Le système Victoria (La Bleue) (French Edition)

Victoria and Albert Museum - Wikipedia

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Victoria, British Columbia

All programmes have been designed with input from industry and offer a perfect blend of theoretical and practical training. Work-based learning is integral to all programmes, providing students the opportunity to apply knowledge and skills, and build industry networks. Prior to the arrival of European navigators in the late s, the Victoria area was home to several communities of Coast Salish peoples , including the Songhees. Although the Victoria area of the Strait of Juan de Fuca was not penetrated until , Spanish sailors visited Esquimalt Harbour just west of Victoria proper in , , and In James Douglas was charged with the duty of setting up a trading post on the southern tip of Vancouver Island, upon the recommendation by George Simpson a new more northerly post be built in case Fort Vancouver fell into American hands see Oregon boundary dispute.

Erected in as a Hudson's Bay Company trading post on a site originally called Camosun the native word was "camosack", meaning "rush of water" [ citation needed ] known briefly as "Fort Albert", the settlement was renamed Fort Victoria in November , in honour of Queen Victoria. The Songhees' village was later moved north of Esquimalt. The crown colony was established in Between the years a series of treaty agreements known as the Douglas Treaties were made with indigenous communities to purchase certain plots of land in exchange for goods.

When news of the discovery of gold on the British Columbia mainland reached San Francisco in , Victoria became the port, supply base, and outfitting centre for miners on their way to the Fraser Canyon gold fields, mushrooming from a population of to over within a few days. Victoria was incorporated as a city in In when the island was politically united with the mainland, Victoria was designated the capital of the new united colony instead of New Westminster — an unpopular move on the Mainland — and became the provincial capital when British Columbia joined the Canadian Confederation in In the latter half of the 19th century, the Port of Victoria became one of North America's largest importers of opium , serving the opium trade from Hong Kong and distribution into North America.

Opium trade was legal and unregulated until , then the legislature issued licences and levied duties on its import and sale. The opium trade was banned in In , with the completion of the Canadian Pacific Railway terminus on Burrard Inlet , Victoria's position as the commercial centre of British Columbia was irrevocably lost to the city of Vancouver, British Columbia.

The city subsequently began cultivating an image of genteel civility within its natural setting, aided by the impressions of visitors such as Rudyard Kipling , the opening of the popular Butchart Gardens in and the construction of the Empress Hotel by the Canadian Pacific Railway in Robert Dunsmuir , a leading industrialist whose interests included coal mines and a railway on Vancouver Island, constructed Craigdarroch Castle in the Rockland area, near the official residence of the province's Lieutenant Governor.

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A real-estate and development boom ended just before World War I , leaving Victoria with a large stock of Edwardian public, commercial and residential buildings that have greatly contributed to the city's character. With the economic crash and a surplus of single men, Victoria became a target-rich environment for recruiting. Two militia infantry battalions, the 88th Victoria Fusiliers and the 50th Gordon Highlanders, formed in the immediate pre-war period. Victoria was the home of Sir Arthur Currie. He had been a high-school teacher and real-estate agent prior to the war and was the Commanding Officer of the Gordon Highlanders in the summer of Before the end of the war he would command the Canadian Corps.

Since World War II the Victoria area has seen relatively steady growth, becoming home to two major universities. Since the s the western suburbs have been incorporated as new municipalities, such as Colwood and Langford , which are known collectively as the Western Communities. Greater Victoria periodically experiences calls for the amalgamation of the thirteen municipal governments within the Capital Regional District. The landscape of Victoria was formed by water in various forms.

Pleistocene glaciation put the area under a thick ice cover, the weight of which depressed the land below present sea level. These glaciers also deposited stony sandy loam till.

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As they retreated, their melt water left thick deposits of sand and gravel. Marine clay settled on what would later become dry land. Post-glacial rebound exposed the present-day terrain to air, raising beach and mud deposits well above sea level. The resulting soils are highly variable in texture, and abrupt textural changes are common.

In general, clays are most likely to be encountered in the northern part of town and in depressions. The southern part has coarse-textured subsoils and loamy topsoils. Sandy loams and loamy sands are common in the eastern part adjoining Oak Bay. Victoria's soils are relatively unleached and less acidic than soils elsewhere on the British Columbia Coast. Their thick dark topsoils denoted a high level of fertility which made them valuable for farming until urbanization.

During this time the city went days without freezing, starting on 23 December and ending 10 December The highest temperature ever recorded at Victoria Gonzales was Due to the rain shadow effect of the nearby Olympic Mountains, Victoria is the driest location on the British Columbia coast and one of the driest in the region.

