Um dia (Portuguese Edition)

As this example suggests, the Portuguese present perfect is often closer in meaning to the English present perfect continuous. See also Spanish verbs: Contrasting the preterite and the perfect. Portuguese, uniquely among the major Romance languages, has acquired a "personal infinitive" , which can be used as an alternative to a subordinate clause with a finite verb in the subjunctive. The Portuguese perfect form of the personal infinitive corresponds to one of several possible Spanish finite verbs.

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On some occasions, the personal infinitive can hardly be replaced by a finite clause and corresponds to a different structure in Spanish and English:. The personal infinitive is not used in counterfactual situations, as these require either the future subjunctive or the imperfect subjunctive. Also, it is conjugated the same as the future subjunctive see next section , provided the latter is not irregular ser , estar , ter , etc.

In the first and third person singular, the personal infinitive appears no different from the unconjugated infinitive. The above rules also apply whenever the subjects of the two clauses are the same, but independent of each other. As shown, the personal infinitive can be used at times to replace both the impersonal infinitive and the subjunctive.

Spanish has no such alternative. The future subjunctive, now virtually obsolete in Spanish, [62] continues in use in both written and spoken Portuguese. It is used in subordinate clauses referring to a hypothetical future event or state — either adverbial clauses usually introduced by se 'if ' or quando 'when' or adjective clauses that modify nouns referring to a hypothetical future entity. Spanish, in the analogous if-clauses, uses the present indicative [ citation needed ] , and in the cuando- and adjective clauses uses the present subjunctive.

A number of irregular verbs in Portuguese change the main vowel to indicate differences between first and third person singular: Spanish maintains such a difference only in fui 'I was' vs fue 'he was'.

In all other cases, one of the two vowels has been regularized throughout the conjugation and a new third-person ending -o adopted: Contrarily, Spanish maintains many more irregular forms in the future and conditional: Portuguese has only three: Spanish has restored - e by analogy with other verbs: The same type of analogy accounts for fiz vs hice 'I did' in the past tense. In nouns such as paz 'peace', luz 'light', amor 'love', etc. In Spanish the prepositions a 'to' and de 'of, from' form contractions with a following masculine singular definite article el 'the': This kind of contraction is much more extensive in Portuguese, involving the prepositions a 'to' , de 'of, from' , em 'in' , and por 'for' with articles and demonstratives regardless of number or gender.

Both are generally [a] in most of Brazil, although in some accents such as carioca and florianopolitano there may be distinction. Additionally, the prepositions de and em combine with the demonstrative adjectives and pronouns as shown below:. The neuter demonstrative pronouns isto 'this' isso , aquilo 'that' likewise combine with de and em — thus, disto , nisto , etc.

The Portuguese contractions mentioned thus far are obligatory. Contractions can also be optionally formed from em and de with the indefinite article um , uma , uns , umas , resulting in num , numa , dum , duma , etc. Spanish employs a preposition, the so-called "personal a ", before the direct object of a transitive verb except tener when it denotes a specific person s , or domestic pet ; thus Veo a Juan 'I see John'; Hemos invitado a los estudiantes 'We've invited the students.

Quite common in both languages are the prepositions a which often translates as "to" and para which often translates as "for". However, European Portuguese and Spanish distinguish between going somewhere for a short while versus a longer stay, especially if it is an intended destination, in the latter case using para instead of a. While there is no specified duration of stay before a European Portuguese speaker must switch prepositions, a implies one will return sooner, rather than later, relative to the context. This distinction is not made in English and Brazilian Portuguese [ citation needed ].

In Spanish the distinction is not made if the duration is given in the context maybe implicitly , and in this case a is generally preferred. Note, though, in the first example, para could be used in Portuguese if in contrast to a very brief period of time. In informal, non-standard Brazilian Portuguese, em in its original form or combined with a given article in a contraction, yielding no , na , numa , etc.

In Spanish hasta has the same meaning and function. Spanish has two prepositions of direction: Of them, only para exists in Portuguese, covering both meanings. Colloquially, para is often reduced in both languages: Portuguese pra , in turn, may join with the definite article: Both languages have a construction similar to the English "going-to" future. Spanish includes the preposition a between the conjugated form of ir "to go" and the infinitive: Usually, in Portuguese, there is no preposition between the helping verb and the main verb: This also applies when the verb is in other tenses:.

