor was thalamotomy and for dystonia thalamotomy or pallidotomy, today deep brain stimulation has become the preferred treatment. Parkinsonism is a rare consequence of single head injury, but repeated head injury such as seen in boxing can result in chronic encephalopathy with parkinsonian features. While there is still controversy whether or not head injury is a risk factor for the development of Parkinson's disease, recent studies indicate that genetic susceptibility might be relevant.

Clinical Manifestations and Pharmacological Management. Involuntary abnormal movements have been reported after ischaemic and haemorrhagic stroke. Post stroke movement disorders can appear as acute or delayed sequel. At the moment, for many of these disorders the knowledge of pharmacological treatment is still inadequate.

Dopaminergic and GABAergic systems may be mainly involved in post-stroke movement disorders. This article provides a review on drugs commonly used in post-stroke movement disorders , given that some post-stroke movement disorders have shown a partial benefit with pharmacological approach. This article provides a review on drugs commonly used in post-stroke movement disorders , given that some post-stroke movement disorders Movement disorders in paraneoplastic and autoimmune disease. Purpose of review The most relevant advances in immune-mediated movement disorders are described, with emphasis on the clinical—immunological associations, novel antigens, and treatment.

Recent findings Many movement disorders previously considered idiopathic or degenerative are now recognized as immune-mediated. Some disorders are paraneoplastic, such as anti-CRMP5-associated chorea, anti-Ma2 hypokinesis and rigidity, anti-Yo cerebellar ataxia and tremor, and anti-Hu ataxia and pesudoathetosis. Other disorders such as Sydenham's chorea, or chorea related to systemic lupus erythematosus and antiphospholipid syndrome occur in association with multiple antibodies, are not paraneoplastic, and are triggered by molecular mimicry or unknown mechanisms. Recent studies have revealed a new category of disorders that can be paraneoplastic or not, and associate with antibodies against cell-surface or synaptic proteins.

Summary Neurologists should be aware that many movement disorders are immune-mediated. Recognition of these disorders is important because it may lead to the diagnosis of an occult cancer, and a substantial number of patients, mainly those with antibodies to cell-surface or synaptic proteins, respond to immunotherapy. Diagnosis and management of acute movement disorders. Most movement disorders , reflecting degenerative disorders , develop in a slowly progressive fashion. Some movement disorders , however, manifest with an acute onset.

We wish to give an overview of the management and therapy of those acute-onset movement disorders. Drug-induced movement disorders are mainly caused by dopamine-receptor blockers DRB as used as antipsychotics neuroleptics and antiemetics. Acute dystonic reactions usually occur within the first four days of treatment.

Typically, cranial pharyngeal and cervical muscles are affected. Anticholinergics produce a prompt relief. Akathisia is characterized by an often exceedingly bothersome feeling of restlessness and the inability to remain still. It is a common side effect of DRB and occurs within few days after their initiation. It subsides when DRB are ceased. It is characterised by hyperthermia, rigidity, reduced consciousness and autonomic failure. Therapeutically immediate DRB withdrawal is crucial. Additional dantrolene or bromocriptine application together with symptomatic treatment may be necessary.

Paroxysmal dyskinesias are childhood onset disorders characterised by dystonic postures, chorea, athetosis and ballism occurring at irregular intervals. In Paroxysmal Kinesigenic Dyskinesia they are triggered by rapid movements , startle reactions or hyperventilation. They last up to 5 minutes, occur up to times per day and are highly sensitive to anticonvulsants. In Paroxysmal Non-Kinesiogenic Dyskinesia they cannot be triggered, occur less frequently and last longer. Other paroxysmal dyskinesias include hypnogenic paroxysmal dyskinesias, paroxysmal exertional dyskinesia, infantile paroxysmal dystonias, Sandifer's syndrome and symptomatic paroxysmal dyskinesias.

In Hereditary Episodic Ataxia Type 1 attacks of ataxia last for up to two minutes, may be accompanied. The role of a movement disorders clinic. There are few published audits of neurology services to assist care planning. As a first step towards evaluating future service needs for this group of patients, we audited a single tertiary referral IPD and Other Movement Disorders clinic for The IPD and Other Movement Disorders clinic provides an important local, regional, and national diagnostic and therapeutic service for complex movement disorders. It is proposed that a national registry of IPD and audit of the delivery of care to patients with movement disorders is needed.

Rapid eye movement REM sleep behaviour disorder RBD is characterized by loss of REM sleep and related electromyographic atonia with marked muscular activity and dream enactment behaviour. RBD is seen in 0. It occurs in an idiopathic form and secondarily to medical Quantifying Motor Impairment in Movement Disorders. Full Text Available Until recently the assessment of many movement disorders has relied on clinical rating scales that despite careful design are inherently subjective and non-linear. This makes accurate and truly observer-independent quantification difficult and limits the use of sensitive parametric statistical methods.

At last, devices capable of measuring neurological problems quantitatively are becoming readily available. Examples include the use of oculometers to measure eye movements and accelerometers to measure tremor. Many applications are being developed for use on smartphones. The benefits include not just more accurate disease quantification, but also consistency of data for longitudinal studies, accurate stratification of patients for entry into trials, and the possibility of automated data capture for remote follow-up.

In this mini review, we will look at movement disorders with a particular focus on Parkinson's disease, describe some of the limitations of existing clinical evaluation tools, and illustrate the ways in which objective metrics have already been successful. Until recently the assessment of many movement disorders has relied on clinical rating scales that despite careful design are inherently subjective and non-linear.

Laryngeal electromyography in movement disorders: Full Text Available This study describes preliminary laryngeal electromyography LEMG data and botulinum toxin treatment in patients with dysphonia due to movement disorders. Twenty-five patients who had been clinically selected for botulinum toxin administration were examined, 19 with suspected laryngeal dystonia or spasmodic dysphonia SD, 5 with vocal tremor, and 1 with Gilles de la Tourette syndrome GTS.

LEMG evaluations were performed before botulinum toxin administration using monopolar electrodes. Electromyography was consistent with dystonia in 14 patients and normal in 5, and differences in frequency suggesting essential tremor in 3 and Parkinson tremors in 2. The different LEMG patterns and significant improvement in our patients from botulinum toxin therapy has led us to perform laryngeal electromyography as a routine in UNICAMP movement disorders ambulatory.

Positron emission tomography in movement disorders. Positron emission tomography provides a method for the quantitation of regional function within the living human brain. Studies of cerebral metabolism and blood flow in patients with Huntington's disease, Parkinson's disease and focal dystonia have revealed functional abnormalities within substructures of the basal ganglia. Recent developments permit assessment of both pre-synaptic and post-synaptic function ion dopaminergic pathways. These techniques are now being applied to studies of movement disorders in human subjects.

Recent developments permit assessment of both pre-synaptic and post-synaptic function in dopaminergic pathways. The neurophysiology of paediatric movement disorders. To demonstrate how neurophysiological tools have advanced our understanding of the pathophysiology of paediatric movement disorders , and of neuroplasticity in the developing brain. Delineation of corticospinal tract connectivity using transcranial magnetic stimulation TMS is being investigated as a potential biomarker for response to therapy. TMS measures of cortical excitability and neuroplasticity are also being used to investigate the effects of therapy, demonstrating neuroplastic changes that relate to functional improvements.

Analyses of evoked potentials and event-related changes in the electroencephalogaphy spectral activity provide growing evidence for the important role of aberrant sensory processing in the pathophysiology of many different movement disorders. Neurophysiological findings demonstrate that children with clinically similar phenotypes may have differing underlying pathophysiology, which in turn may explain differential response to therapy.

Neurophysiological parameters can act as biomarkers, providing a means to stratify individuals, and are well suited to provide biofeedback. They therefore have enormous potential to facilitate improvements to therapy. Although currently a small field, the role of neurophysiology in paediatric movement disorders is poised to expand, both fuelled by and contributing to the rapidly growing fields of neuro-rehabilitation and neuromodulation and the move towards a more individualized therapeutic approach.

Degeneration of rapid eye movement sleep circuitry underlies rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder.

by James Joyce

During healthy rapid eye movement sleep, skeletal muscles are actively forced into a state of motor paralysis. However, in rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder -a relatively common neurological disorder -this natural process is lost. A lack of motor paralysis atonia in rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder allows individuals to actively move, which at times can be excessive and violent. At first glance this may sound harmless, but it is not because rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder patients frequently injure themselves or the person they sleep with.

It is hypothesized that the degeneration or dysfunction of the brain stem circuits that control rapid eye movement sleep paralysis is an underlying cause of rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder. Furthermore, basic science and clinical evidence demonstrate that lesions within the rapid eye movement sleep circuits can induce rapid eye movement sleep-specific motor deficits that are virtually identical to those observed in rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder. This review examines the evidence that rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder is caused by synucleinopathic neurodegeneration of the core brain stem circuits that control healthy rapid eye movement sleep and concludes that rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder is not a separate clinical entity from synucleinopathies but, rather, it is the earliest symptom of these disorders.

Antidepressant treatment outcomes of psychogenic movement disorder. Psychogenic movement disorder PMD is a subtype of conversion disorder. We describe the outcomes of a series of PMD patients following antidepressant treatment. Twenty-three outpatients with chronic PMD, diagnosed using Fahn and Williams' criteria, underwent psychiatric assessment.

