The Palestinian Executive: Leadership Under Challenging Conditions

We are not fundamentalists. We are not actually fighting the Jews because they are Jews per se. We do not fight any other races. We fight the occupiers. Our problem is with those occupying the land of Palestine," he said. According to Hamas spokesman Sami Abu-Zuhri, "We had agreed to give popular resistance precedence in the West Bank, but this does not come at the expense of armed resistance. In May , senior Hamas MP Sayed Abu Musameh said, "in our culture, we respect every foreigner, especially Jews and Christians, but we are against Zionists, not as nationalists but as fascists and racists.

I dream of seeing every weapon from the atomic bomb to small guns banned everywhere. Hamas has been explicit in its Holocaust denial. In reaction to the Stockholm conference on the Jewish Holocaust , held in late January , Hamas issued a press release that it published on its official website, containing the following statements from a senior leader:.

This conference bears a clear Zionist goal, aimed at forging history by hiding the truth about the so-called Holocaust, which is an alleged and invented story with no basis. The invention of these grand illusions of an alleged crime that never occurred, ignoring the millions of dead European victims of Nazism during the war, clearly reveals the racist Zionist face, which believes in the superiority of the Jewish race over the rest of the nations.

By these methods, the Jews in the world flout scientific methods of research whenever that research contradicts their racist interests. In , Khaled Mashal called Mahmoud Ahmadinejad 's December 14, statements on the Holocaust that Europeans had "created a myth in the name of Holocaust" [] as "courageous". The Holocaust was not only a crime against humanity but one of the most abhorrent crimes in modern history. We condemn it as we condemn every abuse of humanity and all forms of discrimination on the basis of religion, race, gender or nationality. Al-Astal continued "I do not exaggerate when I say this issue is a war crime, because of how it serves the Zionist colonizers and deals with their hypocrisy and lies.

According to Hamas, "Holocaust studies in refugee camps is a contemptible plot and serves the Zionist entity with a goal of creating a reality and telling stories in order to justify acts of slaughter against the Palestinian people. He also called the Holocaust an "alleged tragedy" and "exaggerated".

The Refugee Affairs Department of Hamas said that teaching the Holocaust was a "crime against the issue of the refugees that is aimed at canceling their right of return". Hamas has used both political activities and violence in pursuit of its goals. For example, while politically engaged in the Palestinian Territories parliamentary election campaign, Hamas stated in its election manifesto that it was prepared to use "armed resistance to end the occupation". From to , Hamas was responsible for killing nearly Israelis and wounding more than 2, in attacks, according to the Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs.

From through May , Hamas launched more than 3, Qassam rockets and 2, mortar attacks into Israel. In the first years of the First Intifada — , Hamas violence was directed first at collaborators with Israel and at individuals it considered moral deviants, and then later at the Israeli military. The first such attack occurred on April 16, , when an al-Qassam Brigades operative detonated explosives in a car he parked next to two buses, one military and one civilian, in the West Bank town of Mehola , killing a Palestinian civilian and wounding 8 Israeli soldiers.

The most deadly suicide bombing was an attack on a Netanya hotel on March 27, , in which 30 people were killed and were wounded. The attack has also been referred to as the Passover massacre since it took place on the first night of the Jewish festival of Passover at a Seder. Hamas has defended suicide attacks as a legitimate aspect of its asymmetric warfare against Israel. In , according to Stephen Atkins, Hamas resumed suicide bombings in Israel as a retaliatory measure after the failure of peace talks and an Israeli campaign targeting members of the upper echelon of the Hamas leadership.

In May Israel arrested a top Hamas official, Ibrahim Hamed , who Israeli security officials alleged was responsible for dozens of suicide bombings and other attacks on Israelis. Since , paramilitary soldiers of al-Qassam Brigades and other groups have used homemade Qassam rockets to hit Israeli towns in the Negev , such as Sderot. In , Hamas leader Khaled Mashal , offered that Hamas would attack only military targets if the IDF would stop causing the deaths of Palestinian civilians.

On 15 June , Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu accused Hamas of involvement in the kidnapping of three Israeli teenagers including one who held American citizenship , saying "This has severe repercussions. On 5 August Israel announced that Israeli security forces arrested Hussam Kawasme, in Shuafat , in connection with the murders. On 20 August, Saleh al-Arouri, a Hamas leader in exile in Turkey, claimed responsibility for the kidnapping of the three Israeli teens. He delivered an address on behalf of Khaled Mashal at the conference of the International Union of Muslim Scholars in Istanbul , a move that might reflect a desire by Hamas to gain leverage.

Your brothers in the Al-Qassam Brigades carried out this operation to support their imprisoned brothers, who were on a hunger strike. The mujahideen captured these settlers in order to have a swap deal. Hamas suicide attacks on Israeli civilians have largely disappeared since ; this has coincided with an increase in rocket attacks.

One analysis suggests that the decline in suicide attacks is not motivated by any lack of supplies or volunteers to carry out such operations, by enhanced Israeli security measures such as the West Bank barrier if Israeli actions were the reason, one would expect to see an equal decline in suicide attacks by all Palestinian factions, which is not observed , or by a newfound desire for reconciliation with Israel on the part of Hamas.

