Technologiemanagement: Handbuch Produktion und Management 2 (VDI-Buch) (German Edition)

Still others declare that the competitiveness and the rates of growth of a market neutralise each other because the disadvantages of a high competition are compensated by the advantages of a growing market. Another important impact concerning the market potential is the timing of the product launch. A significant part of the relevant literature agrees that the right launch timing is important for the later product success. Launching the product prior to competing products is principally stated as very positive for the later product success.

Nevertheless, in some cases, a premature entry into the market can cause some disadvantages, for example, if an early market introduction is in conflict with the objective of a high quality of the product van der Panne et al. Thus, for an evaluation method it has to be examined critically which aspects of market potential should be included. Some of the aspects cited above like market growth or competition cannot be included because the correlation to product success is not obvious. However, the aspect of the right timing of product launch seems to be important.

Therefore, it has to be included in an evaluation method for innovative product ideas. Since a premature entry in a market can also cause some disadvantages, an early product launch cannot be simply correlated to the probability of later product success. Additionally, it has to be observed whether the product launch is too early. The other possibility is to examine if it is the right time to offer a certain product.

This can be done by linking the timing of product launch to some aspects of the product advantage cited above. For example, the superior performance of a product has to fulfil important customer needs exactly at the time of launching the product. In this case, an evaluation from a technical point of view has to consider these aspects as well because they cannot be separated from other important aspects like the product advantage.

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Synergy Many studies state synergy to be an important factor for new product success. In this context, synergy means that the resources of an enterprise and the skills of its employees fit to the needs of a conducted development project. Synergy concerns on one hand the technical part of the new product development like research and development, product development, engineering and production.

On the other hand, marketing synergy like synergy in sales force, promotion, market research, distribution, advertising or customer service is important Trommsdorff and Steinhoff, , Lilien and Yoon , Montoya-Weiss and Calantone, However, Cooper and Kleinschmidt Cooper and Kleinschmidt, state that synergy does not influence the later product success in every industry and in every company to the same degree.

They explained that in large enterprises with competence in a lot of different fields, synergy generally exists but does not distinguish between successful products and failures. As synergy is stated to be an important factor related to new product success, it has to be included in the evaluation method. However, the effects and the impact concerning the synergy have to be considered in each particular case. Degree of innovation The factors related to product success that are discussed in the chapters above are strongly linked to the probability of later product success.

In contrast, the degree of innovation is discussed controversially. Many studies examined the correlation between the degree of innovation and the later product success. All these studies can prove their statements by empirical measurement results. However, the results of these studies are quite different and even contradictory. In this context, the degree of innovation is often defined as the degree of novelty of a certain product.

In summary, the vast amount of studies examining the correlation between the degree of innovation and the success of products found five different and partially contradictory results Balachandra and Friar, , van der Panne et al. Some studies point out that products with a high degree of innovation are positively correlated to new product success. Concurrently, they stated that products with a low degree of innovation are less successful, see figure 2, curve 1 Balachandra and Friar, , van der Panne et al.

Other studies show a negative connection between the innovativeness and the success of a product, see figure 2, curve 2 Balachandra and Friar, , Steinhoff Furthermore, rather a U-shaped than a constant connection between these two factors can be found in the relevant literature, see figure 2, curve 3. According to these results, products with a high degree of innovation are positively correlated to the probability of product success. On average, products with a low degree of innovation are also stated to be successful whereas products classified as medium innovative show low success rates.

The high success rates of products with a high degree of innovation are explained by a high product advantage that is offered by these products. The high probability of product success of products characterised as low innovative is assigned to technical and marketing synergy effects. Medium innovative products cannot profit from synergy effects and do not offer a great product advantage. This is an explanation for their low probability of success van der Panne et al.

Still others found a reverse U-shaped correlation, see figure 2, curve 4 Steinhoff Finally, other studies affirm that an obvious correlation or any correlation between the degree of innovation and the probability of product success cannot be found van der Panne et al. The bottom line is that the connection between the innovativeness and the success of a product is uncertain.

