Inside Chinas Grand Strategy: The Perspective from the Peoples Republic (Asian In The New Millennium)

Minimizing Differences, Maximizing Convergences. Taiwan's Election and Cross-Strait Policy. Journal of International Studies 38 2. Are they entirely insurmountable? In China, social media is shaping the public discourse on Doklam stand-off A peek into the discussions on Weibo and WeChat. A peek into the discussions on Weibo and WeChat. Retreating US, engaging China and rising India will mark the new world order.

Despite discord on some issues, the views of both leaders, Xi and Modi, are converging on the new international order, advocating globalisation and multilateralism. Trishanku eventually was permitted to live in Trishanku eventually was permitted to live in heaven but had to reside upside down, after a compromise was reached between Indra and sage Vishwamitra. He has compelling reasons for this warning: The Soviet Union which established the socialist world system is now residing upside down in its heaven.

Ye, the grandfather of strategic thinking in China, favours assimilation with the existing world system, but keeping Chinese values and norms intact. Does the Doklam stand-off signal the beginning of the end of the Asian Century? It has the potential to puncture the efforts of successive governments in both countries over the years.

Indian professor in China explains how public libraries are benefiting Chinese society. Public libraries in China are serving not only as "knowledge depositories" for research, but also as centres for spreading knowledge across segments of society. Power Play or Power Dilemma? Closer to home, China has made efforts to reduce tensions in parts of Asia ; its relations with its Asian neighbors have become stable during the last decades of the 20th century.

Relations have improved with Vietnam since a border war was fought with the one-time close ally in A territorial dispute with its Southeast Asian neighbors over islands in the South China Sea remains unresolved, as does another dispute in the East China Sea with Japan. These conflicts have had a negative impact on China's reputation in many parts of the world.

China has improved ties with Russia. The SCO is designed to promote regional stability and cooperate to combat terrorism in the region. Relations with India have also improved considerably.

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After years of competition, general distrust between the two mostly over China's close relationship with Pakistan and India's with the former Soviet Union and a border war, relations in the 21st century between the world's two most populous states have never been more harmonious, as they have started to collaborate in several economic and strategic areas. Both countries have doubled their economic trade in the past few years, and China became India's largest trading partner in The two countries are planning to host joint naval exercises.

In , China and India held negotiations for the first time since the Sino-Indian War of on a major border dispute: While New Delhi has raised objections to Chinese military-aid to arch-rival Pakistan and neighbouring Bangladesh , Beijing similarly objects to India's growing military collaboration with Japan, Australia and the United States.

China has border and maritime disputes, including with Vietnam in the Gulf of Tonkin and with Japan. Beijing has resolved many of these disputes. During the late s and early 21st century, Chinese foreign policy appeared to be focused on improving relations with Russia and Europe to counterbalance the United States. This strategy was based on the premise that the United States was a hyperpower whose influence could be checked through alliances with other powers, such as Russia or the European Union.

This assessment of United States power was reconsidered after the United States intervention in Kosovo , and as the 20th century drew to a close, the discussion among think tanks in China involved how to reorient Chinese foreign policy in a unipolar world. This discussion also occurred in the context of China's new security concept , which argued that the post—Cold War era required nations to move away from thinking in terms of alliances and power blocs and toward thinking in terms of economic and diplomatic cooperation.

China had long been a close ally of North Korea but also found a valuable trading partner in South Korea and eventually took a role in the early s as a proponent of " six-party talks " North Korea, South Korea , Russia , Japan, the United States, and China to resolve tensions on the Korean Peninsula. China was instrumental at brokering talks with North Korea over its nuclear program, and in , there was a concerted effort by China to improve relations with the ASEAN countries and form a common East Asian market.

These foreign policy efforts have been part of a general foreign policy initiative known as China's peaceful rise. On 15 November , Hu Jintao visited Seoul and spoke of the importance of both countries' contributions for regional peace and cooperation in economic development. However, China's opposition to the bid of two of its important neighbors—India and Japan—to become permanent members of the United Nations Security Council has proved to be an irritant in their respective relationships.

Japan, with its large economic and cultural influences in Asia, is seen by China as its most formidable opponent and partner in regional diplomacy. The two sides established diplomatic relations in , and Japanese investment in China was important in the early years of China's economic reforms and ever since. At a national meeting on diplomatic work in August , China's paramount leader Hu Jintao reiterated that China will continue its "independent foreign policy of peaceful development," stressing the need for a peaceful and stable international environment, especially among China's neighbors, that will foster "mutually beneficial cooperation" and "common development.