Rocket attacks by Hamas have been condemned by Human rights organizations as war crimes , both because they usually take aim at civilians and because the weapons' inaccuracy would disproportionately endanger civilians even if military targets were chosen. After Operation Pillar of Defense, Human Rights Watch stated that armed Palestinian groups fired hundreds of rockets at Israeli cities, violating international humanitarian law, and that statements by Palestinian groups that they deliberately targeted Israeli civilians demonstrated an "intent to commit war crimes".

HRW's Middle East director Sarah Leah Whitson said that Palestinian groups made clear that "harming civilians was their aim" and said that launching rockets at populated areas had no legal justification. International humanitarian law prohibits deliberate attacks on civilians and intentional violations can be war crimes. According to Human Rights Watch, Hamas and other Palestinian armed groups have launched thousands of rockets into Israel since , killing 15 civilians, wounding many more, and posing an ongoing threat to the nearly , Israeli civilians who live and work in the weapons' range.

Hamas officials have said that the rockets were aimed only at military targets, saying that civilian casualties were the "accidental result" of the weapons' poor quality. According to Human Rights Watch, statements by Hamas leaders suggest that the purpose of the rocket attacks was indeed to strike civilians and civilian objects. From January , following Operation Cast Lead , Hamas largely stopped launching rocket attacks on Israel and has on at least two occasions arrested members of other groups who have launched rockets, "showing that it has the ability to impose the law when it wants".

It maintained that its rocket attacks had been aimed at Israeli military targets but lacked accuracy and hence sometimes hit civilian areas. Israel responded that Hamas had boasted repeatedly of targeting and murdering civilians in the media. According to one report, commenting on the conflict, "nearly all the 2,—3, rockets and mortars Hamas has fired at Israel since the start of the war seem to have been aimed at towns", including an attack on "a kibbutz collective farm close to the Gaza border", in which an Israeli child was killed.

Halevi stated that "Hamas has expressed pride in aiming long-range rockets at strategic targets in Israel including the nuclear reactor in Dimona, the chemical plants in Haifa, and Ben-Gurion Airport", which "could have caused thousands" of Israeli casualties "if successful". In July Barack Obama , then the Democratic presidential candidate, said: In , Hamas, who have been actively sidelined from the peace talks by Israel, spearheaded a coordinated effort by 13 Palestinian militant groups, in attempt to derail the stalled peace talks between Israel and Mahmoud Abbas , President of the Palestinian Authority.

Eitan Dangot, Israel seeks to work with Salam Fayyad , to help revive the Palestinian economy, and hopes to ease restrictions on the Gaza Strip further, "while somehow preventing the Islamic militants who rule it from getting credit for any progress". According to Dangot, Hamas must not be seen as ruling successfully or be allowed to "get credit for a policy that would improve the lives of people".

As part of the campaign, on August 31, , 4 Israeli settlers, including a pregnant woman, were killed by Hamas militants while driving on Route 60 near the settlement Kiryat Arba , in the West bank. According to witnesses, militants opened fire on the moving vehicle, but then "approached the car" and shot the occupants in their seats at "close range". The attack was described by Israeli sources as one of the "worst" terrorist acts in years. According to a translation by Palestinian Media Watch, in , Fathi Hamad, a member of the Palestinian Legislative Council , stated on Al-Aqsa TV , "For the Palestinian people death became an industry, at which women excel and so do all people on this land: Accordingly Palestinians created a human shield of women, children, the elderly and the Jihad fighters against the Zionist bombing machine, as if they were saying to the Zionist enemy: In , Hamas speaker Ahmad Bahr praised the virtues of martyrdom and Jihad, and said that 2.

He continued by saying that nobody on Earth "will be able to confront the resistance, or to confront the mujahideen, those who worship Allah and seek martyrdom". Hamas has made great use of guerrilla tactics in the Gaza Strip and to a lesser degree the West Bank. According to a report by rival Fatah party, Hamas had smuggled between several hundred and 1, tons of advanced rockets, along with other weaponry, into Gaza.

In addition to killing Israeli civilians and armed forces, Hamas has also murdered suspected Palestinian Israel collaborators and Fatah rivals. Human Rights Watch estimates several hundred Gazans were "maimed" and tortured in the aftermath of the conflict. Seventy-three Gazan men accused of "collaborating" had their arms and legs broken by "unidentified perpetrators" and 18 Palestinians accused of helping Israel were executed by Hamas security officials in the first days of the conflict.

According to the witnesses, six alleged informers were shot dead one by one in Gaza City , while the corpse of the sixth victim was tied by a cable to the back of a motorcycle and dragged through the streets. Their statement was released the day before Hamas issued a deadline for "collaborators" to turn themselves in, or they will be pursued "without mercy". Frequent killings of unarmed people have also occurred during Hamas-Fatah clashes. Later that day, more than a dozen armed men with black masks and red kaffiyeh took the man from his home, and brought him to a solitary area where they shot him three times in the lower legs and ankles.

