Black Lenses, Black Voices: African American Film Now (Genre and Beyond: A Film Studies Series)

Distressed by the increasing number of closed theatres, studios and companies would find new and innovative ways to bring audiences back. These included attempts to widen their appeal with new screen formats. Cinemascope , which would remain a 20th Century Fox distinction until , was announced with 's The Robe.

This resulted in the revival of epic films to take advantage of the new big screen formats.

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Also during this period a number of other significant films were produced in Todd-AO , developed by Mike Todd shortly before his death, including Oklahoma! Gimmicks also proliferated to lure in audiences. The fad for 3-D film would last for only two years, —, and helped sell House of Wax and Creature from the Black Lagoon. Producer William Castle would tout films featuring "Emergo" "Percepto", the first of a series of gimmicks that would remain popular marketing tools for Castle and others throughout the s. Disney continued making animated films, notably; Cinderella , Peter Pan , Lady and the Tramp , and Sleeping Beauty He began, however, getting more involved in live action films, producing classics like 20, Leagues Under the Sea , and Old Yeller Television began competing seriously with films projected in theatres, but surprisingly it promoted more filmgoing rather than curtailing it.

Limelight is probably a unique film in at least one interesting respect. Its two leads, Charlie Chaplin and Claire Bloom , were in the industry in no less than three different centuries. In the 19th Century, Chaplin made his theatrical debut at the age of eight, in , in a clog dancing troupe, The Eight Lancaster Lads. In the 21st Century, Bloom is still enjoying a full and productive career, having appeared in dozens of films and television series produced up to and including She received particular acclaim for her role in The King's Speech Following the end of World War II in the s, the following decade, the s, marked a 'golden age' for non-English world cinema , [41] [42] especially for Asian cinema.

Rashomon was also remade as The Outrage , and inspired films with " Rashomon effect " storytelling methods, such as Andha Naal , The Usual Suspects and Hero During Indian cinema 's 'Golden Age' of the s, it was producing films annually, while Indian independent films gained greater recognition through international film festivals. According to Michael Sragow of The Atlantic Monthly , the "youthful coming-of-age dramas that have flooded art houses since the mid-fifties owe a tremendous debt to the Apu trilogy". Asif and Mehboob Khan. The cinema of South Korea also experienced a 'Golden Age' in the s, beginning with director Lee Kyu-hwan's tremendously successful remake of Chunhyang-jon Both the quality and quantity of filmmaking had increased rapidly by the end of the s.

In contrast to the beginning of the s, when only 5 films were made per year, films were produced in South Korea in The s was also a 'Golden Age' for Philippine cinema , with the emergence of more artistic and mature films, and significant improvement in cinematic techniques among filmmakers. The studio system produced frenetic activity in the local film industry as many films were made annually and several local talents started to earn recognition abroad. The growth in independent producers and production companies, and the increase in the power of individual actors also contributed to the decline of traditional Hollywood studio production.

There was also an increasing awareness of foreign language cinema in America during this period.

History of film

Other British films such as Repulsion , Darling , Alfie , Blowup and Georgy Girl all in — helped to reduce prohibitions sex and nudity on screen, while the casual sex and violence of the James Bond films, beginning with Dr. No in would render the series popular worldwide. In Latin America, the dominance of the "Hollywood" model was challenged by many film makers.

Fernando Solanas and Octavio Getino called for a politically engaged Third Cinema in contrast to Hollywood and the European auteur cinema. Further, the nuclear paranoia of the age, and the threat of an apocalyptic nuclear exchange like the close-call with the USSR during the Cuban missile crisis prompted a reaction within the film community as well. Films like Stanley Kubrick 's Dr. Strangelove and Fail Safe with Henry Fonda were produced in a Hollywood that was once known for its overt patriotism and wartime propaganda. In documentary film the sixties saw the blossoming of Direct Cinema , an observational style of film making as well as the advent of more overtly partisan films like In the Year of the Pig about the Vietnam War by Emile de Antonio.

