O Código de Ekman: O Cérebro, a Face e a Emoção (Portuguese Edition)

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Chi ama i libri sceglie Kobo e inMondadori. From Theory to Application Back to Nonfiction. Facial Expression of Emotion: From Theory to Application by A. Buy the eBook Price: Unavailable in Russia This item can't be purchased in Russia. Facial expression of emotion can have a contagious effect among individuals in their social interaction. The debate on facial feedback and learning, in their cerebral, physiological and situational aspects, is well documented in the literature. The face has always been seen as a mechanism of adaptation and survival, a view borne out by empirical research.

Of the various theories on the facial expression of emotion, the holistic approach, which postulates that facial expression is the result of diverse and complex moderating variables, currently has most followers. Ratings and Reviews 0 0 star ratings 0 reviews. The identification of facial emotions is a key skill as it promotes rapid and accurate recognition of emotions and enables better communication and greater social adaptation. More recent studies have suggested that impaired social interactions may be related to deficits in social cognition and therefore in the recognition of facial expressions, contributing to social disturbance among individuals with borderline personality disorder BPD.

To present the results of an empirical study assessing the recognition of facial emotion expressions in women with BPD, having as reference a group of healthy women from the general population. The subjects 40 female with BPD and 40 controls were assessed with a dynamic task on a computer screen for recognition of facial expressions of emotion. The BPD group had a lower accuracy in perceiving emotions of fear and surprise and slowness in recognising happiness.

Logistic regression analyses also identified an association between BPD and higher sensitivity in the recognition of anger. Women with BPD made more mistakes in the recognition of negative emotions, which can bias the behaviour and regulation of affective states, favouring in turn the emergence of some typical symptoms associated with BPD. Face, emotion, borderline, personality, psychopathology. Borderline personality disorder BPD is characterised by experiences of great affective intensity and distinct impairment of emotion regulation, thus resulting in affective instability, especially within the social context 1,2.

Studies have recently suggested that this impairment in social interactions may be related to social cognition deficits, which consequently affects the recognition of facial expressions of emotion and contributes to social problems among individuals with BPD Some studies report minor impairments in BPD patients. Von Ceumern-Lindenstjerna 6 showed images of facial expressions to female adolescents diagnosed with BPD and to health ones, including those with other psychiatric diagnoses. The subjects were asked to name the emotion shown on each image and estimate the intensity of negativity and pleasantness in the face.

The adolescents with BPD showed no deficit in naming the emotions, not differing from the other groups. Nevertheless, the adolescents with BPD perceived positive facial expressions of emotion with less intensity and pleasantness, but perceived negative facial expressions with more intensity and negativity. A literature review conducted by Domes et al.

In this sense, the authors hypothesised that there must be an emotional hyper-activity in these patients which interferes with their cognitive processing of facial emotions. Similarly, a study conducted by Unoka et al. These patients also attributed excessive feelings of disgust, fear and surprise to the faces.

On the other hand, these patients presented no impairment in the recognition of happiness facial expressions. Corroborating these data, a meta-analysis on the issue showed that subjects with BPD had a lower rate of hits in the recognition of negative emotions compared to controls, mainly regarding anger and disgust. However, they poorly performed in the identification of neutral faces as they attributed erroneously emotions to them 8. Another interesting aspect regarding studies on facial recognition and BPD has to do with changes observed in neuroimaging examinations.

Within this context, it was found that patients with BPD had an increase in the activation of amygdala when they were shown images inducing adverse emotions or with human faces expressing feelings. It should be highlighted that amygdala is known to be the main structure involved in the processing of anxiety and other emotional states, in addition to being associated with BPD because of specific alterations 9, These findings indicate that deficits in facial recognition of emotional expressions can favour biases in behaviour and regulation of affective states, favouring in turn the emergence of some typical symptoms associated with BPD, such as impulsivity, self-aggression and hetero-aggression, and contributing to unstable social relationships 4.

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Therefore, it is clinically relevant to know this dimension regarding mainly control and treatment of the picture. Considering this whole context, the results of an empirical study carried out in Brazil will be presented with the objective of assessing the recognition of facial expressions of emotion in BPD women, having as reference a group of healthy women from the general population. The sample consisted of two distinct groups consisting each of 40 adult women matched by socio-demographic characteristics. The control group consisted of students and staff of an education institution and of a primary healthcare program, and users of a non-governmental organisation, with no history of previous diagnosis or psychiatric treatment.

Exclusion criteria for both groups were the following: The following instruments were used to characterise the sample:. Facial expression recognition task — computerised task consisting in a series of 24 photos of actors expressing typical characteristics of six basic emotions i.

1. Representações conscientes e não-conscientes de Faces emocionais na síndrome de Asperger!
2. O código de Ekman: O cérebro, a face e a emoção by A. Freitas-Magalhães on Apple Books.
3. O Código do Desprezo by A. Freitas-Magalhães on Apple Books;

The stimuli used were those described by Ekman and Friesen 21 and the procedure was that standardised by Arrais et al. In such a procedure, photographs with four different white actors i. Images of each emotion were submitted to the morphing technique and then grouped, resulting in a video clip starting with a neutral face no emotion and ending with a typical representation of the emotion in question full emotion. The video clips were shown on a touch screen by using the Superlad 4. Data were individually collected and inserted in a database.

O Código do Desprezo

To analyze the data, we used: The variables whose p value was below 0. Socio-demographic and clinical characterisation of the groups can be seen in Table 1. According to Table 1, the groups are homogeneous regarding age and education level, but differing in the clinical characteristics, with BPD group presenting more indicators of psychopathology co-morbidity and greater functional impairment With regard to medications used, the main ones were: Emotional intensity percentage required in the task of facial emotion recognition.

The BPD group had significantly more mistakes in recognising such feelings compared to the control group. Table 3 shows data regarding the response time in the task of facial emotion recognition in which the only statistically significant difference between the groups was found for emotion of happiness, although the response time was longer for all emotions in the BPD group. Table 4 shows the results regarding the emotional intensity required in the task of facial emotion recognition by using the morphing technique.



BPD group required more emotional intensity to identify all the basic emotions, regardless of the face gender. However, there was statistically significant difference only in the emotion of happiness. Table 5 shows data regarding the final model of logistic regression analysis for identification of the most significant associations between BPD and recognition of facial expressions of emotions. The logistic regression analysis identified an association between BPD and higher sensitivity in the recognition of anger and low accuracy in the recognition of fear and surprise.

Nowadays, it is considered that processing, recognition and expression of emotions are not just innate phenomena which invoke genetic memories in order to allow humans to react to the environment on an adaptive basis, as proposed by Darwin With the development of cerebral cortex over the evolution of the human species, it is suggested that this phenomenon also occurs at some level with mediation of learning, cognitive resources and cultural values