Bilingual Book in English and Turkish: Mouse - Fare (Learn Turkish for kids 4)

According to Allan et. In the Table 10, the frequency of objective resultative constructions for static location by native Danish is illustrated. The participles in the examples 33 , 34 and 35 are the three most frequent resultatives used for the scene descriptions in picture questionnaire.

In other words, the direct object becomes the subject on the syntactic surface level while the relationship between the agent and the patient is back-grounded as the source of information is not explicitly known. Besides all of the secondary state verbs are transitive verbs and are passivized with the past participle —t suffix. Therefore, native use of objective resultatives shows an animate inference by an unknown third party just as Nedjalkov and Jaxontov The examples in 36 , 37 and 38 illustrate the three most frequent objective resultatives used by the natives for the location event in Danish.

As for the bilinguals, the resultative constructions in the static location events are rather different from the native Danish examples. The bilinguals make use of postural verbs together with the resultatives. Table 11 exemplifies the frequency of the verbs that are used in the resultative constructions for static location events. However, there are some bilingual specific uses regarding the posture verbs with subjective resultatives as shown in the examples 39 , 40 and However, the past participles in these examples are also intransitive subjective resultatives. Therefore, the static meaning is double marked in these two locative predicates.

In 40 , the locative description is a respond to the Picture 2, where the task for the informant is to describe the static locative event of a computer mouse which is hanging from the table. The secondary state given in the past participles are not objective, as the verbs are in transitive. The secondary state in the examples 39 , 40 and 41 do not express an animate interference on the result as the verbs are intransitive and the subject is an inanimate entity.

So, the secondary states do not necessarily have to be the result of an animate action, regarding the Danish Turkish bilingual use of locative resultatives. According to Durst-Andersen and Herslund The sat participle focuses on the source of information whereas sidde express the a direct static posture event, in which the source of information is inhibited within the static event as it bridges the locational relation between the figure and the path.

They seem to be the calques transferred from their Turkish counterparts see 4. The examples in 45 , 46 and 47 exemplify bilingual specific use of subjective resultatives for static locative events. And there are several examples of past form of i. The present participle is used as predicative adjective and has a subjective attribution by indicating the manner of state. Examples 50 , 51 and 52 display the present participles for expressing the locative relation between the Figure and Ground.

Gennerally the manner is conflated in native Danish use of locative verbs, but bilinguals of Turkish seem to detach it from the main verb and live the main verb empty as in 51 and The locative verb ligge in 50 marks the double marking of manner both in the main verb and the adverbial, which is the present participle. The bilinguals remarkably use more objective resultatives as compared to native Danish. The subjective resultatives verbs are less preferred by bilinguals. The objective and resultatives constructions are realized alike in the past participles in the predicate.

Bilinguals do not differentiate the transitive or intransitive verb in the resultative participles. Besides, bilinguals do not differentiate between transitive and intransitive verbs in the secondary states. Therefore, it is frequently the secondary states where the locative expression is encoded. The secondary verb is generally marked with the following suffixation strategies to mark different resultative types: Example 53 illustrates this type of subjective resultative.

The —lI suffixes holds a possessive meaning of the static quality given by an animate subject. Example 55 illustrates the Type 3 resultatives in native use. Example 56 illustrates —Ik resultative. Table 9 below illustrates the frequency of resultatives in the native use of resultatives with regards to the total scene descriptions. Type 1and Type 4 are the least preferred types of resultatives. As for the bilingual use of resultatives, the primary state is not marked by the default verb dur-, as it has a postural meaning in bilingual Turkish as stated in previous section. The primary state is marked with zero marked predicate, which is subsumed under the type of COP together with the rare use of generalizing modality marker —DIr.

However, since the primary state is not marked with a verb and the predicate is zero marked, the resultative construction seems the like primary state. Besides, bilingual use of resultatives has a lower frequency regarding the use of resultatives as shown in Table However, there is an extra type of resultative in bilingual use, which is attached to the base verb with intransitivizing suffix — I l and direct passive —DI, which indicates a referential past but lacks the source of information as the base verb is first affixed with causeative marker — I r and then it is passivized, see 57 for the Type 5 and see the Table 13 for the frequency of resultative construction types in bilingual use of Turkish: This is mainly because of the fact that the locative case is generally used as the copula, and that the spatial information is more dominating than the resultative state.