By the late s however, Hollywood filmmakers were beginning to create more innovative and groundbreaking films that reflected the social revolution taken over much of the western world such as Bonnie and Clyde , The Graduate , Bonnie and Clyde is often considered the beginning of the so-called New Hollywood. In Japanese cinema, Academy Award-winning director Akira Kurosawa produced Yojimbo , which like his previous films also had a profound influence around the world.

Yojimbo was also the origin of the " Man with No Name " trend. The New Hollywood was the period following the decline of the studio system during the s and s and the end of the production code , which was replaced in by the MPAA film rating system. Post-classical cinema is the changing methods of storytelling of the New Hollywood producers. The beginnings of post-classical storytelling may be seen in s and s film noir films, in films such as Rebel Without a Cause , and in Hitchcock's Psycho. This sparked heated controversy over the perceived escalation of violence in cinema. This coincided with the increasing popularity of the auteur theory in film literature and the media, which posited that a film director's films express their personal vision and creative insights.

The development of the auteur style of filmmaking helped to give these directors far greater control over their projects than would have been possible in earlier eras. The financial disaster of Heaven's Gate marked the end of the visionary "auteur" directors of the "New Hollywood", who had unrestrained creative and financial freedom to develop films. The phenomenal success in the s of Spielberg 's Jaws originated the concept of the modern " blockbuster ".

However, the enormous success of George Lucas' film Star Wars led to much more than just the popularization of blockbuster film-making. The film's revolutionary use of special effects, sound editing and music had led it to become widely regarded as one of the single most important films in the medium's history, as well as the most influential film of the s.

Hollywood studios increasingly focused on producing a smaller number of very large budget films with massive marketing and promotional campaigns. This trend had already been foreshadowed by the commercial success of disaster films such as The Poseidon Adventure and The Towering Inferno. During the mids, more pornographic theatres, euphemistically called "adult cinemas", were established, and the legal production of hardcore pornographic films began. Porn films such as Deep Throat and its star Linda Lovelace became something of a popular culture phenomenon and resulted in a spate of similar sex films.

The porn cinemas finally died out during the s, when the popularization of the home VCR and pornography videotapes allowed audiences to watch sex films at home. In the early s, English-language audiences became more aware of the new West German cinema, with Werner Herzog , Rainer Werner Fassbinder and Wim Wenders among its leading exponents. In world cinema , the s saw a dramatic increase in the popularity of martial arts films , largely due to its reinvention by Bruce Lee , who departed from the artistic style of traditional Chinese martial arts films and added a much greater sense of realism to them with his Jeet Kune Do style.

This began with The Big Boss , which was a major success across Asia. However, he didn't gain fame in the Western world until shortly after his death in , when Enter the Dragon was released. The film went on to become the most successful martial arts film in cinematic history, popularized the martial arts film genre across the world, and cemented Bruce Lee's status as a cultural icon. Hong Kong action cinema , however, was in decline due to a wave of " Bruceploitation " films. This trend eventually came to an end in with the martial arts comedy films , Snake in the Eagle's Shadow and Drunken Master , directed by Yuen Woo-ping and starring Jackie Chan , laying the foundations for the rise of Hong Kong action cinema in the s.

While the musical film genre had declined in Hollywood by this time, musical films were quickly gaining popularity in the cinema of India , where the term " Bollywood " was coined for the growing Hindi film industry in Bombay now Mumbai that ended up dominating South Asian cinema , overtaking the more critically acclaimed Bengali film industry in popularity. Hindi filmmakers combined the Hollywood musical formula with the conventions of ancient Indian theatre to create a new film genre called " Masala ", which dominated Indian cinema throughout the late 20th century.

This trend began with films directed by Manmohan Desai and starring Amitabh Bachchan , who remains one of the most popular film stars in South Asia. The most popular Indian film of all time was Sholay , a "Masala" film inspired by a real-life dacoit as well as Kurosawa's Seven Samurai and the Spaghetti Westerns. In , Australian filmmaker George Miller also garnered international attention for his violent, low-budget action film Mad Max.