The patients were referred for assessment and management from January to July Fifteen agreed to be treated with antidepressants. Patients received citalopram or paroxetine; those who did not respond after 4 weeks of taking an optimal dose were switched to venlafaxine. Concurrently, 3 had supportive psychotherapy, and 1 had family intervention. No significant differences existed in patient characteristics between treated and untreated groups.

Our preliminary findings suggest that chronic PMD with primary conversion symptoms and with recent or current depression or anxiety may respond to antidepressants. Further well-designed studies, now under way, are required to confirm these findings. Saccadic eye movement applications for psychiatric disorders. Saccadic eye movement appears to be heavily involved in psychiatric diseases covered in this review via a direct mechanism.

The changes seen in the execution of eye movement tasks in patients with psychopathologies of various studies confirm that eye movement is associated with the cognitive and motor system. Saccadic eye movement changes appear to be heavily involved in the psychiatric disorders covered in this review and may be considered a possible marker of some disorders. The few existing studies that approach the topic demonstrate a need to improve the experimental paradigms, as well as the methods of analysis.

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Clinical identification of the simple sleep-related movement disorders. Simple sleep-related movement disorders must be distinguished from daytime movement disorders that persist during sleep, sleep-related epilepsy, and parasomnias, which are generally characterized by activity that appears to be simultaneously complex, goal-directed, and purposeful but is outside the conscious awareness of the patient and, therefore, inappropriate.

Once it is determined that the patient has a simple sleep-related movement disorder , the part of the body affected by the movement and the age of the patient give clues as to which sleep-related movement disorder is present. In some cases, all-night polysomnography with accompanying video may be necessary to make the diagnosis. We undertook this study to explore the degree of impairment in movement skills in children with autistic spectrum disorders ASD and a wide IQ range.

Movement disorder and epilepsy in subependymal nodular heterotopia. Full Text Available Subependymal nodular heterotopia is a cortical development malformation that is commonly associated with refractory epilepsy. Patients with heterotopia show a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations, from being asymptomatic to presenting with intractable seizures and intellectual impairment. We report a case of drug-resistant epilepsy with normal intelligence, having bilateral subependymal heterotopic nodules in the brain, presenting to us with a movement disorder in the form of myoclonus of bilateral lower limbs which is an unusual manifestation of gray matter heterotopias.

Although rare, gray matter heterotopias may present as movement disorder and should be considered in differential diagnosis while workup of movement disorders. Interventions for disorders of eye movement in patients with stroke. These eye movement disorders can result in difficulty maintaining the normal ocular position and difficulty moving the eyes appropriately. The resulting functional disabilities include a loss of depth perception, reduced hand-to-eye co-ordination, marked difficulties with near tasks and reading and reduced ability to scan the visual environment.

They can also impact on the effectiveness of rehabilitation therapy. Trichotillomania hair pulling disorder , skin picking disorder , and stereotypic movement disorder: In DSM-IV-TR, trichotillomania TTM is classified as an impulse control disorder not classified elsewhere , skin picking lacks its own diagnostic category but might be diagnosed as an impulse control disorder not otherwise specified , and stereotypic movement disorder is classified as a disorder usually first diagnosed in infancy, childhood, or adolescence. ICD classifies TTM as a habit and impulse disorder , and includes stereotyped movement disorders in a section on other behavioral and emotional disorders with onset usually occurring in childhood and adolescence.

This article provides a focused review of nosological issues relevant to DSM-V, given recent empirical findings. This review presents a number of options and preliminary recommendations to be considered for DSM-V: Tardive movement disorders are common among patients with schizophrenia. Risk factors for movement disorders are of the utmost importance in the context of preventive strategies. To achieve clearer classification of movement disorders in schizophrenia, to identify the risk factors involved and thereby develop strategies to prevent movement disorders.

We searched PubMed for prospective studies which had been performed in homogeneous target populations with schizophrenia and which contained well-defined definitions of the movement disorders. From these we selected studies in which risk factors were repeatedly identified. Tardive dyskinesia is well documented. Risk factors for developing tardive dyskinesia are use of antipsychotics, particularly those belonging to the first generation, 'not belonging to the Caucasian race', early extrapyramidal symptoms and older age.

So far, there is very little conclusive evidence regarding the genetics of tardive movement disorders. With regard to tardive dyskinesia, not belonging to the Caucasian race and old age are two risk factors that can be quickly determined for the purpose of prevention. In this case it leads to the choice of medication with a low D2 affinity.

Furthermore, it is advisable, after commencing treatment with an antipsychotic drug, to evaluate on a regular basis if the patient is showing early signs of TD. If TD does occur, there is a choice between medication with a low D-2 affinity or clozapine. Hypnosis and movement disorders: State of the art and perspectives. Hypnosis might represent an interesting complementary therapeutic approach to movement disorders , as it takes into account not only symptoms, but also well-being, and empowers patients to take a more active role in their treatment. Our review of the literature on the use of hypnosis to treat movement disorders was done by systematically searching the PubMed database for reports published between and November The following variables were extracted from each selected paper: Thirteen papers were selected for detailed analysis.

Most concerned tremor in Parkinson's disease and tics in Gilles de la Tourette syndrome. Although promising, the data were insufficient to allow conclusions to be drawn on the efficacy of hypnosis in movement disorders or to recommend its use in this setting. Well-designed studies taking into account some specific methodological challenges are needed to determine the possible therapeutic utility of hypnosis in movement disorders. In addition to the potential benefits for such patients, hypnosis might also be useful for studying the neuroanatomical and functional underpinnings of normal and abnormal movements.

Movement Interference in Autism-Spectrum Disorder. Movement interference occurs when concurrently observing and executing incompatible actions and is believed to be due to co-activation of conflicting populations of mirror neurons. It has also been suggested that mirror neurons contribute towards the imitation of observed actions.

However, the exact neural substrate of imitation may depend on task…. Impaired cognition is one of the most common core symptoms of depressive disorder. Eye movement testing mainly reflects patients' cognitive functions, such as cognition, memory, attention, recognition, and recall. This type of testing has great potential to improve theories related to cognitive functioning in depressive episodes as well as potential in its clinical application. This study investigated whether eye movement indices of patients with unmedicated depressive disorder were abnormal or not, as well as the relationship between these indices and mental symptoms.

Sixty patients with depressive disorder and sixty healthy controls who were matched by gender, age and years of education were recruited, and completed eye movement tests including three tasks: The EyeLink desktop eye tracking system was employed to collect eye movement information, and analyze the eye movement indices of the three tasks between the two groups. The depression symptoms were negatively correlated with fixation times, saccades, and saccadic paths respectively in the free-view task; while the mean fixation duration and depression symptoms showed a positive correlation.

Compared to healthy controls, patients with depressive disorder showed significantly abnormal eye movement indices. Morbidities in rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder. Idiopathic rapid eye movement REM sleep behavior disorder iRBD, RBD without any obvious comorbid major neurological disease , is strongly associated with numerous comorbid conditions. The most prominent is that with neurodegenerative disorders , especially synuclein-mediated disorders , above all Susceptibility weighted imaging in the evaluation of movement disorders.

Movement disorders are neurodegenerative disorders associated with abnormalities of brain iron deposition. In this presentation, we aim to describe the role of susceptibility weighted imaging SWI in the imaging of patients with movement disorders and differentiate between the various disorders. SWI is a high-resolution, fully velocity-encoded gradient-echo magnetic resonance imaging MRI sequence that consists of using both magnitude and phase information.

We describe briefly the physics behind this sequence and the post-processing techniques used. The anatomy of the midbrain and basal ganglia in normal subjects on SWI is covered. A number of neurodegenerative disorders are associated with abnormal iron deposition, which can be detected due to the susceptibility effects. Psychogenic or functional movement disorders PMDs pose a challenge in clinical diagnosis. There are several clues, including sudden onset, incongruous symptoms, distractibility, suggestibility, entrainment of symptoms, and lack of response to otherwise effective pharmacological therapies, that help identify the most common psychogenic movements such as tremor, dystonia, and myoclonus.

In this manuscript, we review the frequency, distinct clinical features, functional imaging, and neurophysiological tests that can help in the diagnosis of uncommon presentations of PMDs, such as psychogenic parkinsonism, tics, and chorea; facial, palatal, and ocular movements are also reviewed.

In addition, we discuss PMDs at the extremes of age and mass psychogenic illness. Lack of amplitude decrement in repetitive movements and of cogwheel rigidity help to differentiate PP from true parkinsonism. Dopamine transporter imaging with photon emission tomography can also help in the diagnostic process.

Lack of transient suppressibility of abnormal movements helps to differentiate them from organic tics. Psychogenic facial movements can present with hemifacial spasm, blepharospasm, and other movements. Some patients with essential palatal tremor have been shown to be psychogenic. Convergence ocular spasm has demonstrated a high specificity for psychogenic movements. PMDs can also present in the context of mass psychogenic illness or at the extremes of age.

Clinical features and ancillary studies are helpful in the diagnosis of patients with uncommon presentations of psychogenic movement disorders. Imaging of dopaminergic system in movement disorders. Parkinson's disease is a common neurodegenerative disorder that is mainly caused by dopaminergic neuron loss in the substantia nigra. Several radiopharmaceutics have been developed to evaluated the integrity of dopaminergic neuronal system.