Roth Friar, , van der Panne et al. One reason for these very different and even contradictory results is the inconsistent definition of the degree of innovation in different studies Steinhoff , Ernst Furthermore, the definition of the second variable, the product success, is uncertain, too.

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The success of products is often measured or defined in different ways within the regarded studies. Thus, the integration of the degree of innovation in the evaluation method has to be examined critically. The degree of innovation must not be taken as an evaluation criterion as the correlation to product success is uncertain. Therefore, one possibility is to carry out an evaluation without regarding this factor.

The other possibility is to determine the used evaluation criteria or the used evaluation method dependent on the degree of innovation of a certain new product idea. In this case, it is necessary to determine the degree of innovation of a new product idea in a first step. Dependent on the result of this first examination, the suitable evaluation criteria or the suitable evaluation method can be selected in a second step.

Correlations between the degree of innovation and the probability of new product success IV. Conclusion Summarising, it can be stated that the evaluation criteria of the existing evaluation method have to be optimised in several points. Currently, the customer requirements have a strong impact on the evaluation results. In this connection, the customer orientation or rather the customer requirements are used as a basic input parameter.

It is absolutely right to include the customer needs in the method. However, it has to be examined if they are included too much so that radical innovations would not succeed within this method.

Of course, this fact depends on the selected customer requirements. Therefore, there are two possibilities to integrate the customer needs in the evaluation method for innovative product ideas. On the one hand, it seems to be reasonable to integrate both current customer needs and future customer needs in an evaluation of a new product idea. However, in this case the question arises how these future and implicit requirements and needs of the customers can be measured.

One possibility could be to observe customers using a product to identify some of these implicit requirements. Table 3 provides an overview of the actual and the target state of the factors related to new product success. The second important success factor discussed in this paper concerns the product advantage. The product advantage was stated to be a decisive factor for product success. It is obvious that this relatively slight involvement is not sufficient and that the impact of the product advantage on the evaluation result has to be increased.

Moreover, the definition of the product advantage has been expanded. It consists of the following five aspects: Each of these five aspects of the product advantage has to be integrated in the evaluation method for innovative product ideas. The product advantage or rather its five factors have to gain a high impact on the evaluation results because all relevant studies explain that these are very important aspects for later product success. The third important group of aspects related to new product success are market-related factors.

Market-related factors are currently not included in the existing method. Some of these factors, like market growth or competition, cannot be implemented in an optimised evaluation method as there is no obvious correlation to later product success. Other aspects like the right timing of product launch seem to be very important. Therefore, this factor has to be included in the evaluation method. Since the correlation between the timing of product launch and the probability of product success is not obvious in every case, the implementation in the evaluation method is not simple.

Thus, the timing of product launch has to be compared with competing products in a first step. Coming prior to competing products would be positively correlated to later product success. In this case, it has to be observed in an additional step if the product is launched too early. The other possibility is to examine the timing to offer a certain product regarding the customer requirements. This can be done by linking the timing of the product launch to some aspects of the product advantage cited above.

For example, apart from fulfilling important customer needs, the superior performance of a product has to fulfil these customer needs exactly at the time when the product is launched. The fourth important factor related to new product success is synergy. This factor is not regarded within the existing method. However, it has to be included in the optimised version because all relevant studies state synergy to be an important factor related to new product success. However, the effects and the impact concerning the synergy depend on the enterprise and the industry in which a new product is developed.

Therefore, the aspects of synergy have to be included but their impact has to be considered in the particular case. These results are summarised in table 3, too. Actual and target state of the integration of success factors in the evaluation method The factors regarded so far are all positively correlated to new product success.

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However, the degree of innovation, a factor that is discussed controversially within the relevant literature, has been regarded in the chapters above because it is an important factor in the existing evaluation method for innovative product ideas. The results showed that certain conclusions related to new product success cannot be drawn because the correlation between the degree of innovation and new product success is uncertain.

