Slavers Challenge

The majority of African captives came to what became the United States. Only a little more than , captives, or percent, came to the United States. The majority of enslaved Africans went to Brazil, followed by the Caribbean. They spent months or years recovering from the harsh realities of the Middle Passage.

Slavery exists...

Once they were forcibly accustomed to slave labor, many were then brought to plantations on American soil. Popular culture is rich with references to years of oppression. There seems to be confusion between the Transatlantic Slave Trade and the institution of slavery, confusion only reinforced by the Bible, Genesis The American part of the story lasted fewer than years. How, then, do we calculate the timeline of slavery in America? Most historians use as a starting point: Africans first arrived in America in the late 16th century not as slaves but as explorers together with Spanish and Portuguese explorers.

As far as the institution of chattel slavery — the treatment of slaves as property — in the United States, if we use as the beginning and the 13th Amendment as its end, then it lasted years, not Roughly 25 percent of all Southerners owned slaves.

Crossings: Africa, the Americas and the Atlantic Slave Trade | Reviews in History

The fact that one-quarter of the southern population were slaveholders is still shocking to many. This truth brings historical insight to modern conversations about inequality and reparations. When it established statehood, the Lone Star State had a shorter period of Anglo-American chattel slavery than other southern states — only to — because Spain and Mexico had occupied the region for almost one-half of the 19th century with policies that either abolished or limited slavery.

Still, the number of people impacted by wealth and income inequality is staggering. By , the Texas enslaved population was ,, but slaveholders represented 27 percent of the population, and controlled 68 percent of the government positions and 73 percent of the wealth. African-Americans have been free in this country for less time than they were enslaved.

Blacks have been free for years, which means that most Americans are only two to three generations away from slavery. This is not that long ago.

Over this same period, however, former slaveholding families have built their legacies on the institution and generated wealth that African-Americans have not had access to because enslaved labor was forced. Segregation maintained wealth disparities , and overt and covert discrimination limited African-American recovery efforts.

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Economists and historians have examined detailed aspects of the enslaved experience for as long as slavery existed. My own work enters this conversation by looking at the value of individual slaves and the ways enslaved people responded to being treated as a commodity. They were bought and sold just like we sell cars and cattle today.

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They were gifted, deeded and mortgaged the same way we sell houses today. They were itemized and insured the same way we manage our assets and protect our valuables. Enslaved people were valued at every stage of their lives, from before birth until after death.

And they're working for you.

Their values decreased on a quarter scale from three-fourths hands to one-fourth hands, to a rate of zero, which was typically reserved for elderly or differently abled bondpeople another term for slaves. For example, Guy and Andrew, two prime males sold at the largest auction in U. Slavery was an extremely diverse economic institution, one that extracted unpaid labor out of people in a variety of settings — from small single-crop farms and plantations to urban universities. Please download Firefox , Chrome or Safari for the best experience.

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Your Shirt likely contains cotton that was picked by children in Uzbekistan who are forced to trade their school days for days in the fields. Your Phone has Capacitors that are made with Coltan. Here's how it works. No need to feel guilty Together, we'll work towards a world where everything you buy could have a new kind of "Made in Discover your slavery footprint by taking our survey. Share your results and encourage your friends to do the same. Take action through our online Action Center and "Free World" mobile app. It all began with..