In vivo PET and SPECT imaging of presynaptic dopamine imaging are already applied to Parkinson's disease and other parkinsonism, and can demonstrate the dopaminergic dysfunction. This review summarized the use of the presynaptic dopaminergic imaging in PD as biomarkers in evaluation of disease progression as well as in diagnosis of PD. Gamma knife radiosurgery in movement disorders: Functional radiosurgery has advanced steadily during the past half century since the development of the gamma knife technique for treating intractable cancer pain.

Applications of radiosurgery for intracranial diseases have increased with a focus on understanding radiobiology. Currently, the use of gamma knife radiosurgery to ablate deep brain structures is not widespread because visualization of the functional targets remains difficult despite the increased availability of advanced neuroimaging technology. Moreover, most existing reports have a small sample size or are retrospective. However, increased experience with intraoperative neurophysiological evaluations in radiofrequency thalamotomy and deep brain stimulation supports anatomical and neurophysiological approaches to the ventralis intermedius nucleus.

Two recent prospective studies have promoted the clinical application of functional radiosurgery for movement disorders. For example, unilateral gamma knife thalamotomy is a potential alternative to radiofrequency thalamotomy and deep brain stimulation techniques for intractable tremor patients with contraindications for surgery.

Despite the promising efficacy of gamma knife thalamotomy, however, these studies did not include sufficient follow-up to confirm long-term effects. Herein, we review the radiobiology literature, various techniques, and the treatment efficacy of gamma knife radiosurgery for patients with movement disorders. Future research should focus on randomized controlled studies and long-term effects. This report will highlight the significance of movement disorder as an important clinical manifestation of hyperglycaemia particularly in elderly patients.

It is a review of six 6 consecutive cases seen over a five year period along with the relevant literature. Four 4 of the six patients were females aged 54, 65, This study analyzed the presence of awareness of movement disorders dyskinesias and hypokinesias in 25 patients with Parkinson's disease PD and motor fluctuations dyskinesias, wearing off, on-off fluctuations. Of the few studies that have dealt with this topic, none have analyzed the differences in the awareness of motor deficits….

Full Text Available Although the use of ultrasound as a potential therapeutic modality in the brain has been under study for several decades, relatively few neuroscientists or neurologists are familiar with this technology. Stereotactic brain lesioning had been widely used as a treatment for medically refractory patients with essential tremor ET, Parkinson disease PD, and dystonia but has been largely replaced by deep brain stimulation DBS surgery, with advantages both in safety and efficacy.

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However, DBS is associated with complications including intracerebral hemorrhage, infection, and hardware malfunction. The occurrence of these complications has spurred interest in less invasive stereotactic brain lesioning methods including magnetic resonance imaging—guided high intensity—focused ultrasound FUS surgery. Engineering advances now allow sound waves to be targeted noninvasively through the skull to a brain target. High intensities of sonic energy can create a coagulation lesion similar to that of older radiofrequency stereotactic methods, but without opening the skull, recent Food and Drug Administration approval of unilateral thalamotomy for treatment of ET.

Moderate intensity, pulsed FUS has also demonstrated the potential to safely open the blood-brain barrier for localized delivery of therapeutics including proteins, genes, and cell-based therapy for PD and related disorders. The goal of this review is to provide basic and clinical neuroscientists with a level of understanding to interact with medical physicists, biomedical engineers, and radiologists to accelerate the application of this powerful technology to brain disease. Recurrent cheek biting, a form of self-injurious behavior is a rare entity which presents mostly to dentists and dermatologists.

We report a case of recurrent severe cheek biting in an adult male leading to mucosal ulceration. The stereotypic pattern of cheek biting and associated behavior bears striking resemblance to other impulse control disorders. The Promise of Telemedicine for Movement Disorders: Advances in technology have expanded telemedicine opportunities covering medical practice, research, and education. This is of particular importance in movement disorders MDs , where the combination of disease progression, mobility limitations, and the sparse distribution of MD specialists increase the difficulty to access.

In this review, we discuss the prospects, challenges, and strategies for telemedicine in MDs. Telemedicine for MDs has been mainly evaluated in Parkinson's disease PD and compared to in-office care is cost-effective with similar clinical care, despite the barriers to engagement. However, particular groups including pediatric patients, rare MDs, and the use of telemedicine in underserved areas need further research. Interdisciplinary telemedicine and tele-education for MDs are feasible, provide similar care, and reduce travel costs and travel time compared to in-person visits. These benefits have been mainly demonstrated for PD but serve as a model for further validation in other movement disorders.

Characteristics of rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder in narcolepsy. RBD is commonly associated with Parkinsonian disorders , but is also reported in narcolepsy. This supports the hypothesis that an impaired hypocretin system causes general instability of motor regulation during wakefulness, REM and NREM sleep in human narcolepsy. We propose that hypocretin neurons are centrally involved in motor tone control during wakefulness and sleep in humans Major depressive disorder alters perception of emotional body movements. Full Text Available Much recent research has shown an association between mood disorders and an altered emotion perception.

However, these studies were conducted mainly with stimuli such as faces. This is the first study to examine possible differences in how people with major depressive disorder MDD and healthy controls perceive emotions expressed via body movements. They rated the depicted emotions and judged their confidence in their rating. Results showed that patients with MDD rated the depicted interactions more negatively than healthy controls. They also rated interactions with negative emotionality as being more intense and were more confident in their ratings.

It is concluded that patients with MDD exhibit an altered emotion perception compared to healthy controls when rating emotions expressed via body movements depicted in PLDs. Neuroleptic-induced movement disorders in a naturalistic schizophrenia population: Earlier studies have described typical clinical movement patterns for individual NIMDs. This study aimed to identify specific movement patterns for each individual NIMD using actometry.

Methods A naturalistic population of 99 schizophrenia inpatients using conventional antipsychotics and clozapine was evaluated. Two blinded raters evaluated the actometric-controlled rest activity data for activity periods, rhythmical activity, frequencies, and highest acceleration peaks.

A simple subjective question was formulated to test patient-based evaluation of NIMD. Results The patterns of neuroleptic-induced akathisia NIA and pseudoakathisia PsA were identifiable in actometry with excellent inter-rater reliability. The answers to the subjective question about troubles with movements distinguished NIA patients from other patients rather well. Also actometry had rather good screening performances in distinguishing akathisia from other NIMD.

Actometry was not able to reliably detect patterns of neuroleptic-induced parkinsonism and tardive dyskinesia. Conclusion The present study showed that pooled NIA and PsA patients had a different pattern in lower limb descriptive actometry than other patients in a non-selected sample. Careful questioning of patients is a useful method of diagnosing NIA in a clinical setting. Neuroleptic-induced movement disorders NIMDs have overlapping co-morbidity.

A naturalistic population of 99 schizophrenia inpatients using conventional antipsychotics and clozapine was evaluated. The patterns of neuroleptic-induced akathisia NIA and pseudoakathisia PsA were identifiable in actometry with excellent inter-rater reliability. The present study showed that pooled NIA and PsA patients had a different pattern in lower limb descriptive actometry than other patients in a non-selected sample.

The purpose of this study was to compare the movement skills of children with autism spectrum disorders ASD , attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ADHD , and those without disabilities. After controlling for age, both ASD and…. Functional imaging of neurotransmitter systems in movement disorders. PET and SPECT enable the direct measurement of components of the dopaminergic and other systems in the living human brain and offer unique opportunity for the in vivo quantification on the dopaminergic function in PD and other movement disorders.

The need to establish the early and differential diagnosis of PD is increasingly important given the recent evidence that early pharmacologic intervention may slow progression of this progressive degenerative disease. Accordingly, imaging with PET and SPECT using specific neuro markers has been increasingly important to biochemically identify the loss of specific neurotransmitters, their synthesizing enzymes and their receptors in movement disorders.

Through the parallel development of new radiotracers, kinetic models and better instruments, PET and SPECT technology is enabling investigation of increasingly more complex aspects of the human brain neurotransmitter systems. This paper summarizes the results of different PET-SPECT studies used to evaluate the various elements of the dopamine system in the human brain with PET and intends to introduce the newly emerging specific tracers and their applications to clinical research in movement disorders.

Full Text Available Movement disorders is a branch of neurology that deals with disorders of the extrapyramidal system. Most such disorders have pathology in the basal ganglia or the cerebellum or their connections to the rest of the brain. Parkinson's disease is perhaps the best known example of movement disorders. Another example is Huntington's disease, which has become one of the most well studied genetic disorder in neurology. Other common movement disorders include essential tremor, dystonia and Tourette syndrome. This article will focus on 5 new contributions to the field of movement disorders focusing on Parkinson's disease from our research group and how these have influenced the medical field.

Rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder and rapid eye movement sleep without atonia in narcolepsy. Narcolepsy is a rare disabling hypersomnia disorder that may include cataplexy, sleep paralysis, hypnagogic hallucinations, and sleep-onset rapid eye movement REM periods, but also disrupted nighttime sleep by nocturnal awakenings, and REM sleep behavior disorder RBD. RBD in patients with narcolepsy is, however Most patients with narcolepsy with cataplexy lack the hypocretin neurons in the lateral hypothalamus. Hyperkinetic transient ischemic attacks preceding deep ganglionic infarction in a patient with a treated parasellar chondrosarcoma.