Some studies found positive, some others negative correlations. Still others found U-shaped, reverse U-shaped or even no correlations. Roth is not possible to integrate the degree of innovation as an evaluation criterion in the evaluation method when its correlation to later product success is uncertain. Therefore, other possibilities have to be examined. One possibility is to evaluate product ideas without regarding this factor. In the existing method, the degree of innovation is not used as an evaluation criterion. Instead, it is one out of two results calculated by the evaluation algorithm.

This procedure is possible in principle. However, the question is what to do with this result. The other possibility is to determine the used evaluation criteria or the used evaluation method dependent on the degree of innovation. In this case, it is necessary to determine the degree of innovation of a product idea in a first step. In a second step, the suitable evaluation method and the suitable evaluation criteria have to be selected. The results concerning the degree of innovation are also summarised in table 3. Outlook To be able to implement the results of the literature research for factors related to new product success in an evaluation method, the stated aspects have to be concretised.

The factors have to be transformed into tangible, comprehensible and rateable evaluation criteria. Furthermore, the degree of innovation has to be examined more detailed. In order to determine the grade of customer orientation, respectively the used evaluation method or the used evaluation criteria dependent on the degree of innovation, this term has to be defined uniquely. It must be possible for evaluators to easily determine the degree of innovation of a certain product idea before the evaluation.

After optimising the existing evaluation method by means of the stated results, other aspects of the method like the procedure also have to be examined. At first, it has to be verified if the existing procedure which is based on the QFD-method is principally suitable for the evaluation of innovative product ideas. In this connection, it is important to consider whether the procedure is too complex for such an evaluation.

Secondly, it must be investigated if the QFD- method is suitable for all kinds of product ideas with a different degree of innovation. When concluding that the existing method is not suitable for all kinds of innovative product ideas, other evaluation procedures have to be examined, adopted, adjusted or invented. After the examination and the adaptation of the criteria and the procedure the evaluation method has to be validated in numerous projects in industry. The research project aims at an applicable and thoroughly developed evaluation method. Franz Vahlen Verlag, pp. What distinguishes the winners in the chemical industry?

Konzeptualisierung, empirische Bestandsaufnahme und Erfolgsbetrachtung. In times of increasing dynamics and complexities of new technologies, methods of strategic technological foresight become increasingly important.

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Technological developments in manufacturing industry are often intertwined with or accomplished by changes in underlying firm-level concepts or paradigms of production systems or management regimes. Thus, the assessment of future developments in manufacturing should combine both perspectives: While the technological dimension is sufficiently covered by patent indicators, the emergence of new production concepts is more likely to become visible in scientific publications. Deployed independently, the methods are likely to draw only a one-sided, either too focused or too diffused picture of new developments which provides only a weak basis for subsequent strategic decisions of firms.

This paper presents how the different advantages and explanatory values of patent analysis and bibliometrics can be integrated in a holistic tool of strategic environmental scanning for manufacturing enterprises. During the project such a tool was developed an implemented for their member firms. Based on the examples and results about technological trends in the Japanese machine tool industry and the German automotive industry, which have been generated by the use of the tool, the paper focuses on the practical realisation of strategic environmental scanning in the context of an industrial association.

Besides that, the paper also elaborates on theoretical as well as on methodological aspects of strategic environmental scanning. The findings show that the integration of patent and bibliometric indicators is a fruitful approach to provide a solid basis for technological strategic environmental scanning in manufacturing industry. Introduction In a Schumpeterian world of increased dynamics in technology and competition, firms are constantly faced with new challenges. Product and factor markets are becoming increasingly complex and more integrated, new technologies shape new forms and rules of competition.

For these reasons, firms are permanently forced to adapt to changes in their competitive environment to take advantage of them. Moreover, firms have to identify ways and possibilities to help shaping this change, for example by developing corresponding technological or non- technological innovations Helfat et al. For this purpose, methods of strategic environmental scanning SES become increasingly important for manufacturing firms because they enable them a to early recognize and identify important technological trends and discontinuities in their competitive environment, and b to develop and implement adequate measures to adjust their strategic use of innovation resources according to these external requirements.