During the s, audiences began increasingly watching films on their home VCRs. In the early part of that decade, the film studios tried legal action to ban home ownership of VCRs as a violation of copyright , which proved unsuccessful. Eventually, the sale and rental of films on home video became a significant "second venue" for exhibition of films, and an additional source of revenue for the film industries.

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The Lucas — Spielberg combine would dominate "Hollywood" cinema for much of the s, and lead to much imitation. Two follow-ups to Star Wars , three to Jaws , and three Indiana Jones films helped to make sequels of successful films more of an expectation than ever before. Lucas also launched THX Ltd , a division of Lucasfilm in , [67] while Spielberg enjoyed one of the decade's greatest successes in E. American independent cinema struggled more during the decade, although Martin Scorsese 's Raging Bull , After Hours , and The King of Comedy helped to establish him as one of the most critically acclaimed American film makers of the era.

Also during Scarface was released, which was very profitable and resulted in even greater fame for its leading actor Al Pacino. British cinema was given a boost during the early s by the arrival of David Puttnam 's company Goldcrest Films.

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While the films of the s had helped to define modern blockbuster motion pictures, the way "Hollywood" released its films would now change. Against some expectations, the rise of the multiplex cinema did not allow less mainstream films to be shown, but simply allowed the major blockbusters to be given an even greater number of screenings. However, films that had been overlooked in cinemas were increasingly being given a second chance on home video.

During the s, Japanese cinema experienced a revival, largely due to the success of anime films. At the beginning of the s, Space Battleship Yamato and Mobile Suit Gundam , both of which were unsuccessful as television series, were remade as films and became hugely successful in Japan. The success of Macross: Do You Remember Love? This was also the decade when Studio Ghibli was founded. The most famous anime film of this decade was Katsuhiro Otomo 's cyberpunk film Akira , which although initially unsuccessful at Japanese theaters, went on to become an international success.

Hong Kong action cinema , which was in a state of decline due to endless Bruceploitation films after the death of Bruce Lee , also experienced a revival in the s, largely due to the reinvention of the action film genre by Jackie Chan. He had previously combined the comedy film and martial arts film genres successfully in the films Snake in the Eagle's Shadow and Drunken Master. The next step he took was in combining this comedy martial arts genre with a new emphasis on elaborate and highly dangerous stunts , reminiscent of the silent film era.

The film added elaborate, dangerous stunts to the fights and slapstick humor, and became a huge success throughout the Far East. Other new trends which began in the s were the " girls with guns " subgenre, for which Michelle Yeoh gained fame; and especially the " heroic bloodshed " genre, revolving around Triads , largely pioneered by John Woo and for which Chow Yun-fat became famous. These Hong Kong action trends were later adopted by many Hollywood action films in the s and s.

The early s saw the development of a commercially successful independent cinema in the United States. Although cinema was increasingly dominated by special-effects films such as Terminator 2: Judgment Day , Jurassic Park and Titanic , the latter of which became the highest-grossing film of all time at the time up until Avatar , also directed by James Cameron, independent films like Steven Soderbergh 's Sex, Lies, and Videotape and Quentin Tarantino 's Reservoir Dogs had significant commercial success both at the cinema and on home video.

Filmmakers associated with the Danish film movement Dogme 95 introduced a manifesto aimed to purify filmmaking. Its first few films gained worldwide critical acclaim, after which the movement slowly faded out. Major American studios began to create their own "independent" production companies to finance and produce non-mainstream fare. One of the most successful independents of the s, Miramax Films , was bought by Disney the year before the release of Tarantino's runaway hit Pulp Fiction in The same year marked the beginning of film and video distribution online. Animated films aimed at family audiences also regained their popularity, with Disney's Beauty and the Beast , Aladdin , and The Lion King During , the first feature length computer-animated feature, Toy Story , was produced by Pixar Animation Studios and released by Disney.

After the success of Toy Story, computer animation would grow to become the dominant technique for feature length animation, which would allow competing film companies such as DreamWorks Animation and 20th Century Fox to effectively compete with Disney with successful films of their own.

