Mulleres revolucionarias (Galician Edition)

The fatal moment of your complete ruin is drawing nearer, the moment of the dark misery of your homes, the dishonor of your families, the death of your motherland. You must all awake and unite as one to destroy that more than infamous republic, which for four years now has abused your patience and is dragging you down to ignominy and death.

So, take up arms!

Remember that it is not only these unfortunates, who are now being sent to slaughter, that will flood the battlefields with their blood. Every month, and indeed perhaps every week, fresh victims will be continuously sent to sacrifice, to take the place of those who have been slaughtered like cattle, for the master, to whom the Republic has sold you, in other words the English, will fatally oblige the nation to maintain the number of men that were sent at the beginning.

This means that all men aged between 18 and 50 will continue to be sent to the slaughter, in order to be killed or rendered incapable. Down with the accursed republic, death to the traitors! This process was to intensify after , when Portugal requisitioned German ships, on February, Weep for your sons who, in order to satisfy the unspeakable conveniences of a political faction, will fight against the formidable cannons of the powers at war.

In fact, the diplomacy of the democratic and evolutionist Republic had finally paid off. The participation of Portugal in the war took place under the psychological trauma of more than two years of trench warfare. This knowledge increased the fear and the animosity of public opinion, giving rise to feelings that counterpropaganda sought to take advantage of.

The idea was again reiterated that participation in the war was nothing more than a business that was being managed by the Republicans.

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This exaggerated lie circulated in papers and in rumors, as can be seen in a description published by the press, which the Government was forced to deny: The image of war as a business run by politicians influenced the tone of propaganda during , precisely when the Army was being prepared for battle at Tancos.

The region was flooded with revolutionary agents and propaganda that encouraged the officers to reject mobilization Marques, It was then revealed that 1, soldiers had already been killed in Africa, either in combat or by hunger, and that the same thing was about to happen to several thousand more: The proceeds from their sale will be paid to the peddlers, thus considerably increasing their already large fortunes stolen from the Country and the People, and unscrupulously spreading widowhood, orphanage and misery, and, who knows?

The years of were not marked only by the mobilization of 55, soldiers belonging to the Portuguese Expeditionary Corps. The intensity of propaganda and counterpropaganda increased, being reflected in the growing political and social tension. The revolutionary activity of monarchists, republicans, unionists, socialists and workers became stronger, and they participated together in conspiracies and revolutionary activities. In the monarchist world, conspiracy took in the form of direct contact with the population, this being the strategy recommended in a memorandum sent to 46 monarchists, including nobles, local political bosses and priests.

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The attempted coup of December 13, , led by Machado Santos and involving both monarchists and unionists, led to an elucidative pamphlet being handed out in Lisbon:. But that he should leave this land That he should go to France and die To save England Most definitely not!!! During , counterpropaganda went hand in hand with conspiracy. In the case of Viseu, where there was a very active cell led by Visconde do Banho, the population was deeply hostile both to the republicans and the war Santos, Between and , Portugal lived in a permanent state of war: The truth is that Dom Manuel and the leading figures in the Monarchist Cause, such as Aires de Ornelas, supported the interventionist policy of the Republic.

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The pro-allies could not, however, stop the predominant pro-German feeling amongst the rank and file. Besides publishing his chronicles against belligerence, the group maintained an intense subversive activity, producing and handing out pamphlets and flyers against the Republic and the war. One of the most controversial flyers of the counterpropaganda campaign appeared at that time: The flyer circulated clandestinely throughout the country and was allegedly written by an officer in the trenches.

Amongst these officers were the names of many soldiers who enjoyed close links with the Democratic Party and occupied the leading positions at the headquarters of the Portuguese Expeditionary Corps: It also listed the names of the sons of the main republican leaders, such as Afonso Costa, Bernardino Machado, Leotte do Rego and Sousa Rosa, who were placed by the Government in safe positions well away from the trenches.

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Just to give an example: Apparently, despite the natural exaggeration used in this sort of literature, there was a glimmer of truth to be found in a pamphlet that was already circulating throughout the country by the end of Counterpropaganda, together with economic and social difficulties, had successfully produced an effect, creating an even wider gap between public opinion and the republican governments.

The first were deluded with the idea of authoritarian presidentialism, while the latter were obsessed with the idea of restoration Santos, Counterpropaganda spread the message that the war was unlawful, as it did not serve national interests, which proved that this was neither a fair nor a necessary war.

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As far as the means that were used to spread the propaganda were concerned, and because of the limitations imposed by censorship, counterpropaganda mainly made use of the pamphlet and the manifesto, seeking to persuade public opinion that the war was nothing more than a business, and arousing a fear of death amongst the mobilized troops.

While it is certain that counterpropaganda could not take advantage of the modern media that are now available to address and reach the masses, it nonetheless seems evident that the resources that were used, as well as the subversive context in which they were used, can serve to explain the capacity of penetration of the monarchist revolutionary sectors and their allies against the Great War. Meneses, Filipe Ribeiro de Portugal em Guerra A Call to Arms: In The Wake of War.

Republican Identities in War and Peace. Representations of France in the 19th and 20th Centuries. Santos, Miguel Dias Santos, Miguel Dias, b. Coimbra, Faculdade de Letras, pp. Santos, Miguel Dias, Malheiro da Silva Imprensa da Universidade de Coimbra. Teixeira, Nuno Severiano O Poder e a Guerra Objectivos na Entrada de Portugal na Grande Guerra. Alexandre Braga no banquete de S. The Monarchists and the Great War: The monarchists against the war: Counterpropaganda The propaganda against the war intensified in , particularly after the revolution of October 20, which was regarded as the first organized movement against Portuguese belligerence.

The attempted coup of December 13, , led by Machado Santos and involving both monarchists and unionists, led to an elucidative pamphlet being handed out in Lisbon: Como citar este artigo. Are You There Little Tiger? Play Smart Ginormous Workbook - Preschool. Quiet Time Music Book. Fold and Fly Amazing Planes! Fortnite Battle Royale for Kids ultimate guide: How to win every 1v1 fight.

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