The Education

Jenny's life changes after she meets David Goldman, a man over twice her age. David goes out of his way to show Jenny and her family that his interest in her is not improper and that he wants solely to expose her to cultural activities which she enjoys. Jenny quickly gets accustomed to the life to which David and his constant companions, Danny and Helen, have shown her, and Jenny and David's relationship does move into becoming a romantic one. However, Jenny slowly learns more about David, and by association An Education Take a star high school senior shooting for Oxford, and add a charming man more like thirty who seduces her and you with his utterly kind, gentle, clever, and generous nature.

You can guess what follows. And in a way, that's the let down of the whole thing. The idea is a simple one, yet it unfolds so beautifully, with some extraordinary acting, it is quite engrossing. John Peter Sarsgaard as David, the seducer, is totally convincing, even though we know fairly early that something isn't quite what it seems. As events gradually devolve, so does his character, to a final, deflated ending. The heroine, Jenny, swept into the mess, is played with predictable delicacy by Carey Mulligan, and in a surprise she is really a great supporting role, of sorts, for Sarsgaard, even though she is the star.

Part of the appeal of the movie is the period, early s, as England is finally getting out of the huge debts and doldrums of World War II and the swinging 60s are ready to fly the Beatles are together but not well known. The old fashioned world, conservative and conventional, of Jenny and her family is dismal and yet comfortable, adorned with small worldly decorations. David brings Jenny to modern life, with its jazzy clubs and trips to Paris, and it's hard not to say his version of life is far superior.

Oxford, after all, is so old-school. It's a joy on all these levels. It doesn't quite have the naturalness it always needs, a few are scenes forced, and the plot lacks complexity not that complexity is needed, but it needs something to layer it up. Most off-putting of all is the overly precocious Jenny, whose speeches to her schoolmistress and her teacher, and to David, sound like literature, not like a real 17 year old struggling to escape a sheltered upbringing. It doesn't ring true, and the movie depends on believability.

Start your free trial. The film was nominated for three Academy Awards in An Education premiered at the Sundance Film Festival. In London, Jenny Mellor is a bright and beautiful year-old schoolgirl who wishes to attend Oxford University. Her studies are controlled by her strict, overbearing father, Jack.

After youth orchestra rehearsals, Jenny waits at a bus stop on the street under the rain when she meets David Goldman, a charming older man driving a Bristol Telling her that he's a music lover and that he's worried about her cello getting wet, David convinces Jenny to put her cello in his car while she walks alongside.

As the rain becomes stronger, Jenny asks David if she can sit inside his car.

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The two continue talking about music and his being Jewish. Before being dropped off, Jenny confesses that she'll be able to do whatever she wants when she reaches university, such as going to art galleries and watching French films, wishing for a life of culture and luxury. The next day, David leaves flowers on Jenny's front porch, wishing her luck at her youth orchestra's concert.

Graham, a boy interested in Jenny, is over for dinner, which goes awkwardly as her father refers to him as a Wandering Jew for his lack of university plans. The following day while with her two female schoolmates, Jenny sees David outside the cafe she and her friends were in and approaches him.

After a little small talk, David then asks Jenny if she is free to go see a concert and have supper with him and his friends. She happily agrees and thanks him, and her friends inquire about her relationship with David. On the night of the concert, Jack disapproves of Jenny going while her much more lenient mother, Marjorie, tells him otherwise. David comes by to pick Jenny up and to talk to her parents, where he easily charms his way into convincing Jack that he take Jenny home later than her intended curfew. They arrive at the concert where Jenny meets David's friends, Danny and Helen.

Afterward, they go to dinner at a fancy restaurant, where they invite Jenny to an art auction. David picks up Jenny at school and goes to the auction, winning a bid for a painting by Edward Burne-Jones and going to Danny's place afterwards. They talk about Oxford and they all agree to go and visit together the following weekend. Jenny hears a commotion late one night and sees David drinking with her parents. He then uses the opportunity to ask them if he can take Jenny to Oxford, saying that he used to study there and would like to visit his old teacher, Clive Lewis, the author of The Chronicles of Narnia.

Her parents are reluctant at first, but agree, seeing it as a good opportunity. At Oxford, Jenny discovers that David is a con man who makes money through a variety of shady practices. She is initially shocked but silences her misgivings as she succumbs to David's charm. Back at her home, Jenny and David have their first kiss. Jenny then shows a signed copy of The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe to her parents, which David actually wrote. Impressed by his connections and charisma, Jack and Marjorie approve of their romantic relationship.

On the night of Jenny's seventeenth birthday, David arrives with presents and tells her parents that he intends to take her to Paris as a special birthday gift. Her father angrily disapproves, but later agrees after David talks to him. In Paris, the two dance, take photos, and Jenny eventually loses her virginity to David.