During the late s, another cinematic transition began, from physical film stock to digital cinema technology. A new genre was created with Martin Kunert and Eric Manes ' Voices of Iraq , when inexpensive DV cameras were distributed across Iraq, transforming ordinary people into collaborative filmmakers. The success of Gladiator led to a revival of interest in epic cinema , and Moulin Rouge! Home theatre systems became increasingly sophisticated, as did some of the special edition DVDs designed to be shown on them.

The Lord of the Rings trilogy was released on DVD in both the theatrical version and in a special extended version intended only for home cinema audiences. In , the Harry Potter film series began, and by its end in , it had become the highest-grossing film franchise of all time until the Marvel Cinematic Universe passed it in There has been an increasing globalization of cinema during this decade, with foreign-language films gaining popularity in English-speaking markets. This camera system used the latest HD video cameras, not film, and was built for Cameron by Emmy nominated Director of Photography Vince Pace, to his specifications.

The same camera system was used to film Spy Kids 3D: Avatar is also note-worthy for pioneering highly sophisticated use of motion capture technology and influencing several other films such as Rise of the Planet of the Apes. However the popularity of 3D steadily declined over the subsequent seven years to As of [update] , the largest film industries by number of feature films produced were those of India, the United States, China, Nigeria and Japan. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. This article is about the history of film as an artistic medium. For the history of motion-picture technology, see History of film technology.

Cinematography Principal photography Videography Shooting script Film inventory report Daily call sheet Production report Daily production report Daily progress report Daily editor log Sound report Cost report. Distribution Film release wide limited delayed. Film history Filmography Guerrilla filmmaking. Glossary of motion picture terms. Silent film and Sound film. The Tower of Babel in Maria's recounting of the fable was modeled after this painting by Pieter Brueghel.

An Odyssey Women's cinema Visual effects. Retrieved 31 January Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia Archived from the original on Cinema of the Afterlife. The House of Witmark. In Abel, Richard; Altman, Rick. The Sounds of Early Cinema. World Film Directors , Volume 1. An Introduction to World Cinema. McFarland Company, Inc, Retrieved 20 February Accessed 30 August Retrieved 16 August National Library of Australia, Canberra. The Story of the Kelly Gang. Accessed December 7, The Thirties — an Intimate History. Archived from the original on 19 June Daniels January 11, Rethinking the role of filmmakers of color in American Cinema".

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Asian American Film Commentary. Canada Council for the Arts. The Biography of a Master Film-Maker. Archived from the original on November 2, Archived from the original on 14 February Archived from the original on 15 September Internet Movie Database Inc. UC Santa Cruz Currents online. Grave of the Fireflies Hotaru no Haka ". Archived from the original on February 6, Archived from the original on 1 February University of California, Santa Cruz.

Archived from the original on 12 April Internet Encyclopedia of Cinematographers.

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Accessed January 25, Accessed January 22, Gokulsing, Wimal Dissanayake A Narrative of Cultural Change. Guardian News and Media Limited. Retrieved 29 November This article's use of external links may not follow Wikipedia's policies or guidelines.

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Their love story symbolizes his desire to imagine unity between all people of color across the globe. However, Du Bois also seemed to simply enjoy creating genre fiction that featured characters with whom he could identify. Many fans of Black Panther surely understand the appeal of such a simple change. They did this by pointing to the number of ethnic identities coexisting in medieval Britain. Many examples of African-Americans working on medieval topics are remembered out of context, if they are remembered at all. It is easy to connect this focus on exile and alienation with the frustrations African-Americans had with a political system that had begun to abandon its promises of equal rights to all of its citizens.

For another example, look at the image at the top of this article. It is a painting by Robert S. Duncanson was once internationally-renowned landscape painter, but is now largely forgotten. This painting teeters between being merely an exercise in form albeit an impressive one and signifying an African-American interpretation of a text that has powerful connections to Scottish nationalism and independence movements.

