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Grace Online Library Topically categorized writings from many mainstays of historic Baptist, Reformed and Puritan thought. Plus various writings by newer authors. Audio files are indexed by speaker , series , and subject. Sermon Central Over 40, full text sermons and sermon outlines, all indexed and searchable by text, topic, keyword, author, denomination, or audience age. Site also includes illustrations, dramas and PowerPoint slides. Indexed by Bible text, topic, speaker and date. Some Reformed, many not.

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Indexed by Bible text and speaker. Sermon Links Links to sermons, outlines, devotions, and articles. No real quality control, but numerous entries. Faith for Living Archives of sermons broadcast on radio and television by Michael A. Songs for Saplings Free catechism songs that teach biblical truth in ways that are easy to memorize. Reformed Answers Answers to biblical, theological and historical questions submitted by users.

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This site provides links to Bibles, commentaries, critical studies, historic writings, history, language tools, bibliographies, software, and much, much more. Large, up-to-date, searchable, and user-friendly. Features annotated links on subjects such as the Greek New Testament, textual criticism, Jesus, Paul, the early church, women and gender, art, and others.

Mark Goodacre at the University of Birmingham. Be sure to look for the Ancient Near Eastern resources peppered throughout the Scripture section. A few good resources also on their Books, Media, Reserves and journals and Newspapers pages. Not as extensive or scholarly as the link sites listed above, but very helpful and manageable for most laypeople. Presbyterian Church in America Official site. Anglican Mission in America Official site. Westminster Theological Seminary Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Westminster Seminary California Escondido, California. Miami International Seminary Miami, Florida.

Key Life Network Featuring the teaching of Dr. How do I use these resources? Are these resources really free? Is there a Third Millennium mobile app? Foundations of Interpretation Making Biblical Decisions. Back to Top Helps Songs for Saplings Free catechism songs that teach biblical truth in ways that are easy to memorize. Among the most important of these tombs in south Abusir, the tomb of the official and priest Hetepi deserves mentioning. Hetepi was a confidant of the king who took care of his affairs, and he was also a priest of the goddesses Bastet and Hatmehit.

The tomb of Hetepi is contemporary with the tomb of the overseer of the granaries of the royal palace Iti, as well as with the tombs that flank the bank of the Lake of Abusir. The owners of these tombs remain, however, virtually unknown. The rise of the Fourth Dynasty brought with it several decades of a standstill, when all building works were transferred to Giza. The activity at Abusir was revived first in the beginning of the Fifth Dynasty. The importance of his tomb lies above all in the fact that it is the first hitherto known evidence of building activities at this site after the Fourth Dynasty.

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Since the workshops and building guilds of Saqqara had after a long period of inactivity lost continuity, Kaaper brought with him the building tradition of Giza. Thus, in terms of architecture, his tomb represents a typical Giza tomb from the second half of the Fourth Dynasty. The beginning of the Fifth Dynasty witnessed also the foundation of the royal necropolis of Abusir by King Sahure, the second ruler of the Fifth Dynasty, who reigned for 12 —13 years. His pyramid complex is the best preserved and most illustrative example of the setup of such buildings in the time of the Fifth and Sixth Dynasties.

The entrance to the complex was formed by the valley temple, which was accessible from the east and south, where the so-called Lake of Abusir may have been located. An ascending causeway connected the valley temple with the pyramid temple. The causeway was originally roofed and its walls were decorated with mythological and court scenes, dominated by the Egyptian king. The preserved reliefs include numerous representations of the ruler, the bringing of foreign captives, hungry Bedouin, dancing scenes, sea boat journeys, scenes connected with the construction of the pyramid complex, and many others.


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The pyramid temple itself was entered via a monumental granite gate, which led to the so-called House of the Great. Its name derives from the fact that the high officials of the country assembled here in order to part with their deceased ruler.


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This room opened into the corridor running around the columned court and to the court itself. The court was paved with basalt blocks and its roof was supported by altogether 16 red granite columns with palmiform capitals. The black colour of the floor symbolized the resurrection of the king, evoking the way all life in Egypt rose from the fertile layers of black Nile mud. The door at the back of led to the so-called transversal corridor, which divided the outer and inner parts of the pyramid temple.

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The inner temple consisted of a room with five niches, which originally contained five statues of the king. The sides of the room contained doorways leading to the northern and southern magazines, where the cultic equipment and offerings for the daily cult of the king were stored. In the westernmost part of the temple, at the very foot of the pyramid, was the chapel, the offering hall of the temple, where priests presented offerings to the spirit of the deceased king. The east-west oriented chapel had an alabaster floor, dado of red granite and walls of limestone blocks covered with relief decoration.

The western wall contained the so-called false door, through which the spirit of the king returned from the other world in order to partake on the offering rituals performed in the chapel. The false door was of red granite covered with copper or gold foil. In the southwestern corner of the room was a small niche with a purification basin.

The side of the base of the pyramid of Sahure measured 78 m, and the pyramid itself reached the height of 48 m. The core of the pyramid was originally built in six steps, of which now only five are discernible. A descending corridor opened into a vestibule, which was located directly under the peak of the pyramid. Further west lay the east — west oriented burial chamber with a triple gabled ceiling built of large limestone blocks in order to distribute the weight of the building. The burial chamber may have originally contained a basalt sarcophagus. The next pyramid builder at Abusir is the possible brother of Sahure, Neferirkare.

His pyramid was in the first building stage conceived as a six-stepped one with a base of 72 m. Later, the core was extended to eight steps, the walls were cased smooth and a true pyramid was created.

Its side measured m, and its height reached 52 m, which made it the greatest pyramid on the Saqqara necropolis. The substructure of the pyramid of Neferirkare was, just like the other elements of his complex, very similar to those of Sahure. It is also the place of origin of one of the most significant corpora of epigraphic material from the time of the Old Kingdom, the Abusir papyrus archive, which is our major source of information concerning the function of the temple complexes and the royal cult in this period.

The ascending causeway of the complex remained unfinished due to the premature death of the king, and it was later reused by his younger son Niuserre. Her pyramid was probably built in three steps, and a small pyramid temple adjoined its eastern side. His pyramid complex, the construction of which had hardly strated, is commonly placed to the area between the pyramid of Sahure and the sun temple of Userkaf at Abu Ghurab. His pyramid had sides of Due to the early death of the king, the overall conception of the pyramid had to be changed and instead of a pyramid, a mastaba-like structure was built, called iat, hill, by the Egyptians.

The ascending causeway and valley temple are missing.

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Unique, however, was the discovery of the slaughterhouse complex, where the animals sacrificed in the temple were slaughtered, at the southeastern corner of the temple. The true heyday of the necropolis may be dated to the time of King Niuserre, the younger son of Neferirkare and brother of Neferefre. This king was the last one to have built his funerary complex in Abusir.