She was found to have total occlusion of the right middle cerebral artery with focal stenosis of the proximal right A-1 segment of the anterior cerebral artery adjacent to the remnants of the chondrosarcoma. These focal areas of narrowing were attributed to accelerated atherosclerotic disease, an adverse effect of the radiotherapy used to treat her chondrosarcoma.

As treatments improve and mean survival increases for intracranial malignancy, radiation-induced atherosclerotic disease with protean manifestations such as those presented in this case may be encountered more frequently. The improvement of movement and speech during rapid eye movement sleep behaviour disorder in multiple system atrophy. Multiple system atrophy is an atypical parkinsonism characterized by severe motor disabilities that are poorly levodopa responsive. Most patients develop rapid eye movement sleep behaviour disorder.

Because parkinsonism is absent during rapid eye movement sleep behaviour disorder in patients with Parkinson's disease, we studied the movements of patients with multiple system atrophy during rapid eye movement sleep. Forty-nine non-demented patients with multiple system atrophy and 49 patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease were interviewed along with their 98 bed partners using a structured questionnaire. They rated the quality of movements , vocal and facial expressions during rapid eye movement sleep behaviour disorder as better than, equal to or worse than the same activities in an awake state.

These recordings were analysed for the presence of parkinsonism and cerebellar syndrome during rapid eye movement sleep movements. The rate of improvement was higher in Parkinson's disease than in multiple system atrophy, but no further difference was observed between the two forms of multiple system atrophy predominant parkinsonism versus cerebellar syndrome.

Video-monitored movements during rapid eye movement sleep in patients with multiple system. Rapid eye movement sleep behaviour disorder in patients with narcolepsy is associated with hypocretin-1 deficiency. Rapid eye movement sleep behaviour disorder is characterized by dream-enacting behaviour and impaired motor inhibition during rapid eye movement sleep.

Rapid eye movement sleep behaviour disorder is commonly associated with neurodegenerative disorders , but also reported in narcolepsy with cataplexy Most narcolepsy with cataplexy patients lack the sleep-wake, and rapid eye movement sleep, motor-regulating hypocretin neurons in the lateral hypothalamus. In contrast, rapid eye movement sleep behaviour disorder and hypocretin deficiency are rare in narcolepsy without cataplexy. In our study, rapid eye movement sleep behaviour disorder was diagnosed by the International Classification of Sleep Disorders 2nd edition criteria in 63 narcolepsy patients with or without Movement disorders induced in monkeys by chronic haloperidol treatment.

After several months of treatment, Cebus apella, Cebus albifrons, and Saimiri sciurea monkeys maintained on haloperidol, in doses of 0. Cebus monkeys exhibited violent, uncontrolled movements that flung the animals about the cage. Such episodes usually lasted only a few minutes, recurring several times during the period following drug ingestion. Writhing and bizarre postures dominated the response in S.

Cessation of drug treatment produced no distinctive after-effects. When tested as long as days after the last administration, however, Cebus monkeys responded to haloperidol with several episodes of hyperkinesis, even at challenge doses considerably lower than those in the original treatment. Precision medicine PM has been defined as "prevention and treatment strategies that take individual variability into account.

Here we review PM approaches and discuss how they may be applied to other associated neurodegenerative dementia and MD. With ongoing major therapeutic research initiatives that include the use of molecular imaging, we look forward to established interventions targeted to specific molecular pathophysiology and expect the potential benefit of MI PM approaches in neurodegenerative dementia and MD will only increase. Cervical dystonias have a variable presentation and underlying etiology, but collectively represent the most common form of focal dystonia.

There are a number of known genetic forms of dystonia DYT ; however the heterogeneity of disease presentation does not always make it easy to categorize the disease by phenotype-genotype comparison. In this report, we describe a year-old female who presented initially with hand tremor following a total hip arthroplasty. The patient developed a mixed hyperkinetic disorder consisting of chorea, dystonia affecting the upper extremities, dysarthria, and blepharospasm. Whole exome sequencing of the patient revealed a novel heterozygous missense variant Chr11 GRCh CW in exon 7 in the ANO3 gene.

To date, only a handful of cases of DYT have been described in the literature. The complex clinical presentation of the patient described includes hyperkinesias, complex motor movements , and vocal tics, which have not been reported in other patients with DYT This report highlights the utility of using clinical whole exome sequencing in patients with complex neurological phenotypes that would not normally fit a classical presentation of a defined genetic disease. Halley Dicky ; M. Leguin Maarten ; G. Functional neurosurgery for movement disorders: Since the s, deep brain stimulation and spinal cord stimulation at low frequency 30 Hz have been used to treat intractable pain of various origins.

For this purpose, specific hardware have been designed, including deep brain electrodes, extensions, and implantable programmable generators IPGs. In the meantime, movement disorders , and particularly parkinsonian and essential tremors, were treated by electrolytic or mechanic lesions in various targets of the basal ganglia, particularly in the thalamus and in the internal pallidum.

The advent in the s of levodopa, as well as the side effects and complications of ablative surgery e. In , the serendipitous discovery of the effect of high-frequency stimulation HFS , mimicking lesions, allowed the revival of the surgery of movement disorders by stimulation of the thalamus, which treated tremors with limited morbidity, and adaptable and reversible results.

The stability along time of these effects allowed extending it to new targets suggested by basic research in monkeys. The HFS of the subthalamic nucleus STN has profoundly challenged the practice of functional surgery as the effect on the triad of dopaminergic symptoms was very significant, allowing to decrease the drug dosage and therefore a decrease of their complications, the levodopa-induced dyskinesias.

In the meantime, based on the results of previous basic research in various fields, HFS has been progressively extended to potentially treat epilepsy and, more recently, psychiatric disorders , such as obsessive-compulsive disorders , Gilles de la Tourette tics, and severe depression. Similarly, suggested by the observation of changes in PET scan, applications have been extended to cluster headaches by stimulation of the posterior hypothalamus and even more recently, to obesity and drug addiction.

In the field of movement disorders , it has become. Polysomnography PSG , which records physiological phenomena including brain waves, breathing status, and muscle tonus, is useful for the diagnosis of sleep disorders as a gold standard. However, measurement and analysis are complex for several specific sleep disorders , such as rapid eye movement REM sleep behavior disorder RBD. Usually, brain waves during REM sleep indicate an awakening pattern under relaxed conditions of skeletal and antigravity muscles. Thus, careful analysis of RWA is significant not only physically, but also clinically.

Commonly, manual viewing measurement analysis of RWA is time-consuming. Mast cell count also reached the maximum in the intrauterine group and gradually decreased with age.

Pilosebaceous units of the dermis were fewer in intrauterine specimens; they showed an increase during the postpartum period and a decrease in the aged group. Skin specimens obtained from rats showed striking differences between the intrauterine and postpartum groups. Moreover, the postpartum group showed considerable intra-group differences. Systemic and topical drugs for aging skin. The rejuvenation of aging skin is a common desire for our patients, and several options are available. Although there are some systemic methods, the most commonly used treatments for rejuvenation of the skin are applied topically.

The most frequently used topical drugs include retinoids, alpha hydroxy acids AHAs , vitamin C, beta hydroxy acids, anti-oxidants, and tocopherol. Combination therapy is frequently used; particularly common is the combination of retinoids and AHAs. Systemic therapies available include oral retinoids and vitamin C.

Other available therapies such as chemical peels, face-lifts, collagen, and botulinum toxin injections are not discussed in this article. Oxidative Stress in Aging Human Skin. Oxidative stress in skin plays a major role in the aging process. This is true for intrinsic aging and even more for extrinsic aging. Although the results are quite different in dermis and epidermis, extrinsic aging is driven to a large extent by oxidative stress caused by UV irradiation. In this review the overall effects of oxidative stress are discussed as well as the sources of ROS including the mitochondrial ETC, peroxisomal and ER localized proteins, the Fenton reaction, and such enzymes as cyclooxygenases, lipoxygenases, xanthine oxidases, and NADPH oxidases.

In addition the oxidative stress induced modifications caused to proteins, lipids and DNA are discussed. Finally age -related changes of the skin are also a topic of this review. They include a disruption of the epidermal calcium gradient in old skin with an accompanying change in the composition of the cornified envelope.

This modified cornified envelope also leads to an altered anti-oxidative capacity and a reduced barrier function of the epidermis. Novel effects of diosgenin on skin aging. Extracts of Dioscorea coomposita or Dioscorea villosa are consumed as supplemental health foods at the time of climacteric. The extracts contain large amounts of the plant steroid, diosgenin. Here, we studied the safety and efficacy of diosgenin against skin aging at the time of climacteric. In vitro, diosgenin enhanced DNA synthesis in a human 3D skin equivalent model, and increased bromodeoxyuridine uptake and intracellular cAMP level in adult human keratinocytes.

The increase of bromodeoxyuridine uptake by diosgenin was blocked by an adenylate cyclase inhibitor, but not by antisense oligonucleotides against estrogen receptor alpha, estrogen receptor beta or an orphan G-protein-coupled receptor, GPR30, indicating the involvement of cAMP but not estrogen receptor alpha, estrogen receptor beta or GPR In vivo, administration of diosgenin improved the epidermal thickness in the ovariectomized mice, a climacteric model, without altering the degree of fat accumulation.