As technological developments in manufacturing industry are often intertwined with changes in underlying firm-level concepts or paradigms of production systems or management regimes, the assessment of future developments in manufacturing industry needs to pay attention to both perspectives: For the purpose of providing a valid basis for future strategic planning of manufacturing firms, it is necessary to identify adequate indicators and methods for measuring these tangible and intangible dimensions of technological change and to integrate them into a tool of strategic environmental scanning.

In this paper first we give a short outline of the theoretical background, explain the project background and summarize the methodological aspects. Finally we discuss whether the objectives of the project were fulfilled and draw some general conclusions on the use of such a tool for strategic environmental scanning for a group of companies. The findings show that the integration of patent analysis and bibliometrics in one tool is a fruitful approach to provide a solid quantitative basis for strategic technology foresight in the field of manufacturing industry.

Qualitative approaches are a valid amendment of such a tool. Theoretical background Under the umbrella of resource-based theory of strategic management Wernerfelt , Barney , Peteraf , the concept of dynamic capabilities came up in the mid 90s and has addressed the central question of how firms can sustain competitive advantage by responding to environmental change, i. Within the so far existing frame work of the resource-based theory, competitive advantage can flow only at a point in time due to the ownership or control of scarce, but valuable and difficult-to-imitate assets and know-how.

However, in fast moving business environments open to global competition, characterised by spatial dispersion of sources of innovation and manufacturing, persistent and sustainable competitive advantage and economic success needs more than the selective control of certain resources and competences. According to the literature of the dynamic capabilities approach Teece et al. Because dynamic capabilities aim at processes of renewal and reconfiguration, they particularly promote the attainment of Schumpeterian rents by supporting necessary changes in the resource basis of the firm which favour the development of corresponding innovations Teece et al.

One of the probably most influential conceptualisations of dynamic capabilities has been developed by Cohen and Levinthal Considering this definition, it can be stated that the absorptive capacity of a firm can be distinguished by two interdependent dimensions: The basic assumption is that those firms which manage external knowledge flows more efficiently, stimulate innovative outcomes and thus obtain superior competitive advantage Escribano et al.

However, there has been increasing critique on this firm- internal operationalisation of absorptive capacity. Thus, as recent studies Schmidt , Spithoven et al. Subsequently, firms with only limited resources for internal absorptive capacity like small and medium sized enterprises SME may face serious problems in maintaining and improving their absorptive capacity. Therefore, it can be expected that SMEs strongly rely on third-parties i.

In the context of this theoretical background the main goals of the research project were defined as follows: Project background Trade association are organizations founded and funded by businesses that operate in a specific industry. The main focus of such industry associations is collaboration between companies, or standardization. Associations may offer other services, such as producing conferences, networking or charitable events or offering classes or educational materials.

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The German machine tool builders association describes their services on the internet as: The VDW gathers available know how, accesses technological trends and developments, drives forward research, seeks the best new talent together with its members and advises on many everyday company issues. Only 4 per cent of producers employ more than 1. The majority of the member firms are facing limited resources for internal absorptive capacity. Since the association is focused on a specific industry the changing environment of all member firms is in parts overlapping and therefore suitable for a collaborative approach of environmental scanning.

Compared to building up a specific network for collaborative environmental scanning associations offer the availability of an existing organization, expertise on technological aspects and, to certain extend, trust among the member firms based on previous collaboration Specht et al. The Fraunhofer ISI investigate the scientific, economic, ecological, social, organizational, legal and political framework conditions for generating innovations and their implications. Scientifically based analysis, evaluation and forecasting methods are used for this purpose.

The assessments of the potentials and limitations of technical, organizational or institutional innovations help decision-makers from industry, academia and politics in making strategic decisions and thus assist them in creating a favorable environment for innovations.

The technological expertise on machine tools was provided by various experts from the machine tool association and selected experts from industry. The methodological expertise was provided by Fraunhofer ISI. The project was conducted in close cooperation with the machine tool builders association within a time period of 1. To ensure the alignment of the project with the requirements of the members of the association, a steering committee was set up consisting of representatives from industry.