Victoria and Albert Museum

One feature of Victoria's climate is it has distinct dry and rainy seasons. Nearly two-thirds of the annual precipitation falls during the four wettest months, November to February. Victoria experiences the driest summers in Canada outside of the extreme northern reaches of the Northwest Territories and Nunavut. When snow does fall, it rarely lasts long on the ground. That amount places Victoria 3rd for biggest snowfall among major cities in Canada. With 2, hours of bright sunshine annually during the last available measurement period, Victoria was the second sunniest city in British Columbia after Cranbrook.

In July , Victoria received Victoria's equable climate has also added to its reputation as the "City of Gardens". The city takes pride in the many flowers that bloom during the winter and early spring, including crocuses, daffodils, early-blooming rhododendrons, cherry and plum trees. Every February there is an annual "flower count" in what for the rest of the country and most of the province is still the dead of winter. Due to its mild climate, Victoria and its surrounding area southeastern Vancouver Island, Gulf Islands , and parts of the Lower Mainland and Sunshine Coast are also home to many rare, native plants found nowhere else in Canada, including Quercus garryana Garry oak , Arctostaphylos columbiana hairy manzanita , and Canada's only broad-leaf evergreen tree, Arbutus menziesii Pacific madrone.

Many of these species exist here, at the northern end of their range, and are found as far south as southern California and parts of Mexico.

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Non-native plants grown in Victoria include the cold-hardy palm Trachycarpus fortunei , which can be found in gardens and public areas of Victoria. One of these Trachycarpus palms stands in front of City Hall. The following is a list of neighbourhoods in the City of Victoria, as defined by the city planning department. The population of Victoria was 80, in The Victoria Census Metropolitan Area , comprising thirteen municipalities informally referred to as Greater Victoria , has a population of , and is the largest urban area on Vancouver Island.

The Capital Regional District , which includes additional rural areas, has a total population of , Victoria is known for its disproportionately large retiree population. The city also boasts the country's third-highest concentration of people 65 and older In January , a volunteer study by the Victoria Cool Aid Society found the homeless population to be approximately individuals.

Despite Victoria's reputation as a tourist destination, pervasive homelessness and panhandling are serious problems in the downtown area as is "open-air" drug use. The city's chief industries are technology, food products, tourism, education, federal and provincial government administration and services. Other sectors of the Greater Victoria area economy include: Mayfair, one of the first major shopping centres in Victoria, first opened as an outdoor strip mall on 16 October with 27 stores.

Mayfair was enclosed and renovated into an indoor mall in Victoria has Canada's highest household internet usage and is ranked as "Canada's Smartest City" by Maclean's Magazine. Victoria is a major tourism destination with over 3. Many whale watching tour companies operate from this harbour due to the whales often present near its coast. Downtown Victoria also serves as Greater Victoria's regional downtown, where many night clubs, theatres, restaurants and pubs are clustered, and where many regional public events occur.

Canada Day fireworks displays, Symphony Splash , and many other music festivals and cultural events draw tens of thousands of Greater Victorians and visitors to the downtown core. The Rifflandia and Electronic Music Festival are other music events that draw crowds to the downtown core. The city and metro region has hosted high-profile sports events including the Commonwealth Games , the Scotties Tournament of Hearts , the Ford World Men's Curling Championship tournament, and Skate Canada.

The city is also a destination for conventions, meetings, and conferences, including a North Atlantic Treaty Organization military chief of staff meeting held at the Hotel Grand Pacific. Every year, the Swiftsure International Yacht Race attracts boaters from around the world to participate in the boat race in the waters off of Vancouver Island, and the Victoria Dragon Boat Festival brings over 90 teams from around North America.

The Tall Ships Festival brings sailing ships to the city harbour. The Port of Victoria consists of three parts, the Outer Harbour , used by deep sea vessels, the Inner and Upper Harbours, used by coastal and industrial traffic. It is protected by a breakwater with a deep and wide opening. The port is a working harbour, tourist attraction and cruise destination. Esquimalt Harbour is also a well-protected harbour with a large graving dock and shipbuilding and repair facilities.

Every BC Day weekend, the Symphony mounts Symphony Splash, an outdoor event that includes a performance by the orchestra sitting on a barge in Victoria's Inner Harbour. Streets in the local area are closed, as each year approximately 40, people attend a variety of concerts and events throughout the day. The Bastion Theatre, a professional dramatic company, functioned in Victoria through the s and s and performed high quality dramatic productions but ultimately declared bankruptcy in Reborn as The New Bastion Theatre in the company struggled for two more years before closing operations in The venue was renamed the Belfry Theatre in as the company began producing its own shows.

The Belfry's mandate is to produce contemporary plays with an emphasis on new Canadian plays. Other regional theatre venues include: Its mandate is to support the island's military community by performing at military dinners, parades and ceremonies, and other events. The annual multi-day Rifflandia Music Festival is one of Canada's largest modern, rock and pop music festivals. Some of these films include X2 , X-Men: The Legacy were also filmed there.

Canadian director Atom Egoyan was raised in Victoria.