In order to examine the safety of diosgenin, diosgenin and 17beta-estradiol were administered to breast cancer-burdened mice. The results revealed that while 17beta-estradiol accelerated the tumor growth, diosgenin did not show this effect. Our finding, a restoration of keratinocyte proliferation in aged skin , suggests that diosgenin may have potential as a safe health food for climacteric. Non-invasive, investigative methods in skin aging.

A precise and noninvasive quantification of aging is of outmost importance for in vivo assessment of the skin aging "stage", and thus acts to minimize it. Several bioengineering methods have been proposed to objectively, precisely, and non-invasively measure skin aging , and to detect early skin damage, that is sub-clinically observable. In this review we have described the most relevant methods that have emerged from recently introduced technologies, aiming at quantitatively assessing the effects of aging on the skin.

Prx-1 expression in Xenopus laevis scarless skin -wound healing and its resemblance to epimorphic regeneration. Despite a strong clinical need for inducing scarless wound healing, the molecular factors required to accomplish it are unknown. Although skin -wound healing in adult mammals often results in scarring, some amphibians can regenerate injured body parts, even an amputated limb, without it.

To understand the mechanisms of perfect skin -wound healing in regenerative tetrapods, we studied the healing process in young adult Xenopus "froglets" after experimental skin excision. We found that the excision wound healed completely in Xenopus froglets, without scarring. Mononuclear cells expressing a homeobox gene, prx1, accumulated under the new epidermis of skin wounds on the limb and trunk and at the regenerating limb.

In transgenic Xenopus froglets expressing a reporter for the mouse prx1 limb-specific enhancer, activity was seen in the healing skin and in the regenerating limb. Comparable activity did not accompany skin -wound healing in adult mice. Our results suggest that scarless skin -wound healing may require activation of the prx1 limb enhancer, and competence to activate the enhancer is probably a prerequisite for epimorphic regeneration , such as limb regeneration. Finally, the induction of this prx1 enhancer activity may be useful as a reliable marker for therapeutically induced scarless wound healing in mammals.

Allegheny hardwood regeneration response to even- age harvesting methods. Allegheny hardwood regeneration response to block clearcutting, alternate strip clearcutting, and two-cut shelterwood, and in an uncut control was compared. Stand regeneration success was evaluated 5 years after harvest.

Clearcutting resulted in high mortality of advance regeneration. Thus, regeneration by block clearcutting was not successful, though both alternate The purpose of this article is to specify the procedures and the indications of the three principal types of chemical peels: The clinical examination will determine the depth of the lesions to treat and will take into consideration counter-indications and specific limits to each patient.

Chemical peel is a four step procedure: The preparation is a very important phase which requires a thorough knowledge of cosmetics. This preparation can extend to any medical or surgical treatment for aging skin. Various techniques of peelings: These procedures require a rigorous training and a distinct learning curve. The follow up will be specified as well as the management of the possible complications. Age -related differences in human skin proteoglycans. Previous work has shown that versican, decorin and a catabolic fragment of decorin, termed decorunt, are the most abundant proteoglycans in human skin.

Further analysis of versican indicates that four major core protein species are present in human skin at all ages examined from fetal to adult. Two of these are identified as the V0 and V1 isoforms, with the latter predominating. Although the core proteins of human skin versican show no major age -related differences, the glycosaminoglycans GAGs of adult skin versican are smaller in size and show differences in their sulfation pattern relative to those in fetal skin versican.

In contrast to human skin versican, human skin decorin shows minimal age -related differences in its sulfation pattern, although, like versican, the GAGs of adult skin decorin are smaller than those of fetal skin decorin. Analysis of the catabolic fragments of decorin from adult skin reveals the presence of other fragments in addition to decorunt, although the core proteins of these additional decorin catabolic fragments have not been identified.

Thus, versican and decorin of human skin show age -related differences, versican primarily in the size and the sulfation pattern of its GAGs and decorin in the size of its GAGs. The catabolic fragments of versican are detected at all ages examined, but appear to be in lower abundance in adult skin compared with fetal skin. In contrast, the catabolic fragments of decorin are present in adult skin , but are virtually absent from fetal skin. Taken together, these data suggest that there are age -related differences in the catabolism of proteoglycans in human skin.

These age -related differences in proteoglycan patterns and catabolism may play a role in the age -related changes in the physical properties and injury response of human skin. With worldwide expansion of the aging population, research on age -related pathologies is receiving growing interest. In this review, we discuss current knowledge regarding the decline of skin structure and function induced by the passage of time chronological aging and chronic exposure to solar UV irradiation photoaging. Nearly every aspect of skin biology is affected by aging.

The self-renewing capability of the epidermis, which provides vital barrier function, is diminished with age. Vital thermoregulation function of eccrine sweat glands is also altered with age. The dermal collagenous extracellular matrix, which comprises the bulk of skin and confers strength and resiliency, undergoes gradual fragmentation, which deleteriously impacts skin mechanical properties and dermal cell functions.

Aging also affects wound repair, pigmentation, innervation, immunity, vasculature, and subcutaneous fat homeostasis. Altogether, age -related alterations of skin lead to age -related skin fragility and diseases. Decreased active vasodilator sensitivity in aged skin. Older men and women respond to local and reflex-mediated heat stress with an attenuated increase in cutaneous vascular conductance CVC. This study was performed to test the hypothesis that an augmented or sustained noradrenergic vasoconstriction VC may play a role in this age -related difference.

Skin perfusion was monitored at two sites on the right forearm by laser-Doppler flowmetry: Blockade of reflex VC was verified during whole body cooling using a water-perfused suit. BT had no interactive effect on this age difference, suggesting a lack of involvement of the VC system in the attenuated CVC response of individuals over the age of 60 yr. Additionally, increases in skin vascular conductance were quantitatively compared by measuring increases in total forearm vascular conductance FVC, restricted to the forearm skin under these conditions.

After the initial approximately 0. There are basically two approaches to regenerating aspen stands-sexual reproduction using seed, or vegetative regeneration by root suckering. In the West, root suckering is the most practical method. The advantage of having an existing, well established root system capable of producing numerous root suckers easily outweighs natural or artificial reforestation in the Controlling reactive oxygen species in skin at their source to reduce skin aging. Activity of an age -related, superoxide-forming, cell-surface oxidase arNOX comparing dermis, epidermis, serum, and saliva from female and male subjects ages years measured spectrophotometrically using reduction of ferricytochrome c correlated with oxidative skin damage as estimated from autofluoresence of skin using an Advanced Glycation End products Reader AGE -Reader; DiagnOptics B.

By reducing arNOX activity in skin with arNOX-inhibitory ingredients Nu Skin 's age LOC technology , skin appearance was improved through decreased protein cross-linking and an accelerated increase in collagen. A three-dimensional skin equivalent reflecting some aspects of in vivo aged skin.

Human skin undergoes morphological, biochemical and functional modifications during the ageing process. This study was designed to produce a 3-dimensional 3D skin equivalent in vitro reflecting some aspects of in vivo aged skin. Reconstructed skin was generated by co-culturing skin fibroblasts and keratinocytes on a collagen-glycosaminoglycan-chitosan scaffold, and ageing was induced by the exposition of fibroblasts to Mitomycin-C MMC. Recently published data showed that MMC treatment resulted in a drug-induced accelerated senescence DIAS in human dermal fibroblast cultures.

Next to established ageing markers, histological changes were analysed in comparison with in vivo aged skin. In aged epidermis, the filaggrin expression is reduced in vivo and in vitro. Furthermore, in dermal tissue, the amount of elastin and collagen is lowered in aged skin in vivo as well as after the treatment of 3D skin equivalents with MMC in vitro. Our results show histological signs and some aspects of ageing in a 3D skin equivalent in vitro, which mimics aged skin in vivo.

A novel gellan-PVA nanofibrous scaffold for skin tissue regeneration: In this investigation, we have introduced novel electrospun gellan based nanofibers as a hydrophilic scaffolding material for skin tissue regeneration. These nanofibers were fabricated using a blend mixture of gellan with polyvinyl alcohol PVA. PVA reduced the repulsive force of resulting solution and lead to formation of uniform fibers with improved nanostructure.

Field emission scanning electron microscopy FESEM confirmed the average diameter of nanofibers down to 50 nm. Furthermore, the cell culture studies using human dermal fibroblast 3T3L1 cells established that these gellan based nanofibrous scaffold could induce improved cell adhesion and enhanced cell growth than conventionally proposed gellan based hydrogels and dry films.

Image analysis of skin color heterogeneity focusing on skin chromophores and the age -related changes in facial skin. Heterogeneity with respect to skin color tone is one of the key factors in visual perception of facial attractiveness and age. However, there have been few studies on quantitative analyses of the color heterogeneity of facial skin. The purpose of this study was to develop image evaluation methods for skin color heterogeneity focusing on skin chromophores and then characterize ethnic differences and age -related changes.

A facial imaging system equipped with an illumination unit and a high-resolution digital camera was used to develop image evaluation methods for skin color heterogeneity. Second, a spatial frequency analysis with threshold settings was applied to the individual images. Cheek skin images of healthy Asian and Caucasian female subjects were acquired using the imaging system.

