How to Teach a Foreign Language: Volume 9 (Otto Jespersen)

Mankind, Nation and Individual 3 copies Novial Lexike: A Symposium on the Language Problem. Couturat… 1 copy Discussion pri international lingue inter Otto Jespersen e Edgar Wahl in… 1 copy 38 works Otto Jespersen 2 Trollhunter Actor 24 copies, 1 review Otto Jespersen unknown Syntax first volume 5 copies Sounds and spellings 3 copies. Includes Otto Jespersen is composed of 3 names. Combine with… No authors suggested. Couturat… 1 copy Discussion pri international lingue inter Otto Jespersen e Edgar Wahl in… 1 copy 38 works Otto Jespersen 2 Trollhunter Actor 24 copies, 1 review Otto Jespersen unknown Syntax first volume 5 copies Sounds and spellings 3 copies history Common Knowledge Disambiguation notice.

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Search Search for the author. Nowadays, most older zonal constructed languages are known only to specialists. Most notable among modern examples is Interslavic , a project established in after the merger of several other projects. In it was reported to have several hundred users. In the early s auxlangs were already becoming a subject of academic study. Louis Couturat et al. Leopold Pfaundler wrote that an IAL was needed for more effective communication among scientists:. For Couturat et al. Some contemporaries of Couturat, notably Edward Sapir [28] [29] saw the challenge of an auxiliary language not as much as that of identifying a descriptive linguistic answer of grammar and vocabulary to global communicative concerns, but rather as one of promoting the notion of a linguistic platform for lasting international understanding.

Though interest among scholars, and linguists in particular, waned greatly throughout the 20th century, [30] such differences of approach persist today. Some scholars and interested laymen [31] make concrete language proposals.

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By contrast, Pei [32] and others [33] place the broader societal issue first. Yet others argue in favor of a particular language while seeking to establish its social integration. The vast majority of IALs use the Latin script. Four are affricates, each represented in IPA by two letters and a combining marker.

They are often written decomposed:. The following classification of auxiliary languages was developed by Pierre Janton in Some examples of the best known international auxiliary languages are shown below for comparative purposes. As a reference for comparison, you can find the English and Latin versions of the Lord's Prayer a text which is regularly used for linguistic comparisons here:.

Our Father, who art in heaven, hallowed be thy name; thy kingdom come, thy will be done. Give us this day our daily bread; and forgive us our debts as we have forgiven our debtors.

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And lead us not into temptation, but deliver us from evil. Panem nostrum quotidianum da nobis hodie, et dimitte nobis debita nostra, sicut et nos dimittimus debitoribus nostris. Et ne nos inducas in tentationem, sed libera nos a malo. Kaj ne konduku nin en tenton, sed liberigu nin de la malbono. Patro nia, qua esas en la cielo, tua nomo santigesez; tua regno advenez; tua volo facesez quale en la cielo, tale anke sur la tero.

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Donez a ni cadie l'omnadiala pano, e pardonez a ni nia ofensi, quale anke ni pardonas a nia ofensanti, e ne duktez ni aden la tento, ma liberigez ni del malajo. Nostr patr kel es in sieli! Ke votr nom es sanktifiked; ke votr regnia veni; ke votr volu es fasied, kuale in siel, tale et su ter.

How to teach a foreign language

Dona sidiurne a noi nostr pan omnidiurnik; e pardona a noi nostr debti, kuale et noi pardon a nostr debtatori; e no induka noi in tentasion, ma librifika noi da it mal. Patre nostro, qui es in celos, que tuo nomine fi sanctificato; que tuo regno adveni; que tuo voluntate es facto sicut in celo et in terra.

Da hodie ad nos nostro pane quotidiano, et remitte ad nos nostro debitos, sicut et nos remitte ad nostro debitores. Et non induce nos in tentatione, sed libera nos ab malo. E ne inducte nos in tentation, ma libera nos de lu mal. Nusen Patre, kel es in siele, mey vun nome bli sanktifika, mey vun regno veni; mey on fa vun volio kom in siele anke sur tere.

Dona a nus dissidi li omnidiali pane, e pardona a nus nusen ofensos, kom anke nus pardona a nusen ofensantes, e non dukte nus en tentatione, ma liberisa nus fro malu. Patre nostre, qui es in le celos, que tu nomine sia sanctificate; que tu regno veni; que tu voluntate sia facite como in le celo, etiam super le terra.

Da nos hodie nostre pan quotidian, e pardona a nos nostre debitas como etiam nos los pardona a nostre debitores. E non induce nos in tentation, sed libera nos del mal. As has been pointed out, the issue of an international language is not so much which, but how. There have been a number of proposals for using pictures, ideograms , diagrams, and other pictorial representations for international communications. Examples range from the original Characteristica Universalis proposed by the philosopher Leibniz , to suggestions for the adoption of Chinese writing , to recent inventions such as Blissymbol.

Within the scientific community, there is already considerable agreement in the form of the schematics used to represent electronic circuits , chemical symbols , mathematical symbols , and the Energy Systems Language of systems ecology. We can also see the international efforts at regularizing symbols used to regulate traffic, to indicate resources for tourists, and in maps. Some symbols have become nearly universal through their consistent use in computers and on the internet.

An international auxiliary sign language has been developed by deaf people who meet regularly at international forums such as sporting events or in political organisations. Previously referred to as Gestuno [43] but now more commonly known simply as ' international sign ', the language has continued to develop since the first signs were standardised in , and it is now in widespread use.

International sign is distinct in many ways from spoken IALs; many signs are iconic and signers tend to insert these signs into the grammar of their own sign language, with an emphasis on visually intuitive gestures and mime. A simple sign language called Plains Indian Sign Language was used by indigenous peoples of the Americas.

How to Teach a Foreign Language by Otto Jespersen

Gestuno is not to be confused with the separate and unrelated sign language Signuno , which is essentially a Signed Exact Esperanto. Signuno is not in any significant use, and is based on the Esperanto community rather than based on the international Deaf community.

There has been considerable criticism of international auxiliary languages, both in terms of individual proposals, types of proposals, and in more general terms. Criticisms directed against Esperanto and other early auxiliary languages in the late 19th century included the idea that different races have sufficiently different speech organs that an international language might work locally in Europe, but hardly worldwide, and the prediction that if adopted, such an auxlang would rapidly break up into local dialects. Subsequently, much criticism has been focused either on the artificiality of these auxlangs, [10] or on the argumentativeness of auxlang proponents and their failure to agree on one auxlang, or even on objective criteria by which to judge auxlangs.

One criticism already prevalent in the late 19th century, and still sometimes heard today, is that an international language might hasten the extinction of minority languages. One response has been that, even if this happens, the benefits would outweigh the costs;. Based on Baha'i writ, Meyjes sees an International Auxiliary Language intended to be implemented in ways that shield native tongues from undue pressures from any traditional lingua franca, while enabling inter-community communication worldwide [47].

Although referred to as international languages, most of these languages have historically been constructed on the basis of Western European languages. More recently all these major auxlangs have been criticized for being too European and not global enough. Esperanto itself uses individual words from Indo-European languages, but its grammar is much more similar to Chinese and Greek, while being flexible enough in grammar and sentence structure to be able to copy the word-order of Japanese, Indonesian and English all about as well as each other so it's difficult to judge how much of an Indo-European language it even is.

The response to this argument was made by Alexander Gode [50] and reiterated by Mario Pei: Gode's example compares a paragraph in Interlingua with a paragraph with words from Chinese, Japanese, Malay, and other non-European languages. Write a product review.

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