In , there was talk of the European Union lifting its arms embargo imposed in , [39] however the United States has objected to this. In , Foreign ministry spokesman Qin Gang made a statement about the eight-point diplomatic philosophy of China: In , Foreign Minister Yang Jiechi outlined plans for an "integrated approach" that would serve China's economic development.

With China's growing influence around the world, Beijing has now set its efforts [ clarification needed ] on Africa. China's focus in Africa is not a recent occurrence. In the s and s, Beijing's interest centered on building ideological solidarity. Following the Cold War , Chinese interests evolved into more pragmatic pursuits such as trade, investment, and energy. China is Africa's third largest commercial partner after the US and France, and second largest exporter to Africa after France.

It is notably ahead of former colonial power Britain in both categories. The establishment of modern Sino-African relations dates back to the late s when China signed the first official bilateral trade agreement with Algeria , Egypt , Guinea , Somalia , Morocco and Sudan. Zhou Enlai made a ten-country tour to Africa between December and January Relations at that time were often reflective of Chinese foreign policy in general: China "began to cultivate ties and offer[ Early modern bilateral relations were mainly affected by the Cold War and the ideology of communism.

When Somalia sought to create a Greater Somalia , it declared war on Ethiopia , with the aid of the Soviet Union , Somalia took Ogaden in three months, but the Soviet Union shifted its support from Somalia to Ethiopia, and Ethiopia retook the Ogaden region. This angered Siad Barre , and expelled all Soviets advisors and citizens from Somalia, but Somalia maintained good relations with China, which segrated with the traditional Russian Communism. During the Cold War , a few smaller nations also entered in alliances with China, such as Burundi under Michel Micombero.

Since , around 40 African heads of state have visited China. There are an estimated Chinese corporations doing business in Africa, most of which are private companies investing in the infrastructure, energy and banking sectors. Military cooperation goes back to the Cold War period when China was keen to help African liberation movements.

Apart from some traditional allies such as Somalia and Uganda , China also had military ties with non-aligned countries such as Egypt. There is no Chinese military presence in Africa other than that used in peacekeeping. Africa is a host of three Chinese cultural centres. The first overseas Chinese centre was opened in Mauritius in The Confucius Institute , which focuses on the promotion of the Chinese language and culture , has 20 centers distributed around 13 African countries.

Historically, little is known about early African immigration to China, although there is no doubt and much consensus that the human species was originally from Africa. Due to recent developments in relations, [ ambiguous ] many [ quantify ] have been relocating for better opportunities. Places dubbed 'Little Africa' and 'Chocolate city' are increasingly receiving new immigrants, mostly Nigerians.

Most of the African immigrants are concentrated in the area of Guangzhou with an estimated number of 20, In contrast, early modern Chinese immigration to the African continent is slightly better documented. In the early 19th century, another wave of immigrants came to South Africa as workers brought by the British to work in agriculture, infrastructure building and mining. Estimates vary by source though Xinhua , China's official news agency, states that there are no less than , Chinese nationals working or living in Africa.

Due to the low prices of Chinese-made weaponry and military equipment, an increasing number of African countries shifted their source of supply from traditional providers such as Russia to China. The Zimbabwean example is relevant. Relations between China and Robert Mugabe 's regime in Zimbabwe have also been the focus of criticism by a few Western countries. China was accused of supplying Zimbabwe with jet fighters, vehicles and other military equipment. Chinese role in Africa has sparked much criticism, mainly by Western countries who accuse it of " neocolonialism ".

Recent years have seen Beijing's growing economic and political influence in South America and the Caribbean. China is training increasing numbers of Latin American and Caribbean region military personnel, mainly due to a three-year-old U. Caribbean regional relations with China are mostly based on trade , credits , and investments which have increased significantly since the s. For many Caribbean nations the increasing ties with China have been used as a way to decrease long time over-dependence on the United States.

Additionally, China's policy in the region was the utillisation of " dollar diplomacy " or the attempts to switch many nations from recognizing Taiwan as an independent nation instead to the recognition of the "One China" policy in exchange for Chinese investment. More recently, during various visits by several Chinese diplomats to the Caribbean region a deal was signed for China to help establish the Confucius Institute at the Mona Campus of the University of the West Indies , with a possible additional one to be established at the Cave Hill Campus.

