The Diva and Doctor God: Letters from Sarah Bernhardt to Doctor Samuel Pozzi

According to Gustave Schlumberger , they briefly became lovers, then remained lifelong friends afterwards. In , he commissioned painter Georges Clairin —probably through their common friend Bernhardt—to paint a painting for the wall of his Hospital, Lourcine. In , Bernhardt insisted on Pozzi to operate on her ovarian cyst.

In , she called on him again, and Pozzi arranged for a colleague to amputate her damaged leg. Pozzi became an honorary member of the Cercle de l'Union artistique known as the Mirlitons in , and met the painter John Singer Sargent. In he came to know poet Louise Ackermann , when he asked her to teach him German. Salonniere Lydie Aubernon nicknamed him "the love doctor".

He corresponded with a feminist writer Augustine Bulteau. He also collected coins and statuettes. In Pozzi was elected senator from Bergerac and represented his district for three years. He improved the water supply and sewer drainage of his town and was later involved with the restructuring of the French baccalaureate exams.

He did not seek re-election in In the ashes of Zola were transferred to the Pantheon and both Pozzi and Dreyfus were present. When the journalist Gregori shot at Dreyfus and wounded him on the arm, Pozzi rushed to his aid. On 13 June Maurice Machu , former patient from two years before, approached Pozzi in his consulting room. Pozzi had operated on him for varicocele of the scrotum, and he believed he had become impotent as a result. Machu asked him to operate again. When Pozzi refused because he could not remedy the situation, Machu shot him four times in the stomach.

Pozzi ordered himself to be taken to the Historia Hospital but the emergency laparotomy was unsuccessful. He asked to be buried in his military uniform and died shortly afterwards. Machu committed suicide later. Pozzi was buried in the Protestant cemetery in Bergerac. He was survived by his diplomat son Jean de Pozzi and poet daughter Catherine de Pozzi. Pozzi wrote over papers on surgery. His gynaecology text of was translated into five languages, and with revisions remained an authority to the s.

He wrote the first French texts about antiseptic methods, after his visit to Lister. In order to set up a list of libraries that you have access to, you must first login or sign up. Then set up a personal list of libraries from your profile page by clicking on your user name at the top right of any screen.

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To include a comma in your tag, surround the tag with double quotes. Skip to content Skip to search. Home This edition , English, Book, Illustrated edition: Diva and doctor god: Check copyright status Cite this Title Diva and doctor god: Physical Description p. Subjects Bernhardt, Sarah, -- Correspondence. A number of ruins have retained the memory of the tragedies took place within their walls. A special mention should be made in respect to Sarlat.

Following the restoration, in , the commune of Bonrepos was suppressed and merged with the adjacent commune of Souillac in Lot, but at some stage the victim died, and following a trial four individuals identified as culpable were in turn condemned to die by guillotine. Bordeaux — Bordeaux is a port city on the Garonne River in the Gironde department in southwestern France. With , inhabitants and 1,, in the area, it is the fifth largest in France, after Paris, Lyon, Marseille and Lille.

It is the capital of the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region, as well as the prefecture of the Gironde department and its inhabitants are called Bordelais or Bordelaises. The term Bordelais may also refer to the city and its surrounding region, Bordeaux is the worlds major wine industry capital. It is home to the main wine fair, Vinexpo.

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Bordeaux wine has been produced in the region since the 8th century, the historic part of the city is on the UNESCO World Heritage List as an outstanding urban and architectural ensemble of the 18th century. After Paris, Bordeaux has the highest number of preserved buildings of any city in France.

In historical times, around BC it was the settlement of a Celtic tribe, the Bituriges Vivisci, the name Bourde is still the name of a river south of the city. In BC, the Battle of Burdigala was fought by the Romans who were defending the Allobroges, a Gallic tribe allied to Rome, the Romans were defeated and their commander, the consul Lucius Cassius Longinus, was killed in the action. The city fell under Roman rule around 60 BC, its importance lying in the commerce of tin, later it became capital of Roman Aquitaine, flourishing especially during the Severan dynasty.

In it was sacked by the Vandals, further ravage was brought by the same Vandals in , the Visigoths in and the Franks in , beginning a period of obscurity for the city. In the late 6th century, the city re-emerged as the seat of a county and an archdiocese within the Merovingian kingdom of the Franks, the city started to play a regional role as a major urban center on the fringes of the newly founded Frankish Duchy of Vasconia.

Around , a certain Gallactorius is cited as count of Bordeaux, the city was plundered by the troops of Abd er Rahman in after storming the fortified city and overwhelming the Aquitanian garrison. After Duke Eudess defeat, the Aquitanian duke could still save part of its troops, the following year, the Frankish commander descended again over Aquitaine, but clashed in battle with the Aquitanians and left to take on hostile Burgundian authorities and magnates.

In , Aquitaine faced yet another expedition by Charles sons Pepin and Carloman against Hunald, Hunald was defeated, and his son Waifer replaced him, who in turn confirmed Bordeaux as the capital city. During the last stage of the war against Aquitaine, it was one of Waifers last important strongholds to fall to King Pepin the Shorts troops. Next to Bordeaux, Charlemagne built the fortress of Fronsac on a hill across the border with the Basques, in , Seguin was appointed count of Bordeaux, probably undermining the power of the Duke Lupo, and possibly leading to the Battle of Roncevaux Pass that very year.

