Les Miserables [with Biographical Introduction]

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A Hope in the Unseen. A Man For All Seasons. A Passage to India. A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man. He was also a businessman and was widely noted for his social engagement and philanthropy. In , Vidocq, already pardoned, saved one of the workers in his paper factory by lifting a heavy cart on his shoulders as Valjean does. He went to Toulon to visit the Bagne in and took extensive notes, though he did not start writing the book until On one of the pages of his notes about the prison, he wrote in large block letters a possible name for his hero: In , Hugo saved a prostitute from arrest for assault.

He used a short part of his dialogue with the police when recounting Valjean's rescue of Fantine in the novel. During the revolt, Hugo walked the streets of Paris, saw the barricades blocking his way at points, and had to take shelter from gunfire. Victor Hugo drew his inspiration from everything he heard and saw, writing it down in his diary. In December he witnessed an altercation between an old woman scavenging through rubbish and a street urchin who might have been Gavroche.

He also slipped personal anecdotes into the plot. The story begins in in Digne , as the peasant Jean Valjean , just released from 19 years' imprisonment in the Bagne of Toulon —five for stealing bread for his starving sister and her family and fourteen more for numerous escape attempts—is turned away by innkeepers because his yellow passport marks him as a former convict. He sleeps on the street, angry and bitter.

Digne's benevolent Bishop Myriel gives him shelter. At night, Valjean runs off with Myriel's silverware. When the police capture Valjean, Myriel pretends that he has given the silverware to Valjean and presses him to take two silver candlesticks as well, as if he had forgotten to take them.

The police accept his explanation and leave. Myriel tells Valjean that his life has been spared for God, and that he should use money from the silver candlesticks to make an honest man of himself. Valjean broods over Myriel's words. When opportunity presents itself, purely out of habit, he steals a sous coin from year-old Petit Gervais and chases the boy away. He quickly repents and searches the city in panic for Gervais.

At the same time, his theft is reported to the authorities. Valjean hides as they search for him, because if apprehended he will be returned to the galleys for life as a repeat offender. Walking down the street, he sees a man named Fauchelevent pinned under the wheels of a cart. When no one volunteers to lift the cart, even for pay, he decides to rescue Fauchelevent himself.

He crawls underneath the cart, manages to lift it, and frees him. The town's police inspector, Inspector Javert , who was an adjutant guard at the Bagne of Toulon during Valjean's incarceration, becomes suspicious of the mayor after witnessing this remarkable feat of strength. He has known only one other man, a convict named Jean Valjean, who could accomplish it. The men abandon the women, treating their relationships as youthful amusements. Fantine is unaware that they are abusing her daughter and using her as forced labor for their inn, and continues to try to meet their growing, extortionate and fictitious demands.

She is later fired from her job at Jean Valjean's factory, because of the discovery of her daughter, who was born out of wedlock. Fantine is slowly dying from an unspecified disease. A dandy named Bamatabois harasses Fantine in the street, and she reacts by striking him. She begs to be released so that she can provide for her daughter, but Javert sentences her to six months in prison. Valjean Mayor Madeleine intervenes and orders Javert to release her.

Javert resists but Valjean prevails. Valjean, feeling responsible because his factory turned her away, promises Fantine that he will bring Cosette to her. He takes her to a hospital. Javert comes to see Valjean again. Javert admits that after being forced to free Fantine, he reported him as Valjean to the French authorities. He tells Valjean he realizes he was wrong, because the authorities have identified someone else as the real Jean Valjean, have him in custody, and plan to try him the next day.

Valjean is torn, but decides to reveal himself to save the innocent man, whose real name is Champmathieu. He travels to attend the trial and there reveals his true identity. Fantine discovers that Cosette is not at the hospital and fretfully asks where she is. Javert orders her to be quiet, and then reveals to her Valjean's real identity. Weakened by the severity of her illness, she falls back in shock and dies. Valjean goes to Fantine, speaks to her in an inaudible whisper, kisses her hand, and then leaves with Javert.