China has also expanded several levels of cooperation with the Caribbean region. China and the Government of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago were said to have formed an agreement where asphalt from Trinidad and Tobago would be exported to China during its construction boom in preparation for the Summer Olympics. Trinidad and Tobago has also [ clarification needed ] mooted the idea of starting direct shipments of oil and liquid natural gas direct from Trinidad and Tobago to China, to fuel the later's growing need for resources to fuel their economy.

As the Caribbean political heads of government have had several messy run-ins [ which?

Inside China's Grand Strategy - The Perspective from the People's Republic (Electronic book text)

Several capital-works or infrastructural projects across the Caribbean region have also been financed by the Chinese government. Both countries have established diplomatic relations [84]. Diplomatic relations between Barbados and the People's Republic of China were established on 30 May Hong replaced the former Ambassador Wei Qiang [87] in Following the Sichuan earthquake , the Barbadian prime minister visited the Chinese Embassy to personally sign the book of condolence to the nation.

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Over the years a number of building projects have been carried out with Chinese government assistance these include: A consideration was also giving according to the Prime Minister of Barbados, David Thompson for China to assist with the opening of a new cruise ship facility in Barbados. Chinese Premier Wen said that China would like to join hands with Barbados in deepening cooperation in the areas of trade, tourism, architecture, and cultural exchange.

Both nations have additionally signed bilateral agreements including a Double taxation agreement and a Reciprocal Promotion and Protection of Investments treaty. The Chinese government remains one of the main stakeholders in the Barbados-based Caribbean Development Bank CDB , which lends to the various territories throughout the Caribbean region. Cuban—Chinese relations are the interstate relations between China and Cuba.

The relations are based on trade, credits, and investments which have increased significantly since the s.

Foreign relations of China

The policy, the orientation, has been determined. Chinese goods have become the primary tools both in the planned revitalisation of Cuban transport infrastructure and in the "Energy Revolution" of to provide electricity to the Cuban populace. Once the UN issue was resolved, relations with the United States began to thaw. In , President Richard Nixon visited China. China backed away from support of North Vietnam in its war with the U. In response to the Soviet-backed Vietnamese invasion of Cambodia, China fought an inconclusive border war with Vietnam February—March Formal diplomatic relations were established with the U.

Sino-Arab relations have extended historically back to the first Caliphate , with important trade routes, and good diplomatic relations.



Following the age of Imperialism , the Sino-Arab relations were halted for several centuries, until both gained independence in the 19th and 20th century. Today, modern Sino-Arab relations are evolving into a new era, with the SACF Sino-Arab cooperation Forum helping China and the Arab nations to establish a new partnership in an era of the growing globalization. Although the Tang Dynasty and the Abbasid Caliphate had fought at Talas , on 11 June , an Abbasid embassy arrived at Chang'an simultaneously with the Uyghur Turks in order to pay tribute. An Arab envoy presented horses and a girdle to the Chinese in , but he refused to pay homage to the Emperor, said, he said "In my country we only bow to God never to a Prince".

The first thing the court was going to do was to murder the envoy, however, a minister intervened, saying "a difference in the court etiquette of foreign countries ought not to be considered a crime. He was gifted with a "purple robe and a girdle". There was a controversy between the Arab ambassadors and Uyghur Khaganate Ambassadors over who should go first into the Chinese court, they were then guided by the Master of Ceremonies into two different entrances. Three Da shi ambassadors arrived at the Tang court in A.

A war which was raging between the Arabs and Tibetans from benefited the Chinese. According to Professor Samy S. In Islamic times Muslims from Arabia traded with China. China under the Kuomintang had established relations with Egypt and Saudi Arabia in the s. Pilgrims also made the Hajj to Mecca from China.

Gamal Abdel Nasser cut off the diplomatic relations with the Republic of China on Taiwan and established the new tie with the People's Republic of China in By the s all Arab states had finished to recognize the People's Republic of China as the legitimate state of China. The relations between China and the Arab League as an organization, officially started in , yet it was in , when the Arab League opened its first Office in China, when former Secretary general Essmat Abdel Megeed went to an official Visit to Beijing, in , the Chinese leader Jiang Zemin visited the Arab League headquarters during his visit in Cairo, to become the first Chinese leader to have an official visit for the Arab League.

