Dependence to Independence: I Think I Can—I Know I Can

The fact that this critical part of a teen's brain is still a work in progress puts them at increased risk for making poor decisions, such as trying drugs or continuing to take them. Introducing drugs during this period of development may cause brain changes that have profound and long-lasting consequences. Drugs, Brains, and Behavior: The Science of Addiction. National Institute on Drug Abuse website. Skip to main content. Drug Misuse and Addiction What is drug addiction? Facing Addiction in America: Modified with permission from Volkow et al.

These fMRI images compare the brain of an individual with a history of cocaine use disorder middle and right to the brain of an individual without a history of cocaine use left. The person who has had a cocaine use disorder has lower levels of the D2 dopamine receptor depicted in red in the striatum one month middle and four months right after stopping cocaine use compared to the non-user. The level of dopamine receptors in the brain of the cocaine user are higher at the 4-month mark right , but have not returned to the levels observed in the non-user left.

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No single factor determines whether a person will become addicted to drugs. Images of Brain Development in health Children and Teens Ages As the brain matures, experiences prune excess neural connections while strengthening those that are used more often. Many scientists think that this process contributes to the steady reduction in gray matter volume seen during adolescence depicted as the yellow to blue transition in the figure. As environmental forces help determine which connections will wither and which will thrive, the brain circuits that emerge become more efficient.

However, this is a process that can cut both ways because not all tasks are desirable. The environment is like an artist who creates a sculpture by chipping away excess marble; and just like bad artists can produce bad art, environments with negative factors like drugs, malnutrition, bullying, or sleep deprivation can lead to efficient but potentially harmful circuits that conspire against a person's well-being.

The best way to understand the difference between a dependent and independent variable is that the meaning of each is implied by what the words tell us about the variable you are using. You can do this with a simple exercise from the website, Graphic Tutorial. Take the sentence, "The [independent variable] causes a change in [dependent variable] and it is not possible that [dependent variable] could cause a change in [independent variable]. This will help you identify each type of variable.

If you're still not sure, consult with your professor before you begin to write. SAGE, , pp. The process of examining a research problem in the social and behavioral sciences is often framed around methods of analysis that compare, contrast, correlate, average, or integrate relationships between or among variables. Techniques include associations, sampling, random selection, and blind selection. Designation of the dependent and independent variable involves unpacking the research problem in a way that identifies a general cause and effect and classifying these variables as either independent or dependent.

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The variables should be outlined in the introduction of your paper and explained in more detail in the methods section. There are no rules about the structure and style for writing about independent or dependent variables but, as with any academic writing, clarity and being succinct is most important. After you have described the research problem and its significance in relation to prior research, explain why you have chosen to examine the problem using a method of analysis that investigates the relationships between or among independent and dependent variables.

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State what it is about the research problem that lends itself to this type of analysis. For example, if you are investigating the relationship between corporate environmental sustainability efforts [the independent variable] and dependent variables associated with measuring employee satisfaction at work using a survey instrument, you would first identify each variable and then provide background information about the variables. What is meant by "environmental sustainability"? In mathematical modeling , statistical modeling and experimental sciences , the values of dependent variables depend on the values of independent variables.

Definitions

The dependent variables represent the output or outcome whose variation is being studied. The independent variables, also known in a statistical context as regressors , represent inputs or causes, that is, potential reasons for variation. In an experiment, any variable that the experimenter manipulates can be called an independent variable. Models and experiments test the effects that the independent variables have on the dependent variables.

Sometimes, even if their influence is not of direct interest, independent variables may be included for other reasons, such as to account for their potential confounding effect.

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In mathematics, a function is a rule for taking an input in the simplest case, a number or set of numbers [2] and providing an output which may also be a number. It is possible to have multiple independent variables or multiple dependent variables. In this situation, a symbol representing an element of X may be called an independent variable and a symbol representing an element of Y may be called a dependent variable, such as when X is a manifold and the symbol x represents an arbitrary point in the manifold.

In an experiment , a variable, manipulated by an experimenter, is called an independent variable. In data mining tools for multivariate statistics and machine learning , the dependent variable is assigned a role as target variable or in some tools as label attribute , while an independent variable may be assigned a role as regular variable. The target variable is used in supervised learning algorithms but not in unsupervised learning.

In mathematical modeling , the dependent variable is studied to see if and how much it varies as the independent variables vary. In simulation , the dependent variable is changed in response to changes in the independent variables. Depending on the context, an independent variable is sometimes called a "predictor variable", regressor , covariate , "controlled variable", "manipulated variable", "explanatory variable", exposure variable see reliability theory , " risk factor " see medical statistics , " feature " in machine learning and pattern recognition or "input variable.