Performance and Power

As the author states: However, what is gained in synthesis is sometimes lost in 45 accurateness.

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As a result, they are blamed for conceiving culture 3 as a simple reflection of class struggle, despite the fact that posts cultural 4 studies do not resemble this image see Gilroy et al. However, politi- 13 cal topics are addressed in five chapters, while cultural institutions are dis- 14 cussed only in general terms in the last two.

Each study, then, points to a wider 15 field that cultural pragmatics might innovate: Nevertheless, they raise some doubts about how the 19 power of social performances should be evaluated. On the one hand, the 20 author argues that performances can be unsuccessful for a number of reasons 21 eg the socio-cultural differentiation of audiences. On the other hand, his 22 analyses of public performances provide only examples in which culture 23 appears as spectacularly powerful. For example, a highly mediated speech of 24 Obama in when he accepted the Democratic nomination for presidency 25 is framed as determinant for his political success over John McCain.

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Here, as in other chapters, 29 the book privileges purely cultural explanations of social change. Although the 30 author argues that cultural pragmatics should integrate rather than replace 31 other approaches, the book — probably because of its macro-theoretical aims — 32 favours straightforward exemplifications.

The framework is 42 outlined in detail, but its potentialities and limitations for empirical research 43 are not fully addressed. Anyway, the notion of social performance looks prom- 44 ising and potentially productive, especially if further refined through research 45 or employed in combination with other approaches. A Cultural 12 Sociology, 11—26, New York: It includes the roles, skills, activities, practices, tools and deliverables applied at every phase of the application lifecycle that ensure an application will be designed, implemented and operationally supported to meet non-functional performance requirements.

Computer performance metrics things to measure include availability , response time , channel capacity , latency , completion time , service time , bandwidth , throughput , relative efficiency , scalability , performance per watt , compression ratio , instruction path length and speed up.

CPU benchmarks are available. Availability of a system is typically measured as a factor of its reliability - as reliability increases, so does availability that is, less downtime. Availability of a system may also be increased by the strategy of focusing on increasing testability and maintainability and not on reliability. Improving maintainability is generally easier than reliability. Maintainability estimates Repair rates are also generally more accurate.

However, because the uncertainties in the reliability estimates are in most cases very large, it is likely to dominate the availability prediction uncertainty problem, even while maintainability levels are very high. Response time is the total amount of time it takes to respond to a request for service. In computing, that service can be any unit of work from a simple disk IO to loading a complex web page.

The response time is the sum of three numbers: Most consumers pick a computer architecture normally Intel IA32 architecture to be able to run a large base of pre-existing, pre-compiled software. Being relatively uninformed on computer benchmarks, some of them pick a particular CPU based on operating frequency see megahertz myth. Channel capacity is the tightest upper bound on the rate of information that can be reliably transmitted over a communications channel. By the noisy-channel coding theorem , the channel capacity of a given channel is the limiting information rate in units of information per unit time that can be achieved with arbitrarily small error probability.

Information theory , developed by Claude E. Shannon during World War II , defines the notion of channel capacity and provides a mathematical model by which one can compute it. The key result states that the capacity of the channel, as defined above, is given by the maximum of the mutual information between the input and output of the channel, where the maximization is with respect to the input distribution. Latency is a time delay between the cause and the effect of some physical change in the system being observed.

Latency is a result of the limited velocity with which any physical interaction can take place. This velocity is always lower or equal to speed of light. Therefore, every physical system that has spatial dimensions different from zero will experience some sort of latency.

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The precise definition of latency depends on the system being observed and the nature of stimulation. In communications, the lower limit of latency is determined by the medium being used for communications. In reliable two-way communication systems, latency limits the maximum rate that information can be transmitted, as there is often a limit on the amount of information that is "in-flight" at any one moment.

In the field of human-machine interaction, perceptible latency delay between what the user commands and when the computer provides the results has a strong effect on user satisfaction and usability. Computers run sets of instructions called a process. In operating systems, the execution of the process can be postponed if other processes are also executing. In addition, the operating system can schedule when to perform the action that the process is commanding.

The operating system may choose to adjust the scheduling of each transition high-low or low-high based on an internal clock. The latency is the delay between the process instruction commanding the transition and the hardware actually transitioning the voltage from high to low or low to high. System designers building real-time computing systems want to guarantee worst-case response. That is easier to do when the CPU has low interrupt latency and when it has deterministic response.

Bandwidth sometimes defines the net bit rate aka.

For example, bandwidth tests measure the maximum throughput of a computer network. The reason for this usage is that according to Hartley's law, the maximum data rate of a physical communication link is proportional to its bandwidth in hertz, which is sometimes called frequency bandwidth, spectral bandwidth, RF bandwidth, signal bandwidth or analog bandwidth. In general terms, throughput is the rate of production or the rate at which something can be processed. In communication networks, throughput is essentially synonymous to digital bandwidth consumption.

In integrated circuits, often a block in a data flow diagram has a single input and a single output, and operate on discrete packets of information.

Examples of such blocks are FFT modules or binary multipliers. Because the units of throughput are the reciprocal of the unit for propagation delay , which is 'seconds per message' or 'seconds per output', throughput can be used to relate a computational device performing a dedicated function such as an ASIC or embedded processor to a communications channel, simplifying system analysis.

Scalability is the ability of a system, network, or process to handle a growing amount of work in a capable manner or its ability to be enlarged to accommodate that growth. The amount of electricity used by the computer. This becomes especially important for systems with limited power sources such as solar, batteries, human power. System designers building parallel computers , such as Google's hardware , pick CPUs based on their speed per watt of power, because the cost of powering the CPU outweighs the cost of the CPU itself.

Compression is useful because it helps reduce resource usage, such as data storage space or transmission capacity. Because compressed data must be decompressed to use, this extra processing imposes computational or other costs through decompression; this situation is far from being a free lunch. Data compression is subject to a space—time complexity trade-off. This is an important performance feature of mobile systems, from the smart phones you keep in your pocket to the portable embedded systems in a spacecraft.

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The effect of a computer or computers on the environment, during manufacturing and recycling as well as during use. Measurements are taken with the objectives of reducing waste, reducing hazardous materials, and minimizing a computer's ecological footprint. Because there are so many programs to test a CPU on all aspects of performance, benchmarks were developed.