Applying this methodology, the skin color heterogeneity of Asian and Caucasian faces was characterized. The proposed pigment-specific image-processing techniques allowed visual discrimination of skin redness from skin pigmentation. In the heterogeneity analyses of cheek skin color, age -related changes in melanin were clearly detected in Asian and Caucasian skin.

Furthermore, it was found that the heterogeneity indexes of hemoglobin were significantly higher in Caucasian skin than in Asian skin. We have developed evaluation methods for skin color heterogeneity by image analyses based on the major chromophores, melanin and hemoglobin, with special reference to their size. This methodology focusing on skin color heterogeneity should be useful for better understanding of aging and ethnic differences.

Skin function deteriorates with aging , and the dermal water content decreases. In this study, we have analyzed the mechanism of aging -related skin dryness focusing on aquaporins AQPs , which are the water channels. Mice aged 3 and 20 months were designated as young and aged mice, respectively, to be used in the experiments. No differences were observed in transepidermal water loss between the young mice and aged mice. However, the dermal water content in aged mice was significantly lower than that in young mice, thus showing skin dryness. For AQP3, which was expressed dominantly in the skin , the protein level was lower in aged mice than in young mice.

The results of the study showed that the expression level of AQPs in the skin decreased with aging , suggesting the possibility that this was one of the causes of skin dryness.

New targets for the prevention and treatment of aging -related skin dryness are expected to be proposed when the substance that increases the expression of AQP3 is found. Summary The ability of injured axons to regenerate declines with age yet the mechanisms that regulate axon regeneration in response to age are not known. Here we show that axon regeneration in aging C. DAF regulates regeneration independently of lifespan, indicating that neuronal aging is an intrinsic, neuron specific, and genetically regulated process.

Together, our data establish that insulin signaling specifically inhibits regeneration in aging adult neurons, and that this mechanism is independent of PTEN and TOR. Skin aging is the most intuitive and obvious sign of the human aging processes. Qualitative and quantitative determination of skin aging is of particular importance for the evaluation of human aging and anti- aging treatment effects.

To solve the problem of subjectivity of conventional skin aging grading methods, the self-organizing map SOM network was used to explore an automatic method for skin aging grading. First, the ventral forearm skin images were obtained by a portable digital microscope and two texture parameters, i. Then, the values of texture parameters were taken as inputs of SOM network to train the network. The experimental results showed that the network achieved an overall accuracy of The designed method appeared to be rapid and objective, which can be used for quantitative analysis of skin images, and automatic assessment of skin aging grading.

Skin texture parameters of the dorsal hand in evaluating skin aging in China. There are various non-invasive methods in skin morphology for assessing skin aging. The use of digital photography will make it easier and more convenient. In this study, we explored some skin texture parameters for evaluating skin aging using digital image processing.

Two hundred and twenty-eight subjects who lived in Sanya, China, were involved. Individual sun exposure history and other factors influencing skin aging were collected by a questionnaire. Meanwhile, we took photos of their dorsal hands. Skin images were graded according to the Beagley-Gibson system. These skin images were also processed using image analysis software. Five skin texture parameters, Angle Num. All texture parameters were significantly associated with the Beagley-Gibson score.

Among the parameters, the distance between primary lines Distance and the value of angle formed by intersection textures Angle Max. However, there was a negative correlation between the number of grids Grids , the number of angle Angle Num. These texture parameters were also correlated with factors influencing skin aging such as sun exposure, age , smoking, drinking and body mass index.

In multivariate analysis, Grids and Distance were mainly affected by age. It seemed that the skin surface morphologic parameters presented in our study reflect skin aging changes to some extent and could be used to describe skin aging using digital image processing. Tissue morphogenesis depends on precise regulation and timely co-ordination of cell division and also on the control of the direction of cell division. Establishment of polarity division axis, correct alignment of the mitotic spindle, segregation of fate determinants equally or unequally between daughter cells, are essential for the realization of oriented cell division.

Furthermore, oriented cell division is regulated by intrinsic cues, extrinsic cues and other cues, such as cell geometry and polarity. However, dysregulation of cell division orientation could lead to abnormal tissue development and function. In the present study, we review recent studies on the molecular mechanism of cell division orientation and explain their new roles in skin repair and regeneration.

Noninvasive measurement of advanced glycation end-products in the facial skin: New data for skin aging studies. Using skin autofluorescence SAF as a marker of advanced glycation end-products AGEs has been extensively studied in the last decade since the introduction of the noninvasive in vivo measurement technique. Data have shown the level of skin AGEs increases with chronological age in healthy human beings, and this increase is substantially higher in age -matched diabetic patients. In skin research, glycation with the accompanying accumulation of skin AGEs has been regarded as one of the primary skin aging mechanisms that contribute to skin wrinkling and the loss of skin elasticity.

To date, the totality of SAF data reported in literature has been obtained from measurements on the arm, and noninvasive measurement of facial skin AGE accumulation would add great value to skin aging research. In this study, we report the levels of facial and forearm skin AGEs in men and women of year of age. Significantly lower levels of AGEs were detected in the facial skin than in the forearm skin from the young Caucasian groups, and the difference was much larger for men than for women. A statistically significant correlation between the levels of skin AGE and facial wrinkling was also observed.

The facial skin AGE data may provide new insight into skin aging research. Skin Regeneration in Adult Axolotls: While considerable progress has been made towards understanding the complex processes and pathways that regulate human wound healing, regenerative medicine has been unable to develop therapies that coax the natural wound environment to heal scar-free. The inability to induce perfect skin regeneration stems partly from our limited understanding of how scar-free healing occurs in a natural setting.

Here we have investigated the wound repair process in adult axolotls and demonstrate that they are capable of perfectly repairing full thickness excisional wounds made on the flank. In the context of mammalian wound repair, our findings reveal a substantial reduction in hemostasis, reduced neutrophil infiltration and a relatively long delay in production of new extracellular matrix ECM during scar-free healing.

Additionally, we test the hypothesis that metamorphosis leads to scarring and instead show that terrestrial axolotls also heal scar-free, albeit at a slower rate. Analysis of newly forming dermal ECM suggests that low levels of fibronectin and high levels of tenascin-C promote regeneration in lieu of scarring. Lastly, a genetic analysis during wound healing comparing epidermis between aquatic and terrestrial axolotls suggests that matrix metalloproteinases may regulate the fibrotic response.

Our findings outline a blueprint to understand the cellular and molecular mechanisms coordinating scar-free healing that will be useful towards elucidating new regenerative therapies targeting fibrosis and wound repair. Regeneration of skin tissue promoted by mesenchymal stem cells seeded in nanostructured membrane. The mesenchymal stem cell therapy has proven to be an effective option in the treatment of skin injuries.

The combination of these cells with nanostructured membranes seems to be the future for tissues recovery. The aim of this project was to use biomolecules of polysaccharides to be incorporated on regenerated cellulose membranes and to prospect the improvement as bioactive wound dressings with mesenchymal stem cells. The biocomposites were obtained after defibrillation with the use of never-dried bacterial cellulose to form a pulp, and, after the films were regenerated , in the presence of gellan gum with or without fluconazole. Membrane atomic force microscopy was performed for comparison of their structures.

The flow cytometric analysis and induction tests for adipocytes and osteocytes were performed. The bioactive curative, seeded with cells, was tested in skin burned in a murine model. The bacterial cellulose with gelan gum membrane incorporated with fluconazole presented the best performance in adhesion and proliferation tests. The cells can be identified in burned host tissue after occurrence of the wound.

Mechanisms of skin aging induced by EGFR inhibitors. The mechanisms of skin aging have not been completely elucidated. Anecdotal data suggests that EGFR inhibition accelerates aging -like skin changes. The objective of the study was to evaluate the clinical characteristics and investigate the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying skin changes associated with the use of EFGRIs. In addition, the regulation of extracellular matrix, senescence-associated genes, and cell cycle status was measured in primary human keratinocytes treated with erlotinib in vitro.

There was significantly decreased baseline expression in EGFR density in aged skin , when compared to young controls. EGFR inhibition results in molecular alterations in keratinocytes that may contribute to the observed skin aging of patients treated with respective targeted agents. Baseline EGFR expression was compared in young 65 years old skin.

There was significantly decreased baseline expression in EGFR-density in aged skin , when compared to young controls. Automatic measurement of skin textures of the dorsal hand in evaluating skin aging. Changes in skin textures have been used to evaluate skin aging in many studies. In our previous study, we built some skin texture parameters, which can be used to evaluate skin aging of human dorsal hand. However, it will take too much time and need to work arduously to get the information from digital skin image by manual work.

So, we want to build a simple and effective method to automatically count some of those skin texture parameters by using digital image-processing technology. Sun exposure history and demographic information were collected by using a questionnaire. The skin image of subjects' dorsal hand was obtained by using a portable skin detector.

The number of grids, which is one of skin texture parameters built in our previous study, was measured manually and automatically. Automated image analysis program was developed by using Matlab 7. The NGA was negatively correlated with age and lifetime sun exposure, and decreased with increasing Beagley-Gibson score from 3 to 6.