While as a rule the same prepositions are used in the same contexts in both languages, there are many exceptions. The traditional Spanish alphabet had 28 letters, while the Portuguese had Modern versions of recent years added k and w found only in foreign words to both languages. Portuguese also added y for loanwords.

With the reform in by the 10th congress of the Association of Spanish Language Academies, Spanish alphabetization now follows the same pattern as that of other major West European languages. Prior to this date, however, the digraphs ch and ll were independently alphabetized. For example, the following surnames would be put in this order: Many Spanish dictionaries and other reference material still exist using the pre-reform rule of alphabetization.

Only in Spanish do interrogatives and exclamations use the question mark or exclamation point respectively at the beginning of a sentence. The same punctuation marks are used, but these are inverted.

This prepares the reader in advance for either a question or exclamation type of sentence. On the other hand, in Portuguese, a person reading aloud lengthy sentences from an unfamiliar text may have to scan ahead to check if what at first appears to be a statement, is actually a question. Otherwise, it would be too late to enable proper voice inflection.

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Neither language has the equivalent of the auxiliary verb to do , which is often used to begin a question in English. Both Spanish and English can place the verb before the subject noun to indicate a question, though this is uncommon in Portuguese, and almost unheard of in Brazil.



Aside from changes of punctuation in written language, in speech, converting any of the above examples from a question to a statement would involve changes of both intonation and syntax in English and Spanish, but intonation only in Portuguese. The palatal consonants are spelled differently in the two languages. King Denis of Portugal , who established Portuguese instead of Latin as the official language, was an admirer of the poetry of the troubadours and a poet himself. Examples include names such as Port.

Mi nh o Sp.

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The exact pronunciation of these three consonants varies somewhat with dialect. The table indicates only the most common sound values in each language. A similar phenomenon can be found in some dialects of Brazilian Portuguese e. It always represents the "soft c " sound, namely [ s ]. Both languages use diacritics to mark the stressed syllable of a word whenever it is not otherwise predictable from spelling. Since Spanish does not differentiate between mid-open and mid-close vowels and nasal vowels , it uses only one accent, the acute.

Without the accent, as in Spanish, the last syllable would be a diphthong: Parag uai Portuguese and Parag uay Spanish 'Paraguay'. These do not alter the rules for stress, though note endings - im , - ins and - um , - uns are stressed, as are their non-nasal counterparts see below. A couple of two-letter words consist of only the nasal vowel: Phonetic vowel nasalization occurs in Spanish—vowels may get slightly nasalized in contact with nasal consonants—but it is not phonemically distinctive.

In Portuguese, on the other hand, vowel nasalization is distinctive, and therefore phonemic: Portuguese changes vowel sounds with and without accents marks. Spanish pronunciation makes no such distinction. In other cases, it is the combination of the preposition and the feminine definite article; in other words, the equivalent of a la 'to the' in Spanish.

As the Portuguese grave accent, the trema does not indicate stress. The accentuation rules including those of predictable stress of Portuguese and Spanish are similar, but not identical. Discrepancies are especially pervasive in words that contain i or u in their last syllable. Note the Portuguese diphthongs ei and ou are the approximate Spanish equivalent of e and o respectively, but any word ending with these diphthongs is, by default, stressed on its final syllable.

Compare the following pairs of cognates, where the stress falls on the same syllable in both languages:. Semivowel—vowel sequences are treated differently in both languages when it comes to accentuation rules. A sequence of a semivowel adjacent to a vowel is by default assumed to be read as a diphthong part of the same syllable in Spanish, whereas it is by default assumed to be read as a hiatus belonging to different syllables in Portuguese. For both languages, accentuation rules consistently indicate something other than the default.

A consequence of this is that words that are pronounced alike in both languages are written according to different accentuation rules. Another consequence though less common is that some words are written exactly or almost exactly the same in both languages, but the stress falls on different syllables:. Although the vocabularies of Spanish and Portuguese are similar, the two languages differ phonologically from each other, very likely because of the stronger Celtic substratum [68] in Portuguese.

Phonetically Portuguese bears similarities to French and to Catalan while the phonetics of Spanish are more comparable to those of Sardinian and Sicilian.