Besides, as has been shown in the previous section, primary and secondary states are less expressed in the locative state verbs but mostly in the zero marked predicate. However, the way the construction types are used is not identical in the native and the bilingual use.

As stated before, in Type 2 and Type 3, the secondary state verbs are intransitive, therefore they are subjective. Type 1 and Type 4 constructions in native Turkish are transitive verbs inflected with adjectival suffix like — lI that express the current state by referring to the previous event. The bilingual uses are different in this sense. The types indicated above do not necessarily render either transitive or intransitive verb. The constructions have rendered both transitive and intransitive verbs in the secondary state. See example 58 to see the different use of Type 2 in the bilingual use: The predicate is double marked with intransitivity.

Another example of double marking is in 59 where the Type 3 verb is not transitive: Of all the types, Type 3 and type 5 have the most typical bilingual aspect and voice coloring on locative predicates. In conclusion, as seen from the resultatives in Turkish, bilinguals mark the secondary state quite differently from the native use. The native use has a rather quite unified use of subjective and objective resultative forms, while the bilingual use is not so unified and the bilinguals use subjective and objective resultative constructions interchangeably, which mostly results in double marking of resultative states.

Adpositions and case Danish and Turkish has different ways of expressing the spatial information between the Figure and the Ground. Danish makes use of prepositions and locative adverbs to indicate the locative relation, while Turkish makes use of cases, which are suffixed to the end of the relational noun or the Ground object.

In this section, the data from the picture questionnaire will be analyzed regarding the locative descriptions for each scene which has an inanimate Figure to be described. In the first part the native and Danish use of prepositions are comparatively analyzed and in the second part, the native and bilingual responses in Turkish will be compared regarding the expression of spatial information 4. Prepositions in Danish In Danish, basic spatial information for static events is mostly expressed with the use of prepositions preceding the Ground object.

The used of directional adverbs are mostly used for dynamic actions see Harder et al Table 14 summarizes the how the relation between the figure and the Ground is expressed in native Danish. The use of place adverbs enhances the static locative state meaning see Harder et al as they add extra information to the main verb while prepositions clarify the spatial relation to the Ground object. Table 15 summarizes the use of the most frequent prepositions and adverbs for spatial information for the picture questionnaire in native use of Danish.

There are only two scene descriptions where adverbs only are used and the Ground object is omitted. Examples in 60 , 61 and 62 illustrate the place adverbs that are most frequently used in questionnaire data. Table 16 summarizes the frequencies of native use spatial information markers. However, the use of two prepositions is also remarkably frequent to increase the detail about the spatial relation as exemplified in The spatial information is also quite more with the use of one space adverb and a preposition as the space adverb also hints information on the manner of spatial relation.

In general, native speakers range equally between at least one or two prepositions to indicate spatial information in locative information marker. As for the bilingual use of Danish to express spatial information in locative events, the uses are quite different regarding the inclusion of spatial information. Table 17 illustrates the bilingual use of prepositions and space adverbs. The spatial relation between the Figure and the Ground is more direct but has less detail. Postpositions and case in Turkish In Turkish, the spatial relation between Figure and the Ground is expressed quite differently as compared to Danish.

Turkish does not have prepositions like Danish, but spatial relations are expressed via large selection of cases. To indicate spatial relation, Turkish renders several spatial relation nouns with cases to express dative, locative, ablative relations. These relational nouns follow the complement, and that is why they are called postpositions.

There are several relational nouns that are used as postpositions in Turkish as in the following Table 18 Table There are three types of marking the spatial relations in Turkish. First of all, there is possessive case marked postpositions which has genitive complements, which carries the most detail in spatial information between the Figure and Ground as in Secondly, there is possessive case marked postpositions which do not have a genitive complement like The third group is more directional and is less specific in the spatial relation between the figure and the object.