Back in London, Jenny gives her favourite teacher, Miss Stubbs, Chanel perfume as a gift from her trip. Schools existed in Egypt at the time of the Middle Kingdom. Plato founded the Academy in Athens , the first institution of higher learning in Europe. European civilizations suffered a collapse of literacy and organization following the fall of Rome in CE In China , Confucius — BCE , of the State of Lu , was the country's most influential ancient philosopher, whose educational outlook continues to influence the societies of China and neighbours like Korea, Japan, and Vietnam.

Confucius gathered disciples and searched in vain for a ruler who would adopt his ideals for good governance, but his Analects were written down by followers and have continued to influence education in East Asia into the modern era. The Aztecs also had a well-developed theory about education, which has an equivalent word in Nahuatl called tlacahuapahualiztli. It means "the art of raising or educating a person" [8] or "the art of strengthening or bringing up men. Historians cite that formal education was mandatory for everyone regardless of social class and gender. Some of these establishments ultimately evolved into medieval universities and forebears of many of Europe's modern universities.

The medieval universities of Western Christendom were well-integrated across all of Western Europe, encouraged freedom of inquiry, and produced a great variety of fine scholars and natural philosophers, including Thomas Aquinas of the University of Naples , Robert Grosseteste of the University of Oxford , an early expositor of a systematic method of scientific experimentation, [12] and Saint Albert the Great , a pioneer of biological field research.

Elsewhere during the Middle Ages, Islamic science and mathematics flourished under the Islamic caliphate which was established across the Middle East, extending from the Iberian Peninsula in the west to the Indus in the east and to the Almoravid Dynasty and Mali Empire in the south. The Renaissance in Europe ushered in a new age of scientific and intellectual inquiry and appreciation of ancient Greek and Roman civilizations.

The Education System of the Czech Republic

Around , Johannes Gutenberg developed a printing press, which allowed works of literature to spread more quickly. The European Age of Empires saw European ideas of education in philosophy, religion, arts and sciences spread out across the globe. The Enlightenment saw the emergence of a more secular educational outlook in Europe.

In most countries today, full-time education, whether at school or otherwise , is compulsory for all children up to a certain age. Formal education occurs in a structured environment whose explicit purpose is teaching students. Usually, formal education takes place in a school environment with classrooms of multiple students learning together with a trained, certified teacher of the subject.

Most school systems are designed around a set of values or ideals that govern all educational choices in that system. Such choices include curriculum, organizational models , design of the physical learning spaces e. Preschools provide education from ages approximately three to seven, depending on the country when children enter primary education.

These are also known as nursery schools and as kindergarten , except in the US, where kindergarten is a term often used to describe the earliest levels of primary education. Primary or elementary education consists of the first five to seven years of formal, structured education. In general, primary education consists of six to eight years of schooling starting at the age of five or six, although this varies between, and sometimes within, countries.

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The division between primary and secondary education is somewhat arbitrary, but it generally occurs at about eleven or twelve years of age. Some education systems have separate middle schools , with the transition to the final stage of secondary education taking place at around the age of fourteen. Schools that provide primary education, are mostly referred to as primary schools or elementary schools. Primary schools are often subdivided into infant schools and junior school. In India, for example, compulsory education spans over twelve years, with eight years of elementary education, five years of primary schooling and three years of upper primary schooling.

Various states in the republic of India provide 12 years of compulsory school education based on a national curriculum framework designed by the National Council of Educational Research and Training. In most contemporary educational systems of the world, secondary education comprises the formal education that occurs during adolescence. It is characterized by transition from the typically compulsory, comprehensive primary education for minors , to the optional, selective tertiary , "postsecondary", or " higher " education e. Depending on the system, schools for this period, or a part of it, may be called secondary or high schools , gymnasiums , lyceums , middle schools, colleges , or vocational schools.

The exact meaning of any of these terms varies from one system to another.

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The exact boundary between primary and secondary education also varies from country to country and even within them but is generally around the seventh to the tenth year of schooling. Secondary education occurs mainly during the teenage years. In the United States, Canada, and Australia , primary and secondary education together are sometimes referred to as K education, and in New Zealand Year 1—13 is used. The purpose of secondary education can be to give common knowledge , to prepare for higher education , or to train directly in a profession.

Secondary education in the United States did not emerge until , with the rise of large corporations and advancing technology in factories, which required skilled workers. In order to meet this new job demand, high schools were created, with a curriculum focused on practical job skills that would better prepare students for white collar or skilled blue collar work. This proved beneficial for both employers and employees, since the improved human capital lowered costs for the employer, while skilled employees received higher wages.

Secondary education has a longer history in Europe, where grammar schools or academies date from as early as the 16th century, in the form of public schools , fee-paying schools , or charitable educational foundations, which themselves date even further back. Community colleges offer another option at this transitional stage of education. They provide nonresidential junior college courses to people living in a particular area. Higher education, also called tertiary, third stage, or postsecondary education, is the non-compulsory educational level that follows the completion of a school such as a high school or secondary school.