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Portuguese has a significantly larger phonemic inventory than Spanish. This may partially explain why it is generally not very intelligible to Spanish speakers despite the lexical similarity between the two languages. One of the main differences between the Spanish and Portuguese pronunciation are the vowel sounds. Dialectally, there are Spanish dialects with a greater number of vowels, with some as Murcian and Eastern Andalusian reaching up to 8 to 10 vowel sounds.

This appears to be, similarly to French, a Celtic [69] phonological adaptation to Latin. Portuguese, as Catalan, uses vowel height, contrasting stressed and unstressed reduced vowels. The following considerations are based on a comparison of standard versions of Spanish and Portuguese. Apparent divergence of the information below from anyone's personal pronunciation may indicate one's idiolect or dialect diverges from the mentioned standards.

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Comparing the phonemic inventory of the two languages, a noticeable divergence stands out. First, standard Portuguese has more phonemes than Spanish. Also, each language has phonemes that are not shared by the other. Spanish and Portuguese have been diverging for over a thousand years. One of the most noticeable early differences between them concerned the result of the stressed vowels of Latin:.

In other Brazilian dialects, only stressed vowels can be nasalized this way. In European Portuguese, nasalization is absent in this environment. The Spanish irregular verb forms in -oy e. But in some other words, conversely, Spanish o corresponds to Portuguese oi , e. The history of the unstressed vowels in Spanish and Portuguese is not as well known as that of the stressed vowels, but some points are generally agreed upon. The pronunciation of the unstressed vowels does not differ much from that of stressed vowels. The system of seven oral vowels of Vulgar Latin has been fairly well preserved in Portuguese, as in the closely related Galician language.

In Portuguese, unstressed vowels have been more unstable, both diachronically across time and synchronically between dialects , producing new vowel sounds. The basic paradigm is shown in the following table it has some exceptions. Brazilian unstressed vowel allophones vary according to the geographical region of the country. While this is true of all colloquial BP, it is especially characteristic of the latter dialects. Similar alternation patterns to these exist in other Romance languages such as Catalan and Occitan.

Although it is mostly an allophonic variation, some dialects have developed minimal pairs that distinguish the stressed variants from the unstressed ones. The orthography of Portuguese, which is partly etymological and analogical, does not indicate these sound changes. This makes the written language look deceptively similar to Spanish. The former is unstressed, and the latter is stressed without any diacritical mark. Some of the most characteristic sound changes undergone by the consonants from Latin to Spanish and Portuguese are shown in the table below.

Peculiar to early Spanish as in the Gascon dialect of Occitan, possibly due to a Basque substratum was the loss of Latin initial f - whenever it was followed by a vowel that did not diphthongize. Nevertheless, Portuguese fogo corresponds to Spanish fuego from Latin focum 'fire'. Another typical difference concerned the result of Latin - l - and - n - in intervocalic position:. Other consonant clusters of Latin also took markedly different routes in the two languages in their archaic period:.

Learned words such as pleno, ocular, no c turno, tremular , and so on, were not included in the examples above, since they were adapted directly from Classical Latin in later times. Portuguese has tended to eliminate hiatuses that were preserved in Spanish, merging similar consecutive vowels into one often after the above-mentioned loss of intervocalic - l - and - n -. This results in many Portuguese words being one syllable shorter than their Spanish cognates:.

In other cases, Portuguese reduces consecutive vowels to a diphthong, again resulting in one syllable fewer:.

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There are nevertheless a few words where the opposite happened, such as Spanish comprender versus Portuguese compreender , from Latin comprehendere. Since the late Middle Ages, both languages have gone through sound shifts and mergers that set them further apart. The most marked phonetic divergence between Spanish and Portuguese in their modern period concerned the evolution of the sibilants.

In the Middle Ages, both had a rich system of seven sibilants — paired according to affrication and voicing: After the Renaissance, the two languages reduced their inventory of sibilants, but in different ways:. In Portuguese, the spelling of these letters is based on pronunciation, which is closer to Latin and modern Italian. This leads to some orthographic disparities:. This can make a Portuguese phrase such as uma bala "a bullet" sound like una pala "a shovel" to a Spanish-speaker. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. This article possibly contains original research.

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