In addition, even after adjusting for NGA, the standard deviation of grid areas for each image was positively correlated with age , sun exposure, and Bealey-Gibson score. The method introduced in present study can be used to measure some skin aging parameters automatically and objectively. And it will save much time, reduce labor, and avoid measurement errors of deferent investigators when evaluating a great deal of skin images in a short time. Published by Blackwell Publishing Ltd.

Character of skin on photo-thermal response and its regeneration process using second-harmonic generation microscopy. Quantitative characterization of skin collagen on photo-thermal response and its regeneration process is an important but difficult task. In this study, morphology and spectrum characteristics of collagen during photo-thermal response and its light-induced remodeling process were obtained by second-harmonic generation microscope in vivo. The texture feature of collagen orientation index and fractal dimension was extracted by image processing.

The aim of this study is to detect the information hidden in skin texture during the process of photo-thermal response and its regeneration. The quantitative relations between injured collagen and texture feature were established for further analysis of the injured characteristics. Our results show that it is feasible to determine the main impacts of phototherapy on the skin.

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It is important to understand the process of collagen remodeling after photo-thermal injuries from texture feature. The dependence of the ability to regenerate the eye on the age of experimental animals was studied in the snail Achatina fulica. The degree of regeneration was estimated by light-microscopic and electrophysiological methods and by analyzing the motor response to visual stimuli.

In older age groups, the number of regenerated eye-bearing tentacles decreased, whereas the period of regeneration increased. The regenerated eyes of the snails operated at the age of more than two months remained smaller than normal eyes even after six months. Regeneration of the distal part of the optic nerve was observed, and the regenerated eyes recovered the ability to respond to stimulation by light. In the electroretinogram, the responses of the regenerated eye, compared to the control, were characterised by a lower amplitude and longer repolarization and refractory periods.

Manifestations of the motor response to visual stimuli in the young snails with regenerating eyes could be regarded as evidence for the recovery of connection between the organ of sight and the central ganglia. Natural healing-inspired collagen-targeting surgical protein glue for accelerated scarless skin regeneration. Skin scarring after deep dermal injuries is a major clinical problem due to the current therapies limited to established scars with poor understanding of healing mechanisms.

From investigation of aberrations within the extracellular matrix involved in pathophysiologic scarring, it was revealed that one of the main factors responsible for impaired healing is abnormal collagen reorganization. Here, inspired by the fundamental roles of decorin, a collagen-targeting proteoglycan, in collagen remodeling, we created a scar-preventive collagen-targeting glue consisting of a newly designed collagen-binding mussel adhesive protein and a specific glycosaminoglycan.

The collagen-targeting glue specifically bound to type I collagen in a dose-dependent manner and regulated the rate and the degree of fibrillogenesis. In a rat skin excisional model, the collagen-targeting glue successfully accelerated initial wound regeneration as defined by effective reepithelialization, neovascularization, and rapid collagen synthesis. Moreover, the improved dermal collagen architecture was demonstrated by uniform size of collagen fibrils, their regular packing, and a restoration of healthy tissue component.

Collectively, our natural healing-inspired collagen-targeting glue may be a promising therapeutic option for improving the healing rate with high-quality and effective scar inhibition. Disintegration of the self and the regeneration of 'psychic skin ' in the treatment of traumatized refugees.

This paper presents a tentative understanding of the characteristics of the extreme traumas, elsewhere called 'complex PTSD', that some refugees and asylum-seekers bring into therapy. It suggests that these kinds of traumas suffered during adulthood may involve a disintegration of the self and a loss of 'psychic skin '. This conceptualization is derived from the treatment of a refugee who survived multiple extreme traumas and with whom efforts were made in therapy to identify a complex methodology making use of supplementary therapeutic tools in addition to individual psychotherapy.

The case demonstrates how the disintegration of self implies not only a deep somato-psychic dissociation, but also a loss of intrapsychic and interpersonal space. In the treatment this was worked through via repetition of the victim-aggressor dynamics at multiple levels. In the end, the therapeutic context was structured like a set of concentric layers, creating a 'bandage' over the patient's wounds whilst his 'psychic skin ' was able to regenerate. The conditions triggered by extreme traumas in refugees challenge some of the cornerstones of individual psychoanalytic technique, as well as the idea that individual therapy may be thought of as existing in an environmental vacuum.

Relationship between skin color and solar elastosis in aged Asian skin: Aged skin is reported to be associated with unattractive skin color changes and solar elastosis. However, comparative studies have not documented the possible correlation between the two factors. This study investigated the plausible relationship between the facial skin color of elderly Asians and solar elastosis. A total of 22 skin specimens were collected from 22 Korean patients who underwent cheek skin biopsies. The results showed that the solar elastosis grade increased, according to patient age , because of cumulative actinic damage.

However, colorimetric skin color data did not correlate with the degree of solar elastosis. Therefore, cutaneous color changes and solar elastosis are separate, age -related phenomena. Physicians should be aware of the possible histologic changes in actinically damaged facial skin , regardless of the skin color. Anti- aging in dermatology primarily focuses on the prevention of skin aging with UV protection clothing and sunsceens , free radical scavengers synthetic or botanic , and cell-protecting agents such as vitamin B3.

For the correction of signs of early skin aging , retinoic acid derivatives in dermatological prescriptions are the best studied substances. Topical hormonal prescriptions are also an option if UV damage has not been the leading culprit for aging. Chemical peeling leads to a marked increase in collagen formation, the deaper the better. Ingredients in cream preparations can reduce superficial skin folds polyphenols, amino acid peptides. Modulators of regular pigmentation are important for anti- aging preparations.

Growth factors plant extracts, recombinant growth factors are not thoroughly studied regarding the cost-benefit and risk ratio. Complex precedures such as photodynamic therapy have an impact on the appearance of aged skin. Stem cell-based organ regeneration is purported to enable the replacement of impaired organs in the foreseeable future. Here, we demonstrated that a combination of cultured epidermal stem cells Epi-SCs derived from the epidermis and skin -derived precursors SKPs was capable of reconstituting functional hair follicles and sebaceous glands SG.

When Epi-SCs and SKPs were mixed in a hydrogel and implanted into an excisional wound in nude mice, the Epi-SCs formed de novo epidermis along with hair follicles, and SKPs contributed to dermal papilla in the neogenic hair follicles. Notably, a combination of culture-expanded Epi-SCs and SKPs derived from the adult human scalp were sufficient to generate hair follicles and hair. Bone morphogenetic protein 4, but not Wnts, sustained the expression of alkaline phosphatase in SKPs in vitro and the hair follicle-inductive property in vivo when SKPs were engrafted with neonatal epidermal cells into excisional wounds.

Thus our results indicate that cultured Epi-SCs and SKPs are sufficient to generate de novo hair follicles and SGs, implying great potential to develop novel bioengineered skin substitutes with appendage genesis capacity. In postpartum humans, skin appendages lost in injury are not regenerated , despite the considerable achievement made in skin bioengineering.

In this study, transplantation of a combination of culture-expanded epidermal stem cells and skin -derived progenitors from mice and adult humans led to de novo regeneration of functional hair follicles and sebaceous glands. The data provide transferable knowledge for the development of novel bioengineered skin substitutes with epidermal appendage regeneration capacity.

Significance In postpartum humans, skin appendages lost in injury are not regenerated , despite the considerable achievement made in skin bioengineering. Regenerating uneven- aged stands of loblolly and shortleaf pines: Periodic regeneration is crucial to creating or sustaining uneven- aged UEA stands of loblolly Pinus taeda L. Although both species are shade intolerant, they have silvical characteristics that are conducive to natural regeneration in UEA stands.

Their seed production is fairly consistent Skin aging is a complex biological process influenced by a combination of intrinsic and extrinsic factors, leading to cumulative alterations of skin structure, function and appearance. Polyphenols, which are secondary plant metabolites, represent one of the largest classes of compounds used in dermatology and nutricosmetics to combat skin aging. The main objective is to provide an overview of the existing literature linking skin aging and the ability of polyphenols as regulatory elements able to maintain skin homeostasis.

In this review, we discuss recent progress in understanding the molecular bases of skin aging , with specific emphasis on some well known and extensively studied polyphenols which have significant anti- aging influences and photoprotective effects. Although no relevant clinical data exist and standard delivery systems have not been established, promising results have been obtained in many in vitro and animal models. A wide variety of polyphenols may minimize mechanisms underlying the functional manifestations of photoaging and chronological skin aging.

Assessing the impacts of lifetime sun exposure on skin damage and skin aging using a non-invasive method. Ultraviolet radiation exposure during an individuals' lifetime is a known risk factor for the development of skin cancer. However, less evidence is available on assessing the relationship between lifetime sun exposure and skin damage and skin aging. This study aims to assess the relationship between lifetime sun exposure and skin damage and skin aging using a non-invasive measure of exposure.

We recruited participants 73 males, females aged years. Digital imaging of skin hyperpigmentation skin damage and skin wrinkling skin aging on the facial region was measured. Lifetime sun exposure presented as hours was calculated from the participants' age multiplied by the estimated annual time outdoors for each year of life.

We analyzed the effects of lifetime sun exposure on skin damage and skin aging. We adjust for the influence of age , sex, occupation, history of skin cancer, eye color, hair color, and skin color. There were non-linear relationships between lifetime sun exposure and skin damage and skin aging. Younger participant's skin is much more sensitive to sun exposure than those who were over 50 years of age. As such, there were negative interactions between lifetime sun exposure and age.