Methodological aspects Environmental scanning can be accomplished by the use of diverse methods Miranda Santo et al. Those comprise usually qualitative and quantitative methods as well as the analysis of primary and secondary data. Depending on the object of investigation and the time horizon considered, the methodological approach has to be adjusted and different methods have to be combined.

Within the project the strategic environmental scanning covered: Set of used methods The use of different methods was necessary because tangible aspects as well as conceptual aspects were part of the object of investigation. Scientific publications and patents are sources of information for codified knowledge of an economy. They are used as indicators for measuring and illustrating technological change Grupp and Schmoch , Grupp Patenting activities are often an important precondition for the market success, thus they can be used as an indicator for future market developments Schmoch , Lichtenthaler , S.

Thereby, identified trends can be extrapolated into the closer future. As patent analyses are based on IPC-classification which does usually not exactly fit the subject of interest, the transformation of conceptual changes into technological requirement remains difficult Schmoch, Hence, it is very important to identify adequate search strings to capture the research objectives by using a combination of IPC-classification and keywords. In the present situation the vast majority of foreign patents are filed through the EPO, and the number of direct foreign applications at domestic offices is negligible.

In consequence, it is possible to observe internationally balanced technology trends using EPO applications from about Moreover, constructing such a fictive international patent reduces the risk that the findings are biased by home advantage of national patent offices Schmoch, Publications reflect a relevant part of the fundamental research activity and therefore they offer the opportunity to identify early signals. Publication analyses indicate developments in the scientific system and include the more general level of underlying production and management concepts at an early stage of discussion Lichtenthaler, Thus in the context of strategic foresight they can offer the opportunity to identify early signals.

Within the project three different databases were used to ensure a higher reliability of the results. Comparing scientific publication and patent data the latter is predominantly technology oriented, while scientific publications cover tangible as well as conceptual aspects. Qualitative methods, like expert interviews, are important to ensure profound understanding of the developments, and integrating diverse perspectives of different experts.

Non standardised qualitative expert interviews on the basis of a guideline ensure the coverage of all relevant aspects and provide at the same time the opportunity to capture expert specific amendments. Excellent technological expertise of the interviewer and access to the expert-networks was provided by industry association and the member firms.

These qualitative interviews are complemented by quantitative online surveys to prove the findings and their interpretation on a broader empirical basis. In summary the relevant characteristics of the different sources of information and methods in the present project are shown in the following: Characteristics of different sources of information and methods V.

Implementation The topics that were used for testing the environmental scanning tool were selected by the steering committee. Cooperative environmental scanning has to pay close attention to select suitable topics for cooperative environmental scanning Specht et al. The most important criteria for the selection within the project were: The selected topics corresponded to those criteria. Reasons for the selection of the second topic were the complexity of the subject and the extensive but contradictory information about possible future developments of the drive train of passenger cars and their implications for the machine tool builders.

To analysis the two topics named above the integration and combination of methods was necessary. Therefore an iterative process building upon different methods was designed. This necessity follows from the different research and project experiences of the Fraunhofer ISI. Particularly in technological areas with incremental innovations such as the machine tool industry, innovations may take place in apparently unrelated fields of technology such as specific materials. The definition of search strings therefore require multiple feedback loops between patent and publication analysts and technology experts in industry and academia to check the plausibility of the data collected and the interpretation derived Bradke et al.

As every technology or concept is comprised of more than one element, several search strategies in parallel are useful as interim results may influence the next step of the analysis. Their integration builds a comprehensive, holistic approach to address tangible and intangible elements of technological change. Moreover, the methodological modules are able to cross-fertilize each other as the output of one module stimulates or serve as an input for other modules. The project can thus be described by a parallel synergetic methodological framework with feedback loops between its methodological modules see Figure 2.

