ENEMY ARROWS: TORONTO IN THE YEAR 1420

Maitland Club, is not very detailed, but it does note that the Scots at Bannockburn were specifically following the example of the Flemings at Courtrai, who had defeated the French forces by fighting on foot p. Privately printed, , Scalacronica, ; John Barbour, The Bruce, ed. Skeat Early English Text Society, , Furthermore, the Scots at least believed and almost certainly correctly that the English had learned the advantages of fighting on foot from their defeat at Bannockburn. The French experiments with infantry tactics, in turn, were undertaken in imitation of the successful English.

Geoffrey le Baker, Chronicon, ed. Clarendon, , For Cassel, see le Bel, Chronique, 1: Payot, , For Crecy, see le Bel, Chronique, 2: Greenwood Press, , Chapter 7. Although a cavalry reserve was often kept for pursuits or special tasks, such as attempting to ride down the English archers, as at Poitiers in A Social and Military History Cambridge: Patrick Stephens, , See the illustrations reproduced in Bradbury, Medieval Archer. The Norman archers at Hastings, if we can trust the depictions of the Bayeux Tapestry, also used short bows drawn to the chest Bradbury, Of course, these were composite recurved shortbows, but since they were more powerful than the Welsh selfbows, the point stands.

SHF, , 2: Philippe de Commynes, Memoires, ed. FirminDidier, , A failure to take into account the great strength needed to use a medieval longbow effectively has led many authors into the mistaken conclusion that a soldier could be trained to its use with relative ease. Boydell Press, , For a good discussion of the human element of archery, see John F. Guilmartin, Gunpowder and Galleys Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, , In , for example, Charles VI of France prohibited any games except those involving the longbow or crossbow.

The beauty of the English archer and man-at-arms combination was that it could convert either into an offensively powerful cavalry-and-missile combination when used against infantry fighting on the defensive e. I also consider troops like the English mounted archers, who rode from place to place but invariably fought on foot, as they had neither the training nor the mounts to fight on horseback, to be essentially infantry rather than cavalry. A very important consideration when victory in war often went to the side with the last reserves of money. Although this advantage was less pronounced for longbowmen, who required years of training to build up the strength to use their bows.

From the mid-sixteenth to the end of the seventeenth century, the French army grew from a maximum wartime strength of about 50, to one of about , Parker, The Military Revolution, Virtually every man of the , added came from the common population: They also make war on all nations of the world by sea and land and all that they gain in the foreign parts to which they have gone they send back to their realm and through this it is rich. The Swiss, of course, also exported large numbers of mercenary infantrymen.

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Stanislav Andreski provides an outstanding theoretical treatment of the relationship between military and political enfranchisement in his Military Organization and Society London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, Cambridge University Press, Froissart, Chronicles, 5 vols. Haford Press, , 2: Pantheon Litteraire, , See Rymer, Foedera, vol. University of Toronto Press, , Mabel Day and Robert Steele London: Early English Text Society, , For a good survey of the early development of the English Parliament, see G.

Manchester University Press, For the early development of the longbow and tactics based on its use, see Hardy, Longbow, Clarendon Press, , , , This was of great importance, as indirect taxation was then replacing direct subsidies as the largest source of royal income, as the research of Mark Ormrod is showing. The increasing economic importance of the towns also played a part in their gain in political power, but wealth can only be exchanged for power if the transaction is protected by force: Daniel Williams Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell Press, , and G.

Nelson-Hall, , Orderic Vitalis, Ecclesiastical History, tr. Clarendon Press, , 6: Verbruggen, Art of Warfare, Burne, The Agincourt War London: Eyre and Spottiswoode, , 87, The French casualties at Crecy were similar: Burne, The Crecy War, At Poitiers, over 2, knights and men-at-arms lost their lives. Faber and Faber, , Hommes, mentalites, guerre et paix London: Valorium Reprints, , Commanders often made ordinances to prevent this from happening. Should any such be made, the prisoner was to be instantly put to death, and with him the person who had taken him, should he refuse to obey.

William Smith, , Similar ordinances were made by the English at Crecy and the Flemings at Roosebeke.

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Meuthen, , n. Allen Brown Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell Press, , 17, for some interesting observations on the very different mechanics of cavalry vs.

Magna Books, , Heffer and Sons, , , gives what purports to be a Florentine provisione, also of , for the acquisition of cannon and iron balls for the defense of the Republic. The document is questionable, however: Verlag Die Schwere Artillerie, , The Brut, or the Chronicles of England, ed. The same was true at the siege of Calais in , where: Longmans, Green and Co.

Rathgen, Aufkommen der Pulverwaffe, Of course, guns were much more expensive than older forms of artillery to operate, if not to purchase, because of the very high cost of gunpowder. Napoleon III and I. Dumaine, , 3: The largest of these guns required 2, lb. The largest of the guns was to throw five-hundred-pound shot. By comparison, the large and well-provided Bohemian armies besieging Carlstein in had only fifty-two guns, of which six were very large Wenceslai Hagecii, Bohmische Chronica [ Cadan: Zluticensem, ], fo.