Compare the examples in 64 , 65 and 66 to see the difference: Unlike 64 , the bare case marking of the object in 66 does not give detail about the type of spatial information. The amount of involvement is not specified, therefore it is ambiguous to indicate whether it is the whole object or its part is involved in the contact. The example 65 has a more metaphorical reading, the locational relationship with the paper refers to the paperwork requires for solving a problem. The postpositions can also be used as adverbs when the subject entity is composed of at least two or more entities.

For expressing locative events, the locative case —DA is used most frequently, which functions as a locative copula. Table 19 illustrates the frequency of postpositions used by native informants to express static locative event. The native use of bare cases is mostly used for dative relation and the locative case is used the second most frequent case. Adverbial use of postpositions is also quite less as the pictures containing more than one entity is limited in the picture questionnaire, see Appendix IV for the distribution of postpositions by the native informants.

As for the bilingual use of postpositions for the picture questionnaire is relatively different from the native use. Table 20 illustrates the bilingual use of postpositions Table That may result from the fact that the possessive marked postpositions with genitive complements are used predicatively.

Since all of the postpositions of this sort are also suffixed with locative case, the copular function becomes more evident. In conclusion, as stated before the predicative use locative case —DA is quite high in bilingual use and it bridges a direct spatial relation between the Figure and the Ground. The spatial information is mostly given in the primary state due to the predication of —DA. Besides, the locative case is the most frequent case used among the bare use of postpositions.

Discussion and Conclusion This study initially aimed to provide answers to these three questions: First of all, as has been pointed out throughout the study there are quite a lot of differences in the expression of location events both in Danish and Turkish and therefore in their bilinguals. And Turkish native speakers use locative case —DA as zero marked locative copula in Turkish. In their use of resultatives, both native Danish and Turkish informants prefer to express objective resultatives in the secondary states and subjective resultatives in the primary states.

However, bilingual informants have been observed to use the same resultative structures interchangeably for both transitive and intransitive verbs, which mean that the bilinguals prefer to express subjective resultatives as equally as the objective resultatives in the secondary states. As far as the expression of the Ground is concerned, native speakers of Danish include more prepositions and adverbs to mark spatial information than the bilinguals in their Danish. The spatial relationship is more detailed than the bilingual use of locative events in Danish.

On the other hand, native speakers of Turkish are less descriptive in the details of spatial information via the use of postpositions. Bilingual informants include more detail of the physical contact between the Figure and the Ground via the use of postpositions. If we turn to the second question, the differences are quite obvious and consistent in locative events and can be said to result from the contact of these two typologically different languages.

In the bilingual Turkish and Danish, the use of copula dominates the other verbal choices to express locative event. Therefore, the fuzziness of the boundary between transitive and intransitive construction can be counted as bilingual specific use and result from the two different marking systems for transitivity in both languages. Regarding the use of adpositions, the use of prepositions and postpositions do not differ dramatically between the bilingual and native use.

However, the primary locative state is expressed via locative case — DA, which is copularized in the bilingual use of Turkish. The native use, on the other hand, has a greater bonding towards the posture verb dur-, which obviously seems to be a dummy verb to indicate locative verb. The locative case is raised to copula while the dummy verb dur- is in sedimentation to become a copular verb for static locative events. Lastly, from a typological perspective, these changes are quite unexpected. Bilingual use of Turkish and Danish does not fall into the two neatly distinct types of the verb-framed vs.

In their Turkish use, the Path is expressed in the use of locative case —DA, which is used as a copula and thus moves the encoding of the Path towards the verbal slot, while it is expected from a satellite-framed language to encode the Path as a satellite not in the verbal slot. Evidentials and source knowledge in Turkish. A window into language and cognitive development, New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development, , 13— Introduction-The typology and semantics of locative predicates: Posturals, positionals and other beasts.

Linguistics, 45 5 , Encoding direction when interpreting proximal terms. Language and Cognitive Processes 22 7.

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Location events in bilingual Danish and Turkish language contact | Ramazan Dicle - www.newyorkethnicfood.com

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