Franco-Prussian War — The conflict was caused by Prussian ambitions to extend German unification and French fears of the shift in the European balance of power that would result if the Prussians succeeded. On 16 July , the French parliament voted to declare war on the German Kingdom of Prussia, the German coalition mobilised its troops much more quickly than the French and rapidly invaded northeastern France. The German forces were superior in numbers, had training and leadership and made more effective use of modern technology, particularly railroads.

French determination to regain Alsace-Lorraine and fear of another Franco-German war, along with British apprehension about the balance of power, the causes of the Franco-Prussian War are deeply rooted in the events surrounding the unification of Germany. In the aftermath of the Austro-Prussian War of , Prussia had annexed numerous territories and this new power destabilized the European balance of power established by the Congress of Vienna in after the Napoleonic Wars.

France was strongly opposed to any further alliance of German states, in Prussia, some officials considered a war against France both inevitable and necessary to arouse German nationalism in those states that would allow the unification of a great German empire. Bismarck also knew that France should be the aggressor in the conflict to bring the southern German states to side with Prussia, many Germans also viewed the French as the traditional destabilizer of Europe, and sought to weaken France to prevent further breaches of the peace.

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The immediate cause of the war resided in the candidacy of Leopold of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, France feared encirclement by an alliance between Prussia and Spain. The Hohenzollern princes candidacy was withdrawn under French diplomatic pressure, releasing the Ems Dispatch to the public, Bismarck made it sound as if the king had treated the French envoy in a demeaning fashion, which inflamed public opinion in France. They also argue that he wanted a war to resolve growing domestic political problems, other historians, notably French historian Pierre Milza, dispute this.

According to Milza, the Emperor had no need for a war to increase his popularity, the Ems telegram had exactly the effect on French public opinion that Bismarck had intended.

This text produced the effect of a red flag on the Gallic bull, gramont, the French foreign minister, declared that he felt he had just received a slap. Napoleons new prime minister, Emile Ollivier, declared that France had done all that it could humanly and honorably do to prevent the war, a crowd of 15—20, people, carrying flags and patriotic banners, marched through the streets of Paris, demanding war.

On 19 July a declaration of war was sent to the Prussian government, the southern German states immediately sided with Prussia. The French Army consisted in peacetime of approximately , soldiers, some of them were veterans of previous French campaigns in the Crimean War, Algeria, the Franco-Austrian War in Italy, and in the Mexican campaign. Under Marshal Adolphe Niel, urgent reforms were made, universal conscription and a shorter period of service gave increased numbers of reservists, who would swell the army to a planned strength of , on mobilisation.

Those who for any reason were not conscripted were to be enrolled in the Garde Mobile, however, the Franco-Prussian War broke out before these reforms could be completely implemented. Combat medic — Combat medics or Field medics are military personnel who have been trained to at least an EMT level, and are responsible for providing first aid and frontline trauma care on the battlefield.

They are also responsible for providing continuing medical care in the absence of a readily available physician, including care for disease, combat medics are normally co-located with the combat troops they serve in order to easily move with the troops and monitor ongoing health. In , sixteen European states adopted the first-ever Geneva Convention to save lives and alleviate the suffering of wounded, as well as to protect trained medical personnel as non-combatants, in the act of rendering aid.

According to the Geneva Convention, knowingly firing at a medic wearing clear insignia is a war crime, in modern times, most combat medics carry a personal weapon, to be used to protect themselves and the wounded or sick in their care.

Diva and doctor god : letters from Sarah Bernhardt to Doctor Samuel Pozzi

When and if they use their arms offensively, they sacrifice their protection under the Geneva Conventions. Before Larreys initiative in the s, wounded soldiers were either left amid the fighting until the combat ended or their comrades would carry them to the rear line.

He saw the need to equip this system with its own dedicated vehicles, organizations, facilities, the Letterman plan was first implemented in September at the Battle of Antietam, Maryland. They were dedicated members of the team that enabled American generals to concentrate on enemy threats rather than epidemic threats. This symbol was meant to signify to enemy combatants that the medic qualifies as a non-combatant, islamic countries use a Red Crescent instead. For indicative use on foreign territory, any national society can incorporate its unique symbol into the Red Crystal, under Protocol III, the MDA will continue to employ the red Magen David for domestic use, and will employ the red crystal on international relief missions.

Medical personnel from most western nations carry weapons for protection of themselves and their patients but remain designated non combatants, wearing the red cross, traditionally, most United States medical personnel also wore a distinguishing red cross, to denote their protection as non-combatants under the Geneva Convention. This practice continued into World War II, as their non combatant status is not respected, many US medics no longer wear non combatant markings.

This can enable medics to be used as medically trained soldiers, combat Medics in the United States Army and United States Navy Hospital Corpsmen are virtually indistinguishable from regular combat troops, except for the extra medical equipment they carry.