Age had linear effects on skin damage and skin aging. The data presented showed that self reported lifetime sun exposure was positively associated with skin damage and skin aging , in particular, the younger people. Future health promotion for sun exposure needs to pay attention to this group for skin cancer prevention messaging.

The wound healing process requires enough blood to supply nutrients and various growth factors to the wound area. However, chronic wounds such as diabetic skin ulcers have limited regeneration due to a lack of cellular and molecular signals because of a deficient blood flow. Mesenchymal stem cells MSCs are known to provide various factors, including growth factors, cytokines, and angiogenic mediators.

Although MSCs have great therapeutic potential, their transplantation has many obstacles, including the time required to culture the cells, the invasiveness of the procedure, and limited stem cell sources. In this study, we induced a diabetic 1 model in rats aged 7 weeks by injecting streptozotocin and citrate buffer solution. After confirming that diabetes was induced in the rats, we created critical sized wounds on the dorsal area of the rats and then injected hydrogels. Tissues were harvested at 1, 2, and 3 weeks after injection and examined for the wound closure, histological analysis, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis, and quantification of collagen deposits to investigate stem cell recruitment and full recovery of wounds at an accelerated time period.

As our results show, the wounds treated with SAP and substance P exhibited significantly accelerated wound closure, enhanced collagen deposition, and increased angiogenesis. Furthermore, we confirmed the ability of SAP with substance P to promote the recruitment and homing of cells by immunofluorescence staining of a MSC marker.

In addition, it was observed that substance P remained in the wound area up to 3 weeks after the injection of SAP with substance P. It is believed that the endogenous MSCs mobilized by substance P had therapeutic effects through their proper differentiation and. Skin aging as a mechanical phenomenon: The main weak links. From a mechanical point of view, human skin appears as a layered composite containing the stiff thin cover layer presented by the stratum corneum, below which are the more compliant layers of viable epidermis and dermis and further below the much more compliant adjacent layer of subcutaneous white adipose tissue sWAT.

Upon exposure to a strain, such a multi-layer system demonstrates structural instabilities in its stiffer layers, which in its simplest form is the wrinkling. These instabilities appear hierarchically when the mechanical strain in the skin exceeds some critical values. Their appearance is mainly dependent on the mismatch in mechanical properties between adjacent skin layers or between the skin and sWAT, on the adhesive strength and thickness ratios between the layers, on their bending and tensile stiffness as well as on the value of the stress existing in single layers.

While chronological and extrinsic aging differently modify these parameters, they lead to the same end result, reducing the critical strain required for the onset of instabilities. Comparing of mechanical properties of the skin presented as a bi-, tri- or tetra-layer structure demonstrates the particular importance of the papillary dermis in skin aging and provides the arguments to consider the undulations on the dermal-epidermal and dermal-sWAT interfaces as the result of mechanical bifurcation, leading to structural instabilities inside of the skin.

According to this model, anti- aging strategies should focus not as much on the reinforcement of the dermis, but rather aim to treat the elastic mismatch between different adjacent layers in the skin and sWAT as well as the adhesion between these layers. The influence of donor age on liver regeneration and hepatic progenitor cell populations. Recent reports suggest that donor age might have a major impact on recipient outcome in adult living donor liver transplantation LDLT , but the reasons underlying this effect remain unclear.

The remnant liver regeneration rates were calculated on the basis of computed tomography volumetry on postoperative days 7 and Liver tissue samples were obtained from donors undergoing routine liver biopsy or patients undergoing partial hepatectomy for metastatic liver tumors. Regeneration rates were significantly higher after right lobe resection compared to rates after left lobe resection. Our study revealed that liver regeneration is impaired with age after donor hepatectomy, especially after right lobe resection.

The declining hepatic progenitor cell population might be one of the reasons for impaired liver regeneration in aged donors. Effects of tretinoin on wound healing in aged skin. Aged and adult populations have differences in the structural, biological, and healing properties of skin. Comparative studies of healing under the influence of retinoids in both these populations are very important and, to the best of our knowledge, have not been performed to date.

The purpose of this study was to compare the activities of topical tretinoin in aged and adult animal models of wound healing by secondary intention. The rats were assigned to the following groups according to the dates on which wound samples were excised day 14 or 21 after model creation: Topical application of tretinoin cream was used only on the proximal wound and was applied daily for 7 days.

Wound healing areas were measured using metal calipers, and morphological analysis was performed. Slides were stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin, Masson's trichrome, and periodic acid-Schiff stains. Although aged animals showed skin repair, complete reepithelialization was found on day 21 in some animals of both groups treated and control. In aged rats, the wound area was significantly smaller in treated wounds than in untreated wounds, resulting in a larger scar area compared with the adult group.

When treated wounds were compared, no differences were found between the wound areas in adult and aged rats. As expected, the collagen concentration was higher in normal skin from adult rats than in normal skin from aged animals, but there was no difference when aged skin was treated with tretinoin. These results indicate that tretinoin increases collagen synthesis in aged skin and returns the healing process to a normal state of skin healing. The purpose of this study was to testify the hypothesis that graphene oxide GO could act as an appropriate vehicle for the release of tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase-1 TIMP-1 protein in the context of skin repair.

GO characteristics were observed by scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and thermal gravimetric analysis. GO biocompatibility with fibroblast viability was assessed by measuring cell cycle and apoptosis. The greatest intensity of GO was nm, and the most intensity volume was 10, Bio-composites films were prepared by casting and drying of aqueous solutions containing different weight ratios of chitosan and bark of Mimosa tenuiflora.

The physico-chemical and functional properties of the films were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, dynamical mechanical analysis, wettability, cytotoxicity and in vitro antibacterial activities. The morphology studies confirmed that the presence of Mimosa tenuiflora change the surface of films. Moreover, the incorporation of Mimosa tenuiflora improved the thermal stability of the films, as it was indicated by the changes in the glass temperatures obtained.

Water-uptake ability changed in relation to polymeric composition of film. This property increased by the addition of Mimosa tenuiflora to the film. Improved antibacterial properties were measured against Escherichia Coli and Micrococcus lysodeikticus or luteus.

1. A Slight Ache!
2. Tomorrow People.
3. La casa de Bernarda Alba. (Texto completo). Annotated. (Spanish Edition).
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5. Books by EHGBooks.

Finally, cytotoxicity was studied by MTT assay and the films were non-toxic. Skin reaction and regeneration after single sodium lauryl sulfate exposure stratified by filaggrin genotype and atopic dermatitis phenotype. Filaggrin is key for the integrity of the stratum corneum. People with AD have increased susceptibility to irritants. However, little is known about the effect of filaggrin genotype and AD phenotype on irritant response and skin regeneration.

This is a case-control study comprising 67 subjects, including healthy controls and patients with and without FLGnull and AD. Reactivity was assessed univariately and by pattern analysis. All patient groups showed a higher degree of skin -barrier disruption and inflammation than did controls in response to SLS. Assessing reactivity by the delta value of the area under the curve for both TEWL and LDF showed significant differences between healthy controls and those with the AD phenotype, irrespective of filaggrin mutation.

The poorest regeneration was among those with the AD phenotype. The two AD phenotype groups were separated by multivariate technique, due to earlier inflammatory reactivity among subjects with FLGnullplus AD compared with the AD phenotype alone. Both skin reaction and regeneration were significantly different between the patient population and the healthy controls. Additionally, response severity and regeneration depended more on AD phenotype than on filaggrin genotype, whereas the response was more rapid among the FLGnullplus AD individuals.

Human age and skin physiology shape diversity and abundance of Archaea on skin. The human skin microbiome acts as an important barrier protecting our body from pathogens and other environmental influences. Recent investigations have provided evidence that Archaea are a constant but highly variable component of the human skin microbiome, yet factors that determine their abundance changes are unknown. Here, we tested the hypothesis that the abundance of archaea on human skin is influenced by human age and skin physiology by quantitative PCR of 51 different skin samples taken from human subjects of various age.

These results, together with results obtained from spectroscopy analysis, allowed us gain first insights into a potential link of lower sebum levels and lipid content and thus reduced skin moisture with an increase in archaeal signatures. In conclusion, amplicon sequencing of selected samples revealed the prevalence of specific eury- and mainly thaumarchaeal taxa, represented by a core archaeome of the human skin.

Finnegans Wake

Skin is a multifunctional organ but, alongside every other organ system, is subject to both intrinsic chronological and extrinsic environmental aging , resulting in a loss of functional capacity. Cutaneous aging manifests as an observable change in the external appearance of the skin , the major accelerator of the aging process being our interactions with our environment, such as chronic exposure to solar irradiation UV, IR or visible wavelengths of light.

The aim of this contribution, therefore, was to provide a review of the pathological mechanisms which may play roles in the development of extrinsic, mainly photo-, aging and to review how these molecular changes impact on the structure of the organ as a whole, resulting in loss of function. Finally, we will describe the advances which are occurring in imaging techniques which may allow further characterisation of aged skin. Shift in skin microbiota of Western European women across aging.

The objective of our study was to compare the microbiota diversity between two different age groups of Western European women. Bacterial communities were evaluated using the 16S rRNA gene sequencing.