This painting reminds us how much of the context around this African-American work—and others like it—has been lost or ignored. Other African-American artists, writers, and poets—such as the first generations trained in the humanities after the Civil War—touched upon medieval subjects for a variety of reasons. They used the Middle Ages in their work to demonstrate their erudition. They used it to situate contemporary racial problems within a long historical trajectory. They used the medieval to borrow from the readily accepted meanings that accompany medieval genres. They used it for all the reasons that artists, writers, and poets use the Middle Ages.

More importantly, the perspective the movie takes on the character of Black Panther has shifted from his early comic-book days as an exotic character to be wondered at, towards his current status as a popular character that challenges modes of storytelling familiar to Western audiences.

This is particularly true in how it challenges the medieval romance. In this way, Black Panther is part of a long tradition. But this was not done by white people. It was done by African-American writers, poets, artists and intellectuals. With their groundbreaking work, these creative people tried to move the public imagination of the Middle Ages. They fought to shift it away from a model that assumes that European whiteness was the primary medieval identity categories.

And more, they strove to forge a more comprehensive, difficult, and ultimately positive conception of the medieval world. Gender, Sexism, and the Middle Ages Contact. Race, Racism, and the Middle Ages. White Medievalism in America Medieval narratives have been used politically by white Americans since the foundation of the country. Be sure to see the films in good time. You will need to repeat view those films you intend to write about in your essay or exam. These readings are either in the course textbook, which you are required to buy, or in the course reading pack that will be distributed at the start of semester.

Joanne Hollows and Mark Jancovich eds. Manchester University Press, Assessment The assessment for this course unit is: The essay deadline is Monday March 10th. Richard Barsam, Looking at Movies: An introduction to Film London: BFI, , pp. Richard Maltby, Hollywood Cinema: The Contemporary American Film Industry. Blackwell, , pp.

Routledge, , pp. Duke University Press, Michael Allen, Contemporary U. Allen, Home Alone Together: Cultural Identity and the Movies London: Thomas Austin, Hollywood, Hype and Audiences: Selling and Watching Popular Films in the s Manchester: Will Brooker, Using the Force: University of California Press, Rutgers University Press, Paul Grainge, Brand Hollywood: Selling Entertainm,ent in a lobal media Age London: Open University Press, , pp.

Hollywood in the Age of the Blockbuster London: Geoff King, New Hollywood Cinema: Barbara Klinger, Beyond the Multiplex: Cinema, New Technologies, and the Home Berkeley: Oxford University Press, , pp. Peter Kramer, The New Hollywood: American Film in the Nineties London: Popular Culture in Global Context London: Ernest Mathijs, From Hobbits to Hollywood: Hollywood Under the Electronic Rainbow, Berkeley: Kristin Thompson, The Frodo Franchise: Open University Press, Justin Wyatt, High Concept: Movies and Marketing in Hollywood Austin: University of Texas Press, Columbia University Press, Week 3 week beginning 11th February Mass culture, popular film, and ideological critique Screening: Manchester University Press, , pp.

Arnold, , pp. Elizabeth Bell et al eds. Indiana University Press, Blackwell, , esp. Douglas Brode, Multiculturalism and the Mouse: Race and Sex in Disney Entertainment Austin: Stella Bruzzi, Bringing Up Daddy: British Film Institute, Bryman, The Disneyization of Society London: Disney and the End of Innocence Oxford: New York University Press, Sage, , esp. Homoerotics in Hollywood Film New York: Columbia University Press, , pp. Producing the Magic Kingdom London: Janet Wasko, Understanding Disney: The Manufacture of Fantasy Cambridge: Longman, , pp.

Michael Chion, David Lynch London: Rutgers University Press, , esp. Sage, , pp. Joanne Hollows et al eds. Jeff Johnson, The Pervert in the Pulpit: Taurus, , esp. Laura Mulvey, Fetishism and Curiosity London: Nochimson, The Passion of David Lynch: Wild at Heart in Hollywood Austin: Edinburgh University Press, Chris Rodley, Lynch on Lynch London: American Dreams, Nightmare Visions London: Robert Stam, Film Theory: