Beauty
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Curls for Christmas — archive, Seven ways to get shiny, healthy hair. From exfoliating your scalp to regular trims and eating well, brush up on how to keep your hair in good condition. In the aftermath of postmodernism's rejection of beauty, thinkers have returned to beauty as an important value. American analytic philosopher Guy Sircello proposed his New Theory of Beauty as an effort to reaffirm the status of beauty as an important philosophical concept.
Beauty is also studied by psychologists and neuroscientists in the field of experimental aesthetics and neuroesthetics respectively. Psychological theories see beauty as a form of pleasure. Standards of beauty have changed over time, based on changing cultural values.
Historically, paintings show a wide range of different standards for beauty. However, humans who are relatively young, with smooth skin, well-proportioned bodies, and regular features, have traditionally been considered the most beautiful throughout history. A strong indicator of physical beauty is " averageness ".
This was first noticed in , when Francis Galton overlaid photographic composite images of the faces of vegetarians and criminals to see if there was a typical facial appearance for each. When doing this, he noticed that the composite images were more attractive compared to any of the individual images. A feature of beautiful women that has been explored by researchers is a waist—hip ratio of approximately 0.
Physiologists have shown that women with hourglass figures are more fertile than other women due to higher levels of certain female hormones, a fact that may subconsciously condition males choosing mates. For instance, in some non-Western cultures in which women have to do work such as finding food, men tend to have preferences for higher waist-hip ratios. Beauty standards are rooted in cultural norms crafted by societies and media over centuries.
Beauty - Wikipedia
Globally, it is argued that the predominance of white women featured in movies and advertising leads to a Eurocentric concept of beauty, breeding cultures that assign inferiority to women of color. Exposure to the thin ideal in mass media, such as fashion magazines, directly correlates with body dissatisfaction, low self-esteem, and the development of eating disorders among female viewers.
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A multibillion-dollar industry of Japanese Aesthetic Salons exists for this reason. However, different nations have varying male beauty ideals; Eurocentric standards for men include tallness, leanness, and muscularity; thus, these features are idolized through American media, such as in Hollywood films and magazine covers. The prevailing eurocentric concept of beauty has varying effects on different cultures.
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Primarily, adherence to this standard among African American women has bred a lack of positive reification of African beauty, and philosopher Cornel West elaborates that, "much of black self-hatred and self-contempt has to do with the refusal of many black Americans to love their own black bodies-especially their black noses, hips, lips, and hair. Further, a societal divide exists between the northern and southern regions of India, as fairer complexioned North Indians are culturally associated with beauty, intelligence, and wealth, based merely on adherence to Eurocentric beauty ideals.
Beauty presents a standard of comparison , and it can cause resentment and dissatisfaction when not achieved. People who do not fit the "beauty ideal" may be ostracized within their communities. The television sitcom Ugly Betty portrays the life of a girl faced with hardships due to society's unwelcoming attitudes toward those they deem unattractive. However, a person may also be targeted for harassment because of their beauty.
The documentary Beauty in the Eyes of the Beheld explores both the societal blessings and curses of female beauty through interviews of women considered beautiful. Researchers have found that good looking students get higher grades from their teachers than students with an ordinary appearance. How much money a person earns may also be influenced by physical beauty. One study found that people low in physical attractiveness earn 5 to 10 percent less than ordinary looking people, who in turn earn 3 to 8 percent less than those who are considered good looking. In the marriage market, women's looks are at a premium, but men's looks do not matter much.
Conversely, being very unattractive increases the individual's propensity for criminal activity for a number of crimes ranging from burglary to theft to selling illicit drugs. Discrimination against others based on their appearance is known as lookism. Augustine said of beauty "Beauty is indeed a good gift of God; but that the good may not think it a great good, God dispenses it even to the wicked.
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Philosopher and novelist Umberto Eco wrote On Beauty: From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. This article may be expanded with text translated from the corresponding article in Latin. June Click [show] for important translation instructions. View a machine-translated version of the Latin article. Machine translation like Deepl or Google Translate is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia.
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For more guidance, see Wikipedia: For beauty as a characteristic of a person's appearance, see Physical attractiveness. For other uses, see Beauty disambiguation. Archived from the original on November 30, Retrieved December 4, Archived from the original on February 11, Retrieved May 1, The Biography of a Dangerous Idea. Princeton Essays on the Arts, 1. Princeton University Press, Personality and Social Psychology Review: The exhilarating prospect of mastering a challenging world".
Review of General Psychology. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. Archived from the original on June 28, Frontiers in Human Neuroscience. Archived from the original on August 30, Archived from the original on June 8, Why are average faces attractive?