Starting point for the analysis of each topic was an extensive discussion with the experts from the association resulting in the definition of key words and selection of IPC-classes for the bibliometric approach. Afterwards an interactive process was established where results of the analysis of patent data as well as scientific publications were revised by the representatives of the association. In this discursive process keywords and patent classes where tailored to the demands of the industry branch. For the patent data analysis a combination of IPC classification and keywords was used to filter out the relevant data.

Input for the keywords was extracted from the search strings used for the analysis of scientific publications. For the analysis of scientific publications different databases were tested and thereafter the database offering the largest number of relevant publications for this specific topic was selected for in depth analysis. Fruitful interlink ages between the analysis of patent data and scientific publications were established throughout the process.

Implementation and Integration — Developing a strategic environmental scanning tool The interpretation of the results of the bibliometric analysis was done in close cooperation with the representatives of the association. Based on these findings, additional qualitative interviews were conducted.

For one of the topics even a completive online survey was carried out. For the online survey the close relation of the association of machine tool builders with other associations was exploited to gain access to a large number of experts from other branches. The statistic findings and the overall interpretations were finally discussed with the steering committee before providing the information in a short report to all members of the association.

Selected results For the first topic selected by the steering committee, a comparison between German and Japanese machine tool builders, the analysis of patent data and scientific publications offered valid comparison between the technological developments in the two countries. To allow a comparison between the dynamic developments of research activities in the two countries a time horizon of at least 10 years in the past was defined. As described before there is a certain bias in favour of European countries at the EPO.

Therefore close attention was paid to take this bias into account average share of patents from German applicants in the field of machine tools compared to average share of patents of Japanese applicants. On the basis of these reflections it was possible to show that the leading position of the Japanese machine tool builders in a specific field is not likely to be challenged by German machine tool builders within the next years.

Patent data and scientific publications showed over many years more comprehensive research activity in this field in Japan compared to Germany. Discussing these results with the steering committee revealed that this information was very interesting for many member firms. German SMEs observed mainly the activities of their German competitors and had not gathered sufficient information about the activities of their Japanese competitors.

Comparison of German and Japanese patent applications in different fields of machine tool Concerning changes in the manufacturing concept it turned out to be difficult to use patent data as an indicator for research and development activities. No reliable information on manufacturing concepts was found when analysing patent data. Therefore the environmental scanning focused on scientific publications. Since scientific publications aim to reach an international community, many journals are international as well publications can only be classified by the address of the authors.

Very few publications were found with co-authors from Germany and Japan. Publication activities remained at the same level for many years for manufacturing concept 2. For manufacturing concept 1 an increase in research activities was concluded, based on the rising number of scientific publications starting in For both manufacturing concepts a very similar development was observed in Japan and Germany.

The results affirmed the expectations of the association and their member firms. Publication data analysis was not also used to derive a more comprehensive picture of the world wide research activities by including other countries in the comparison. As shown in Figure 5 a very dynamic development of scientific publications linked to machine tools was observed in a third country. This analysis was the starting point of further investigation subsequent to the project described. When using publication data for analysing a very specific subject the approach is often constricted by the small number of publications per year allowing no statistical analysis and hindering a trend extrapolation.

Therefore it is particularly important to use the database best fitting for analysis this specific subject and it can be necessary to compare the suitability of different databases. Scientific publications and patent data analysis were not only used to investigate the intensity of research activities in the different countries but at the same time the analyses gave an overview of the dominant research institutes, researchers and journals within the field of interest.

During discussions with the steering committee this information was used to ensure the reliability of the results, demonstrating the all relevant actors and journals familiar to the steering committee were considered within the analyses. Using patent data for the analysis of future material usage for components of the engine and the drive train turned out to be difficult, even when using a combination of IPC classification and keywords no suitable patent data information was extracted.

Therefore other methods were chosen such as qualitative expert interviews and as an amendment an online expert survey. The survey focussed on components that require the extensive use of machine tools during manufacturing. One of the most important drivers of change in manufacturing technology for those components turned out to be the usage of new materials, requiring adjusted manufacturing technology. Therefore, changes in the usage of materials for these components have a relevant impact on the machine tool builders see Figure 6.