Later, Fantine's body is unceremoniously thrown into a public grave. Valjean escapes, is recaptured, and is sentenced to death. The king commutes his sentence to penal servitude for life. While imprisoned in the Bagne of Toulon , Valjean, at great personal risk, rescues a sailor caught in the ship's rigging. Spectators call for his release.

Valjean fakes his own death by allowing himself to fall into the ocean. Authorities report him dead and his body lost. Valjean arrives at Montfermeil on Christmas Eve. He finds Cosette fetching water in the woods alone and walks with her to the inn. Valjean leaves and returns to make Cosette a present of an expensive new doll which, after some hesitation, she happily accepts. He informs Valjean that he cannot release Cosette without a note from the child's mother. Valjean and Cosette flee to Paris.

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Valjean rents new lodgings at Gorbeau House, where he and Cosette live happily. However, Javert discovers Valjean's lodgings there a few months later. Valjean takes Cosette and they try to escape from Javert. They soon find shelter in the Petit-Picpus convent with the help of Fauchelevent, the man whom Valjean once rescued from being crushed under a cart and who has become the convent's gardener. Valjean also becomes a gardener and Cosette becomes a student at the convent school. Lamarque was a victim of a major cholera epidemic that had ravaged the city, particularly its poor neighborhoods, arousing suspicion that the government had been poisoning wells.

One of the students, Marius Pontmercy , has become alienated from his family especially his grandfather M. Gillenormand because of his liberal views. At the Luxembourg Garden , Marius falls in love with the now grown and beautiful Cosette. To impress him, she tries to prove her literacy by reading aloud from a book and by writing "The Cops Are Here" on a sheet of paper. Marius pities her and gives her some money.

The philanthropist and his daughter enter—actually Valjean and Cosette. Marius immediately recognizes Cosette.

Les Miserables [with Biographical Introduction]

After seeing them, Valjean promises them he will return with rent money for them. Javert gives Marius two pistols and instructs him to fire one into the air if things get dangerous. Marius returns home and waits for Javert and the police to arrive. Valjean tries to escape through a window but is subdued and tied up. He also orders Valjean to write a letter to Cosette to return to the apartment, and they would keep her with them until he delivers the money. A few hours later, they had all—thousands of books—been sold.

Liberated from prison, Valjean hides his identity and becomes a successful man, as charitable as he is rich and powerful. His altruism leads him to promise Fantine, a dying prostitute, that he will seek out her exploited young daughter Cosette after her death. To some extent, Hugo also was seeking redemption, having, for much of his youth, ignored the populist concerns of Republican France.

The Revolution and Republic of France had failed to redress the unconscionable social conditions in which many French citizens languished. The closest thing to a homeless shelter was prison, a macabre dungeon where inmates slept on bare planks and ate rancid food. To this place the disabled, insane, hungry, or desperate citizens of France eventually found their way. The one hope of the poor for relief was charity from those who were, if not indifferent to their plight, outright hostile to it. Workers pooled their money to buy the book not one of them could afford on their own. The struggling people of France had found an articulate illustration of the unjust forces arrayed against them.

Hugo sees the world as a convoluted pattern: The immense popularity of this story has not diminished over time.

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Why does this story continue to charm and inspire audiences and readers? Hugo illustrates how the most profound revolution takes place in our individual consciences, how every moment we are faced with decisions to do right or wrong, and how to make in our hearts pitched battles against our own worst impulses. Time cannot change the necessity or urgency of that message—only people can. Victor Hugo died in as one of the most famous Europeans in history.

At eighty-three years old, Hugo had outlived two siblings, his wife, three out of four of his children, and thousands of admirers and critics who had watched his career transform and flourish. Prolific and protean as an artist, a politician, and a man, Hugo was capable of testing the limits of extremes, having learned the tension of polar opposites from his parents early in life.

Under the care of his stoic mother, Hugo grew into a traditionalist, sworn to preserving the neo-Classical tradition of French literature and the rights of the French monarchy. These writings all supported traditional French literature and castigated early Romanticism, an ideology that soon thereafter lured Hugo to its camp with its irresistible ideals of freedom, honesty, and originality. Thus began a volatile and prolific career, each work fresh, surprising, and loaded with that Hugolian tendency to incite controversy.