Cent cinquante textes sur la guerre de Cent Ans dans le bailliage de Cotentin St. Peter Hanstein, , 56, Honore Champion, , , Verlag der Deutschen Technik, , Schmidtchen, Bombarden, Befestigungen, Buchsenmeister, Note that 80 centimeters is nearly twice the diameter of the shells fired by the inch main guns of twentieth-century battleships. In both cases the guns shot both fire and large bolts.

Cannon were also used to drive the French besiegers away from Quesnoy in Chronique de Du Guesclin, ed. Bibliotheque Choisie, , Hassenstein, Feuerwerhbuch von , For a concrete example, see the siege of Bourges in , where an assault was driven off by fierce cannonfire.

Pierre de Fenin, Memoires, ed. SHF, , Frank Taylor and John S. Oxford University Press, , The reference to tennis alludes to the story of the tennis balls mockingly sent to Henry V by the French Dauphin. John Capgrave, The Chronicle of England, ed.

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English Historical Society, , Contra the argument of B. Claredon, , 33; cf. A poem written by an eyewitness to the siege, John Page, eloquently expresses the supply problems of the townsmen: See also Monstrelet, Chronicles, 1: Clarenden, , , , ; J. Wylie and W T. Cambridge University Press, , 3: Crapelet, , 6: Rolls Series, , 3: Yale University Press, , There are several earlier examples of significant artillery successes, but these, in terms of the artillery revolution, are analogous to the harbinger infantry victories of Courtrai, Bannockburn, and Morgarten in that they were only possible because of special circumstances.

Fernan Perez de Guzman, Cronica del serenissimo rey don Juan el segundo deste nombre [of Aragon] , cap. Vallet de Viriville Paris: Jannet, , 1: Guillaume Cousinot, Chronique de la Pucelle, ed. Garnier Freres, , For Montmiral and Gallardon: Chronique du religieux de Saint-Denys, vi, Artillery was equally effective at Quesnoy in , but the place was only poorly fortified. The meaning of the last part of the sentence is unclear; it may mean that the guns made a breach in the wall more than a bow-shot wide.

Tempsky, , Royal Historical Society, , Burne The Agincourt War, has the siege of Harfleur opening in August rather than July, which would make it just under three months, and the chroniclers e. Malcolm Vale, War and Chivalry London: Ducksworth, , Charles VII made use of sixteen large bombards for the siege.

Rolls Series, , et seq. Most of the one hundred strongpoints referred to were actually never besieged; they surrendered rather than make a hopeless attempt to resist. He adds that the French could have taken by assault any of the places which surrendered if they had wanted to.

Schmidtchen, Bombarden, Befestigungen, Buchsenmeister, , For bombards from the late s on, in contrast, a barrel: Hassenstein, Feuerwerkbuch von , 71; Schmidtchen, Bombarden, Befestigungen, Buchsenmeister, It is described in detail in Codex of the Austrian National Library written , fos. W Koebner, , Fowlers and other smaller guns, however, usually had longer barrels with removable powder chambers shaped like beer steins, of which each gun was supplied with two or more.

These could be loaded from the breech; the balls did not need to be wedged nor sealed in place; and the chambers could be kept pre-prepared and replaced without waiting for the gun to cool fully. Thus they could fire much faster. Schmidtchen, Bombarden, Befestigungen, Buchsenmeister, 44 re. It seems from a few pieces of evidence, however, that a maximum of six to eight shots per day could be fired from large bombards of the shorter-barrelled type contra Schmidtchen, Perez de Guzman, Cronica, cap. The Amsterdam Bombard, probably one of the largest made by the spiral method, has a barrel length of 53 cm.

Thus, it would have fired a stone of about Ibs. He is currently working on his next young adult novel about Native Americans. Flowing text, Original pages. Web, Tablet, Phone, eReader.

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It syncs automatically with your account and allows you to read online or offline wherever you are. Please follow the detailed Help center instructions to transfer the files to supported eReaders. Welsit is a 12 year old girl like almost any other you might know except she is a member of an important yet relatively small historically important group of people in America.

Welsit shares an exciting Saturday with the readers by telling them about the activities she looks forward to at the anxiously anticipated annual Lenape Pow Wow. Welsit more than anything looks forward to the Butterfly Dance which she knows she will see at the pow wow.

The author encourages every child who reads this story to investigate who they are in order to understand what they might be able to contribute to the balance of their own souls as well as the fabric of our American nation.

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Life in the Pennsylvania colonies in the early s meant new beginnings for many, brought to the land in search of freedom, adventure, and the chance for new beginnings. Everything good that they were traveled with most of them, while everything bad and petty, cruelly ambitious and greedy, came along packed in the baggage of others. Lord Dominick Crown hadn't so much emigrated to New Eden than he had fled there to escape his past. Byrna Cassidy had left Ireland with high hopes for a new life with her father's family.

For both, the future seemed bright. The three friends learn skills they need to survive in a beautiful but dangerous world. Their skills are tested when they must make difficult choices that will affect not only their survival, but the continued existence of their people. Paperback , pages. Published October 29th by FriesenPress first published October 25th To see what your friends thought of this book, please sign up. To ask other readers questions about Enemy Arrows , please sign up. Lists with This Book. This book is not yet featured on Listopia.