Simon Fraser and the Demon’s Cave

Although human use of the site was minimal until years ago, a fragment of human jawbone, the oldest human skeletal material discovered in arctic and subarctic North America, was found and dated to more than years old. As the climate changed and forests grew, the small rodents were unable to survive and their populations declined. While they do inhabit the frozen tundra of the arctic, they became extinct in the Peace River region.

Crow Raven Bird Public Domain. This technology is so distinctive that archaeologists make special note when it appears and the fact that the raven was buried with this tool contributes to the theory that the burial was deliberate. A deeper level excavation revealed a second raven skeleton, predating the first by at least 1, years and even better preserved. Wedged-shaped microblade core Simon Fraser University. The widespread extinctions of large mammals at the end of the Pleistocene epoch have often been attributed to humans and yet there is no evidence to support the presence of large populations of humans until thousands of years after the bison population declined.

The timing correlates with environmental changes and the onset of the last glacial cycle. DNA research found that there were two distinct bison populations. One group of bison lived to the south of the ice sheets in the continental USA and very southern parts of Saskatchewan, Alberta and B.

The other population lived in unglaciated regions of Yukon, Alaska and northeast Asia. When the bison fossils from across the vast regions were studied, it was found that in every location - except one - the bison were either northern or southern types. When the western Canadian ice sheets melted and new pastures developed, northern bison began to move south.

Ultimately, they met in the Peace River region. There is no evidence that they bred with each other and based on the genetics of modern bison in North America, the southern form survived and evolved into the bison we are now familiar with. Quite a number of large, quartzite chopping tools were found in the same layers as the late ice-age bison bones. Interestingly, none of these tools had been made at the site so they must have been carried, used, and then discarded. There were a few smaller, sharper stone tools, but again little evidence that they had been made there. Bones excavated from the lowest layers were largely legs and show distinct signs of having been butchered by human, and yet skulls and hooves are missing, which leads to the conclusion that this was not the kill site.

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One theory proposes that bison meat was stored at the site or within the cave as winter rations. Tool marks on bison bones Simon Fraser University. There were no indications that this was a long-term campsite - no trace of fire, nor proof for the tasks expected at a place where people lived, such as or preparation of hides. Also no other human burials apart from the one dating back years, and no wall paintings. While both caves and ravens are spiritually significant around the world, the connection between ravens and First Nations people is well documented as these remains are often found in places of ceremonial or ritual activity identified with ancestral Native Americans.

Caves are often thought of as entrances to the underworld and ravens are viewed as messengers and frequently connected to hunting. A very early occupation site in Northern British Columbia. Michelle Freson is a professional writer and editor and has spent many hundreds of wonderful hours working with and learning from fiction writers based all over the globe. Born in July, , Michelle has long since stopped working out her Register to become part of our active community, get updates, receive a monthly newsletter, and enjoy the benefits and rewards of our member point system OR just post your comment below as a Guest.

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A team of experts has discovered some astonishing cave paintings deep in a remote jungle. More than 11, years ago, an Ice Age artist carefully carved the images of deer into the floor of a cave on Crete. Upon passing these obstacles, one would come upon the Xibalba council place, where it was expected visitors would greet the seated Lords.

Realistic mannequins were seated near the Lords to confuse and humiliate people who greeted them, and the confused would then be invited to sit upon a bench, which was actually a hot cooking surface. The Lords of Xibalba would entertain themselves by humiliating people in this fashion before sending them into one of Xibalba's deadly tests. The city was home to at least six deadly houses filled with trials for visitors.

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The first was Dark House, a house that was completely dark inside. The second was Rattling House or Cold House, full of bone-chilling cold and rattling hail. The third was Jaguar House, filled with hungry jaguars.

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The fourth was Bat House, filled with dangerous shrieking bats, and the fifth was Razor House, filled with blades and razors that moved about of their own accord. In another part of the Popol Vuh , a sixth test, Hot House, filled with fires and heat, is identified.

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The purpose of these tests was to either kill or humiliate people placed into them if they could not outwit the test. Xibalba was home of a famous ballcourt in which the heroes of the Popol Vuh succumbed to the trickery of the demons in the form of a deadly, bladed ball, as well as the site in which the Maya Hero Twins outwitted the Gods and brought about their downfall. According to the Popol Vuh , the Xibalbans at one point enjoyed the worship of the people on the surface of the Earth, who offered human sacrifice to the gods of death.

Over the span of time covered in the Popol Vuh , the Xibalbans are tricked into accepting counterfeit sacrifices, and then finally humiliated into accepting lesser offerings from above.



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