The Diva and the Doctor God: Letters from Sarah Bernhardt to Doctor Samuel Pozzi

He promoted the idea of sterile portable ports while working at the Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Lister successfully introduced carbolic acid to sterilise surgical instruments and to clean wounds. Applying Louis Pasteurs advances in microbiology, Lister championed the use of acid as an antiseptic. He first suspected it would prove an adequate disinfectant because it was used to ease the stench from fields irrigated with sewage waste and he presumed it was safe because fields treated with carbolic acid produced no apparent ill-effects on the livestock that later grazed upon them.

Listers work led to a reduction in post-operative infections and made safer for patients. He attended University College, London, one of only a few institutions which accepted Quakers at that time and he initially studied botany and obtained a bachelor of Arts degree in He registered as a student and graduated with honours as Bachelor of Medicine.

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There he joined the Royal Medical Society and presented two dissertations, in and , which are still in the possession of the Society today and he subsequently left the Quakers, joined the Scottish Episcopal Church, and eventually married Symes daughter, Agnes. On their honeymoon, they spent 3 months visiting leading medical institutes in France, by this time, Agnes was enamoured of medical research and was Listers partner in the laboratory for the rest of her life. Before Listers studies of surgery, most people believed that damage from exposures to bad air was responsible for infections in wounds.

Hospital wards were occasionally aired out at midday as a precaution against the spread of infection via miasma, a surgeon was not required to wash his hands before seeing a patient because such practices were not considered necessary to avoid infection. As the first two suggested by Pasteur were dangerous and unsafe for the treatment of human tissue, Lister experimented with the third idea. In , Friedlieb Ferdinand Runge discovered phenol, also known as carbolic acid, upon hearing that creosote had been used for treating sewage, Lister began to test the efficacy of carbolic acid when applied directly to wounds.

Clemenceau first served as Prime Minister from to , in favour of a total victory over the German Empire, he militated for the restitution of Alsace-Lorraine to France. The region was remote from Paris, rural and poor and his mother, Sophie Eucharie Gautreau, was of Huguenot descent. His father, Benjamin Clemenceau, came from a line of physicians. Benjamin had a reputation as an atheist and a political activist, he was arrested and briefly held in and he instilled in his son a love of learning, devotion to radical politics, and a hatred of Catholicism.

In December , he co-founded a weekly newsletter, Le Travail, on 23 February , he was arrested by the police for having placed posters summoning a demonstration. He spent 77 days in the Mazas Prison and he finally graduated as a doctor of medicine on 13 May , founded several literary magazines, and wrote many articles, most of which attacked the imperial regime of Napoleon III.

Clemenceau left France for the United States when the agents began cracking down on dissidents. Clemenceau worked in New York City in the years , following the American Civil War and he maintained a medical practice, but spent much of his time on political journalism for a Parisian newspaper.

Taylor, the Clemenceaus had three children together before the marriage ended in a contentious divorce. When the Paris Commune seized power in March , he tried unsuccessfully to find a compromise between the radical leaders and the commune and the more conservative French government. More than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, were mobilised in one of the largest wars in history and it was one of the deadliest conflicts in history, and paved the way for major political changes, including revolutions in many of the nations involved.

The war drew in all the worlds great powers, assembled in two opposing alliances, the Allies versus the Central Powers of Germany and Austria-Hungary. These alliances were reorganised and expanded as more nations entered the war, Italy, Japan, the trigger for the war was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary, by Yugoslav nationalist Gavrilo Princip in Sarajevo on 28 June This set off a crisis when Austria-Hungary delivered an ultimatum to the Kingdom of Serbia.

Within weeks, the powers were at war and the conflict soon spread around the world. On 25 July Russia began mobilisation and on 28 July, the Austro-Hungarians declared war on Serbia, Germany presented an ultimatum to Russia to demobilise, and when this was refused, declared war on Russia on 1 August. Germany then invaded neutral Belgium and Luxembourg before moving towards France, after the German march on Paris was halted, what became known as the Western Front settled into a battle of attrition, with a trench line that changed little until In , Italy joined the Allies and Bulgaria joined the Central Powers, Romania joined the Allies in , after a stunning German offensive along the Western Front in the spring of , the Allies rallied and drove back the Germans in a series of successful offensives.

By the end of the war or soon after, the German Empire, Russian Empire, Austro-Hungarian Empire, national borders were redrawn, with several independent nations restored or created, and Germanys colonies were parceled out among the victors.

The Diva and the Doctor God: Letters from Sarah Bernhardt to Doctor Samuel Pozzi

During the Paris Peace Conference of , the Big Four imposed their terms in a series of treaties, the League of Nations was formed with the aim of preventing any repetition of such a conflict. This effort failed, and economic depression, renewed nationalism, weakened successor states, and feelings of humiliation eventually contributed to World War II. From the time of its start until the approach of World War II, at the time, it was also sometimes called the war to end war or the war to end all wars due to its then-unparalleled scale and devastation.

In Canada, Macleans magazine in October wrote, Some wars name themselves, during the interwar period, the war was most often called the World War and the Great War in English-speaking countries.