Example of results from the Online Survey — Expected changes in material usage for different components of the engine and the drive train The results of the survey showed that a differentiation between the components is necessary to assess the use of new materials. While for some components there seems to be a clear trend towards the use of new materials, this does not hold true for all the components. On this basis firm specific conclusions can be derived. Example of results from the Online Survey — Changing Importance of manufacturing Technologies according to experts expectations After discussing different alternative materials the experts were asked to assess the future importance of specific manufacturing technologies, compared to the extent of use in car manufacturing of today.

The Figure shows that for many technologies there is no consensus among the experts about the expected development in the future. While one third of the experts expected a declining importance, one third expected a remaining importance and about one third expected an even increasing importance. For these technologies no reliable forecast can be expressed today, but instead effected companies should become more flexible. Conclusion and Outlook Within the project the objective to develop a tool for strategic environmental scanning to allow firms to search and acquire new, external information about technological trends and thus to help them improve their absorptive capacity was achieved.

It proved to be possible to investigate tangible and conceptual aspect of technological developments by using the combination of qualitative and quantitative methods. While the cooperative environmental scanning for a group of companies offers enormous opportunities for using sophisticated methods, it is restricted to topics that are not adjacent to information relevant for competition. Therefore it can only be a supplement for the corporate environmental scanning activity. The implementation as a third-party offer by an association turned out to bring about important advantages not only by providing the necessary technological expertise, but also by ensuring reliability of the information to the companies, by acting as a multiplier and by providing access to a network of experts outside the branch.

Expectations, Luck, and Business Strategy. The Economic Journal, Vol. De Miranda Santo M. Text minig as valuable tool in foresight excercises: A study on nanotechnology. Strategic Management Journal, Vol. Managing External Knowledge Flows: The moderating role of absorptive capacity. Handbuch des Informationsmanagements im Unternehmen — Bd. The Dynamic resource-based view. Understanding change in organizations. Progress along a developmental path. Dynamic core competencies Through meta-learning and strategy.

Journal of Management, Vol. Organisation der Technology Intelligence. Absorptive capacity, its determinants, and influence on innovation output: Cross-cultural validation of the structural model. The Cornerstones of Competitive Advantage. What Determines Absorptive Capacity. Organizations, Networks and Systems. Danish research unit for industrial dynamics, Copenhagen, Denmark. Vorausschau und Technologieplanung , 2. Symposium, Spithoven, A.

Building absorptive capacity to organise inbound open innovation in traditional industries. Dynamic Capabilities and Strategic Management. Organizational, Strategic, and Policy Dimensions. The nature and microfoundations of sustainable enterprise performance. Unter Arbeitsbereich verstehen Sie bitte Ihr unmittelbares Arbeitsumfeld, das ist z.

Kreuzen Sie bitte in der Regel nur eine der vorgegebenen Antworten an. Forschungsgruppe Hamburg Postfach 72 02 63, D Hamburg. Ergebnisse Das Gesamtergebnis dieser Befragung wird allen Mitarbeitern vorgestellt. Ihr Arbeitsbereich Frage 1 I. Unternehmen Fragen 2 - 8 II.

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Information Fragen 51 - 54 VII. Sonstiges Fragen 58 - 59 IX. In welchem Bereich des Unternehmens arbeiten Sie? Sofern Ihre Organisationseinheit, die Sie unten ankreuzen, weniger als sechs Personen umfasst bzw. Beurteilen Sie bitte, inwieweit die folgenden Aspekte Ihrer Meinung nach bei bereits realisiert sind! Inwieweit sind sie bereits in der Tagesarbeit verwirklicht? Wie beurteilen Sie das Betriebsklima bei sehr gut gut? Wie beurteilen Sie das Betriebsklima in Ihrem Arbeitsbereich? Wie sind die Aufgaben Ihres Arbeitsbereichs mit denen anderer Arbeitsbereiche abgestimmt?

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