Tertiary education is normally taken to include undergraduate and postgraduate education , as well as vocational education and training. Colleges and universities mainly provide tertiary education. Collectively, these are sometimes known as tertiary institutions. Individuals who complete tertiary education generally receive certificates , diplomas , or academic degrees. Higher education typically involves work towards a degree-level or foundation degree qualification. Higher education is therefore very important to national economies , both as a significant industry in its own right and as a source of trained and educated personnel for the rest of the economy.

University education includes teaching, research, and social services activities, and it includes both the undergraduate level sometimes referred to as tertiary education and the graduate or postgraduate level sometimes referred to as graduate school. Some universities are composed of several colleges. One type of university education is a liberal arts education, which can be defined as a " college or university curriculum aimed at imparting broad general knowledge and developing general intellectual capacities, in contrast to a professional, vocational , or technical curriculum.

Vocational education is a form of education focused on direct and practical training for a specific trade or craft. Vocational education may come in the form of an apprenticeship or internship as well as institutions teaching courses such as carpentry , agriculture , engineering , medicine , architecture and the arts. In the past, those who were disabled were often not eligible for public education. Children with disabilities were repeatedly denied an education by physicians or special tutors. These early physicians people like Itard , Seguin , Howe , Gallaudet set the foundation for special education today.

They focused on individualized instruction and functional skills. In its early years, special education was only provided to people with severe disabilities, but more recently it has been opened to anyone who has experienced difficulty learning. While considered "alternative" today, most alternative systems have existed since ancient times.

After the public school system was widely developed beginning in the 19th century, some parents found reasons to be discontented with the new system. Alternative education developed in part as a reaction to perceived limitations and failings of traditional education. A broad range of educational approaches emerged, including alternative schools , self learning , homeschooling , and unschooling. Charter schools are another example of alternative education, which have in the recent years grown in numbers in the US and gained greater importance in its public education system.

Indigenous education refers to the inclusion of indigenous knowledge, models, methods, and content within formal and non-formal educational systems. Often in a post-colonial context, the growing recognition and use of indigenous education methods can be a response to the erosion and loss of indigenous knowledge and language through the processes of colonialism.

Furthermore, it can enable indigenous communities to "reclaim and revalue their languages and cultures, and in so doing, improve the educational success of indigenous students. Informal learning occurs in a variety of places, such as at home , work , and through daily interactions and shared relationships among members of society.

For many learners, this includes language acquisition , cultural norms , and manners. In informal learning, there is often a reference person, a peer or expert, to guide the learner. If learners have a personal interest in what they are informally being taught, learners tend to expand their existing knowledge and conceive new ideas about the topic being learned. While informal learning often takes place outside educational establishments and does not follow a specified curriculum, it can also occur within educational settings and even during formal learning situations.

Educators can structure their lessons to directly utilize their students informal learning skills within the education setting.

Education - Wikipedia

In the late 19th century, education through play began to be recognized as making an important contribution to child development. Jacks , also an early proponent of lifelong learning, described education through recreation: He hardly knows which is which. He simply pursues his vision of excellence through whatever he is doing and leaves others to determine whether he is working or playing. To himself, he always seems to be doing both. Enough for him that he does it well.

Learning transcends walls.

Autodidacticism also autodidactism is a term used to describe self-directed learning. One may become an autodidact at nearly any point in one's life. Notable autodidacts include Abraham Lincoln U. Many large university institutions are now starting to offer free or almost free full courses such as Harvard , MIT and Berkeley teaming up to form edX. Other universities offering open education are prestigious private universities such as Stanford , Princeton , Duke , Johns Hopkins , the University of Pennylvania , and Caltech , as well as notable public universities including Tsinghua , Peking , Edinburgh , University of Michigan , and University of Virginia.

Open education has been called the biggest change in the way people learn since the printing press. Many open universities are working to have the ability to offer students standardized testing and traditional degrees and credentials. The conventional merit-system degree is currently not as common in open education as it is in campus universities, although some open universities do already offer conventional degrees such as the Open University in the United Kingdom.

Presently, many of the major open education sources offer their own form of certificate. Due to the popularity of open education, these new kind of academic certificates are gaining more respect and equal " academic value " to traditional degrees. Out of colleges surveyed in nearly half said tuition for online courses was higher than for campus-based ones. A recent meta-analysis found that online and blended educational approaches had better outcomes than methods that used solely face-to-face interaction. The education sector or education system is a group of institutions ministries of education, local educational authorities, teacher training institutions, schools, universities, etc.

It involves a wide range of people curriculum developers, inspectors, school principals, teachers, school nurses, students, etc. These institutions can vary according to different contexts. Schools deliver education, with support from the rest of the education system through various elements such as education policies and guidelines — to which school policies can refer — curricula and learning materials, as well as pre- and in-service teacher training programmes.

The school environment — both physical infrastructures and psychological school climate — is also guided by school policies that should ensure the well-being of students when they are in school.