In the opening ceremony of the Forum in , Chinese foreign minister Li Zhaoxing said that "the Arab world is an important force in the international arena, and that China and Arab countries enjoy a time-honored friendship. Hu noted at the time that the formation of the forum was a continuation of the traditional friendship between China and the Arab world and an important move to promote bilateral ties under new circumstances.

Li stated that "the establishment of the forum would be conducive to expanding mutually beneficial cooperation in a variety of areas. First, maintaining mutual respect, equitable treatment and sincere cooperation on the political front. Second, promoting economic and trade ties through cooperation in investment, trade, contracted projects, labor service, energy, transportation, telecommunications, agriculture, environmental protection and information. Third, expanding cultural exchanges. Finally, conducting personnel training," he said. Arab foreign ministers attending the meeting agreed that the formal inauguration of the forum was a significant event in the history of Arab ties with China.

They submitted a variety of proposals on promoting Sino-Arab friendship and cooperation. At the conclusion of the meeting, Li and Arab League Secretary General Amr Moussa signed a declaration and an action plan for the forum. It aims to enhance the cooperation between the League of Arab States and China in the field of environmental protection, which is in line with the common aspiration of the two parties and their long term interests, and will help to promote the friendship between the two parties.

The two parties will try to involve relevant government departments and sectors, and will actively promote and seek cooperation on the projects and activities in the following areas:. As the Chinese economy booms, a major priority is securing natural resources to keep pace with demand, and investment into China's central Asian neighbors are doing leaps and bounds to meet this demand. Chinese oil companies have invested into Kazakh oil fields, China and Kazakhstan have constructed an oil pipeline from Kazakhstan to China and are planning to construct a natural gas pipeline.

In Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan , China has invested in hydroelectric projects. In addition to bolstering trade ties, Beijing has contributed aid and funding to the region's countries. The Shanghai Cooperation Organisation , of which China is a founding member, is also becoming increasingly important in Central Asian security and politics. Many observers believe that beyond fostering good-neighborly relations, China is also concerned with securing its borders as it emerges as a world power. Having fought two wars against Japan —95 and —45 , China's long-standing concern about the level of Japan's military strength surfaces periodically, and criticism of Japan's refusal to present a full version of the atrocities of World War II in its textbooks is a perennial issue.

The relationship between China and Japan has been strained at times by Japan's refusal to acknowledge its wartime past to the satisfaction of China. Revisionist comments made by prominent Japanese officials and some Japanese history textbooks regarding the Nanking Massacre have been a focus of particular controversy. Beijing runs trade surpluses with many partners, including Pakistan , Bangladesh , Nepal and Sri Lanka. Fast on the heels of the U. China also lends to and invests in South Asian nations with low-cost financial capital, to help their development sector, especially with the current economically struggling countries of Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, and Nepal [].

Lately however China has made efforts to improve relations with many of its neighbors. The trade balance between the two countries are in China's favour. China has also officially agreed to helping Bangladesh on developing their nuclear power plant. Bangladesh has also signed the Apsco convention with six other nations to form a pact with China on space exploration. Both countries have sought to reduce tensions along the frontier, expand trade and cultural ties, and normalise relations.

A series of high-level visits between the two nations have helped improve relations. While in New Delhi, he signed with the Indian Prime Minister a series of confidence-building measures for the disputed borders. Sino-Indian relations suffered a brief setback in May when the Indian Defence minister justified the country's nuclear tests by citing potential threats from China.

By , relations between India and China were on the mend, and the two sides handled the move from Tibet to India of the 17th Karmapa in January with delicacy and tact. Since , the economic rise of both China and India has also helped forge closer relations between the two. Both the countries are the largest Asian investors in Africa [] and have competed for control over its large natural resources.

Pakistan and China have very strong relations that have even been compared to Israel — United States relations.

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China continues to invest heavily into Pakistan, and is providing assistance in the development of Gwadar Port - the country's 3rd major port, , [] timber transhipments from Mozambique, as well as improving infrastructure and the development of a pipeline from the said port towards China's western regions. This has been unstable after the Chinese crackdown on Xinjiang residents during Ramadan when?

Pakistani students often go to China to study while Chinese workers come to Pakistan to work on infrastructure projects. Pakistan ceded a portion of Kashmir in the s. They also share the Karakoram Highway , one of the highest paved roads in the world. Pakistani and Chinese authorities collaborated on everything from nuclear and space technology where help was provided by China to Pakistan, to cruise missile and naval technology, where Pakistan helped China get hold of western technology which it could otherwise not acquire.

China's geopolitical ambitions focus on Southeast Asia, where Beijing is intent upon establishing a preeminent sphere of influence. China has pursued this ambition with a diplomatic campaign designed to bind the region to China - politically, economically, and militarily. Historically, China's relations with the region has been uneasy, due to the country's involvement with the Vietnam War , the Malayan Communist Party during the first and second communist insurgencies in Malaysia , as well as the Communist Party of Indonesia and 30 September Movement in Indonesia. As a result, previously friendly relations with Indonesia under the Sukarno government broke off in , and were not restored until , while diplomatic relations with Malaysia were not established until China's conflict with the government of Vietnam over the support of the Khmer Rouge in Cambodia resulted in the Sino-Vietnamese War and other border conflicts.

China's relationship with Singapore is good, and the latter is one of only three countries that can enjoy visa-free entry to the country, starting 17 April In , China claimed "indisputable sovereignty" over the South China Sea , but said that the other nations in the area could continue to navigate its waters. In , China objected to a growing coalition of nations that were grouping together to resist Chinese sovereignty over the South China Sea, saying that these nations could not "counterbalance and contain China as they expected.

After the demise of the Soviet Union , China's relations with Russia and the former states of the Soviet Union became more amicable as the conflicting ideologies of the two vast nations no longer stood in the way. A new round of bilateral agreements was signed during reciprocal head of state visits. As in the early s with the Soviet Union, Russia has again become an important source of military technology for China, as well as for raw materials and trade. Friendly relations with Russia have been an important advantage for China, offsetting its often uneasy relations with the United States.

Relations with Europe, both Eastern and Western, generally have been friendly in the early 21st century, and, indeed, close political and trade relations with the European Union nations have been a major thrust of China's foreign policy in the s. In November , General Secretary Hu Jintao visited the United Kingdom , Germany , and Spain and announced China's eagerness to enter into greater political and economic cooperation with its European partners. China maintains diplomatic relations with eight countries in Oceania: The Pacific is an area of intense and continuous diplomatic competition between the PRC and the ROC, with several countries Nauru , Kiribati , Vanuatu having switched diplomatic support from one to the other at least once.

In , China announced it intended to enhance its diplomatic ties with the Pacific Islands Forum , and increase the economic aid package it provided to that organisation. At the same time, Chinese delegate Zhou Whenzhong added: The PRC would provide more economic aid, abolish tariffs for exports from the Pacific's least developed countries, annul the debt of those countries, distribute free anti- malaria medicines, and provide training for two thousand Pacific Islander government officials and technical staff.

Also in , Wen became the first Chinese premier to visit the Pacific islands, which the Taipei Times described as "a longtime diplomatic battleground for China and Taiwan". In , Xinhua , the Chinese official press agency, stated that Pacific Islands Forum member countries had "spoke[n] highly of the generous assistance China has provided to the region over the past many years and expressed the hope for a further enhanced cooperation with China". That same month, John Henderson of the University of Canterbury stated that, in his view, many Pacific Islanders are worried "that their livelihood is being taken away by Chinese traders coming in, often getting in buying political privileges, playing a role in rigging elections".

Henderson suggested that the anti-Chinese riots in Tonga and Solomon Islands could be repeated in countries such as Fiji and Vanuatu. He added that this might lead the PRC to increase its role in the region further, in order to protect ethnic Chinese Pacific Islanders. China opposes all forms of hegemonism and power politics and will never seek hegemony or engage in expansion. We have been successful in understanding local customs. Many of us have learnt the language and have assimilated.

The final report of the April Australia Summit addressed China's influence in the Pacific in the following terms:. In June , a report from the Lowy Institute stated that China's aid policy towards the Pacific was almost certainly aimed solely at encouraging Pacific countries not to grant diplomatic recognition to Taiwan, and that there was no sign of the PRC attempting to increase its military influence or its access to the region's natural resources. It must help the local economy to develop and promote people's livelihoods.

China would never interfere in these countries' internal affairs. Its aim, as reported by the People's Daily during the ships' four-day stop in Tonga, was "enhancing friendship and strengthening military cooperation".

Inside China's Grand Strategy: The Perspective from the People's Republic

In April , the Lowy Institute issued a new report noting that China, in its approach to the Pacific, had been "shifting from grant aid to soft loans", which were "leading to increasing problems of indebtedness" and "making Pacific governments vulnerable to political pressure from Beijing". The report suggested that countries may struggle to repay the loans within the set timeframe, and that "outstanding loans may well tie Pacific countries to Beijing", in a context of diplomatic competition with Taipei. The report also noted, however, that some loans "are destined for projects that will create economic growth; growth that will create jobs, reduce poverty and help make repayments".

In April China continued to widen its diplomatic influence with loans and aid with the region. As an emerging and developing economy, China is a very important trading partner and destination for Australian raw material export for the growth of Australian economy. The two countries are currently strengthening their economic relations. The election of Kevin Rudd as Prime Minister of Australia has been seen as favourable to Sino-Australian relations, notably in view of the fact that he is the first Australian Prime Minister to speak fluent Mandarin, and that closer engagement with Asia is one of the "Three Pillars" of his foreign policy.

A Strong and Stable Partnership for the 21st Century". In February , Australia reportedly "chastised Taiwan for its renewed push for independence" and "reiterated its support for a one-China policy". Fiji was the first Pacific Island country to establish diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China, in Fiji's foreign policy under Prime Minister Laisenia Qarase — was in the latter's own words to "look north" - i.

This is what we would like to engage on with China as we increasingly look north for the answers to our trade and investment aspirations. In , Taiwanese President Chen Shui-bian visited Fiji, where he was greeted by government delegates with "full traditional Fijian ceremony of welcome" - although he did not meet his counterpart President Ratu Josefa Iloilovatu Uluivuda , nor Prime Minister Qarase.

Ambassador Cai expressed China's "disappointment" at Fiji for having authorised the visit. Later that year, relations were slightly strained once more when Fiji supported Taiwan's wish to join the World Health Organization. Following the military coup in Fiji in December , the PRC distanced itself from the Western nations which condemned the overthrow of Qarase's government.

The post-coup "interim government" led by Commodore Frank Bainimarama has continued Qarase's "look north" policy. They committed to have an election when everything is ready. I think we should take their words [sic] for it. In March , following unrest in Tibet , Fiji expressed its support for China's actions in dealing with rioting in Lhasa. Those arrested were "mainly women who had gathered peacefully", according to a Radio New Zealand International correspondent, and included human rights activist Shamima Ali.

The author of the article commented: On the one hand, Western states are asking it to help isolate the new dictatorship in Fiji. On the other, China faces the risk of losing a Fiji starved of funds to its renegade province, Taiwan. In August , while on a visit to China, Commodore Bainimarama spoke of the "very close and cordial relations that our two countries share in our trade, cultural and sporting linkages", and added:.

In February , at a time when Fiji was facing pressure from the Pacific Islands Forum over its apparent lack of progress towards a restoration of democracy, Chinese Vice-President Xi Jinping paid a state visit to Fiji and met Prime Minister Bainimarama. Xinhua reported that, during Xi's visit, China and Fiji had "signed a number of cooperative deals" by which China would provide Fiji with "economic and technical assistance". Bainimarama, for his part, re-affirmed his country's recognition of the One China policy, and, as reported by Fiji Village , "thanked the Chinese government for fully recognizing Fiji's sovereignty and adopting a policy of non-interference in its domestic affairs".

In June , the Fiji Democracy and Freedom Movement, an organisation founded in Australia to campaign for the restoration of democracy in Fiji, sent a petition to the Chinese embassy in Canberra , asking China to "withdraw support for the military regime". Despite close relations between Fiji and the PRC, Taiwan provides continuous free medical assistance to the country. A Taiwanese medical team visits Fiji on an annual basis to offer its services in hospitals and clinics. The Fiji government has expressed its gratitude for the help.

The Federated States of Micronesia opened an embassy in Beijing. Diplomatic relations with New Zealand were first established in The People's Republic of China in December became the first country to establish official diplomatic relations with Niue, [] and provides economic aid to the Cook Islands. On 29 September , New Zealand's delegate in United Nations openly praised the improving relations between the two governments of Beijing and Taipei.

In July , Niuean Premier Toke Talagi stated that, if development aid were not forthcoming from New Zealand, he would request aid from China instead. Papua New Guinea is one of China's biggest trade partners in Oceania. Papua New Guinea exports far more to China than does any other Pacific Islands country, and imports three times more from China than does any other such country. Skate lost power less than a week later, and Papua New Guinea's diplomatic recognition reverted to China. In , Chinese embassy in Port Moresby published a statement of concern in reaction to comments in the Papua New Guinea press questioning the justification for PNG's relations with the People's Republic.

The embassy statement insisted that relations between the two countries were mutually beneficial, reasserted Chinese claims to Taiwan, and concluded: The diplomatic relations between China and Samoa were established in In the late s, China began sending doctors to the Samoan National Hospital, and sent over a hundred over the following two decades.

In March , following unrest in Tibet , the speaker of the Samoan Fono legislative assembly , Tolofuaivalelei Falemoe Leiataua, stated that foreign leaders should not interfere with China as it deals with "internal affairs", and that they should not meet the Dalai Lama. In June , Samoa announced it would be opening diplomatic missions in China and Japan - the country's first diplomatic offices in Asia. In , the Chinese government-funded China-Samoa Agricultural Demonstration Farm was established in Nu'u with an aim "to train the Samoan farmers on voluntary basis through Chinese agricultural planting techniques".

About Samoan farmers received training from Chinese agricultural experts. In , 57 Samoan students were studying in China on a Chinese government sponsorship. Relations with Tonga were first established in This followed alleged complaints from other shopkeepers regarding competition from local Chinese. The Tongan government decided not to renew the work permits of over Chinese storekeepers, and admitted the decision was in response to "widespread anger at the growing presence of the storekeepers".

That same year, however, Tonga and China decided to strengthen their "military relations". In April , Tongan King George Tupou V visited China, reaffirmed his country's adherence to the "One China" policy, and, according to the Chinese State news agency Xinhua , "supported the measures adopted to handle the incident in Lhasa ". Xinhua stated that China and Tonga have "fruitful cooperation in politics, economy, trade, agriculture and education, and kept a sound coordination in regional and international affairs".

Simultaneously, the International Monetary Fund warned Tonga was "facing debt distress", a "very high possibility that Tonga [would] be unable to service its debts in the future". In , Vanuatu signed an economic cooperation agreement with China , whereby the latter was to assist Vanuatu's economic development, and remove tariffs on imports from Vanuatu.

China also added Vanuatu to its list of approved tourism destinations for Chinese tourists. Ni-Vanuatu trade minister James Bule said his country had also requested China's assistance "in supplying machines so we can establish a plant in Vanuatu to produce bio fuel". China has 14 neighbouring nations by land, and 7 neighbours by sea. Only Russia has as many neighbouring nations 14 by land, 12 by sea. Many disputes have arisen and resolved and many yet are undetermined. Recently these issues have been politicized by United States as part of their China containment policy and East Asian foreign policy of the Barack Obama administration.

However, it does not have diplomatic relations with 17 UN member states, nor with the Holy See. On 13 June , President of Panama declared that diplomatic relations between the Republic of Panama and the People's Republic of China had been established. The following countries do not recognize the People's Republic of China.

Instead, these countries recognize the Republic of China. See China-Holy See relations. Territorial disputes with other countries include: Territorial disputes listed above as between the PRC and ROC "Taiwan" stems from the question of which government is the legitimate government of China. The Republic of China which views itself as the successor state of the Qing Dynasty did not renounce any territory which fell under de facto control of other states i. Mongolia , but has largely been a non-participant in enforcing these claims. The People's Republic of China which inherited the claims has settled a number of such disputes with Mongolia and Russia via bilateral treaties, not recognized by the Republic of China.

In this respect, the territorial disputes between the PRC and neighboring countries may be considered a subset of those between the ROC and said countries. Bloomberg News reports that these disputes are undermining China's attempts to charm its neighbors away from American influence. China has made double digit percentage increases in its military budget for many years, though as a percentage of its fast growing GDP falling from 1.

In May , U. Refugees by country of origin are: China is a source, transit, and destination country for human trafficking. United States Department of State Tier rating: Tier 2 Watch List - "China failed to show evidence of increasing efforts to address transnational trafficking; while the government provides reasonable protection to internal victims of trafficking, protection for Chinese and foreign victims of transnational trafficking remain inadequate.

Chinese drug laws are very harsh, and the death sentence for traffickers is not unusual. Many foreigners have been sentenced to death in China for drug trafficking.