The man told Human Rights Watch that he was not politically active. The resulting battle left at least 13 people dead, including Moussa and 6 Hamas fighters, and people injured. Hamas has been accused of providing weapons, training and fighters for Sinai-based insurgent attacks, [] [] although Hamas strongly denies the allegations, calling them a smear campaign aiming to harm relations with Egypt. Hamas, together with several charities it runs, [] has been designated by several governments and some academics as a terrorist organization.

Others regard Hamas as a complex organization with terrorism as only one component. In July , the European Court of Justice overruled this challenge, citing that the evidence of media reports was only used for keeping Hamas on the list, rather than to add it to the list in the first place. In September a legal advisor to the European Court of Justice, Eleanor Sharpston, provided an advisory opinion, in favour of cancelling the listing of Hamas as a terrorist organization.

She argued that the determination originally adopted was flawed, and that the EU cannot "rely on facts and evidence found in press articles and information from the internet" in order to list organizations as terrorists. After Operation Pillar of Defense , Human Rights Watch stated that Palestinian groups had endangered civilians by "repeatedly fired rockets from densely populated areas, near homes, businesses, and a hotel" and noted that under international law, parties to a conflict may not to place military targets in or near densely populated areas.

Gaza Strip

One rocket was launched close to the Shawa and Housari Building, where various Palestinian and international media have offices; another was fired from the yard of a house near the Deira Hotel. The report contains testimony from variety Palestinian sources, including a Hamas militant Sabhi Majad Atar, who said he was taught how to shoot rockets from inside a mosque.

The Israeli government filed a report entitled "Gaza Operations Investigation: Second Update" to the United Nations accusing Hamas of exploiting its rules of engagement by shooting rockets and launching attacks within protected civilian areas. Hamas said that the mortar killed 42 people and left dozens wounded. Israel said that Hamas militants had launched a rocket from a yard adjacent to the school and one mortar of three rounds hit the school, due to a GPS error. According to the Israeli military probe, the remaining two rounds hit the yard used to launch rockets into Israel, killing two members of Hamas's military wing who fired the rockets.

Human Right Watch program director Iain Levine said the attacks by Hamas were "unlawful and unjustifiable, and amount to war crimes", and accused Hamas of putting Palestinians at risk by launching attacks from built-up areas.

Hamas - Wikipedia

Human Rights Watch investigated 19 incidents involving 53 civilian deaths in Gaza that Israel said were the result of Hamas fighting in densely populated areas and did not find evidence for existence of Palestinian fighters in the areas at the time of the Israeli attack. In other cases where no civilians had died, the report concluded that Hamas may have deliberately fired rockets from areas close to civilians. HRW found no evidence that the civilians were used as human shields, nor had they been shot in crossfire.

On July 8, , Hamas's spokesman Sami Abu Zuhri encouraged the "policy of people confronting the Israeli warplanes with their bare chests", saying it has proven itself. Hamas shot some of those people That way Hamas made sure people had to stay in their homes even if they were about to get bombed"; and "My father received a text-message from the Israeli army warning him that our area was going to be bombed, and Hamas prevented us from leaving.

And I can see very clearly that the woman doesn't want to be there and he's pulling her with him"; [] and "We even found explosives in nurseries. The whole neighborhood was practically a terrorist base. Israel has accused Hamas of using children as human shields. The Israeli government released video footage in which it claims two militants are shown grabbing a young boy's arm from behind holding him to walk in front of them toward a group of people waiting near a wall.

The IDF argues the militants were placing the boy between themselves and an Israeli sniper. The second scene shows an individual, described as a terrorist, grabbing a school boy off of a floor, where he is hiding behind a column from IDF fire, and using him as a human shield to walk to a different location.

Israeli forces later opened fire and killed two women. In November , the Israeli Air Force warned Muhammad Weil Baroud, commander of the Popular Resistance Committees who are accused of launching rockets into Israeli territory, to evacuate his home in a Jabalya refugee camp apartment block in advance of a planned Israeli air strike. Baroud responded by calling for volunteers to protect the apartment block and nearby buildings and, according to The Jerusalem Post , hundreds of local residents, mostly women and children, responded.

Israel suspended the air strike. Israel termed the action an example of Hamas using human shields. From now on we will form human chains around every house threatened with demolition. Whether or not the home is a legitimate military target, knowingly asking civilians to stand in harm's way is unlawful. They stated that, on the basis of available evidence, the home demolition was in fact an administrative act, viewed in the context of Israel's longstanding policy of punitive home demolitions, not a military act and thus would not fall within the purview of the law regulating hostilities during armed conflict, which had been the basis for their initial criticism of Hamas.

When the UN-sponsored Goldstone Commission Report on the Gaza War was commissioned in , it stated that it "found no evidence that Palestinian combatants mingled with the civilian population with the intention of shielding themselves from attack" though they deemed credible reports that Palestinian militants were "not always dressed in a way that distinguished them from civilians".

This is why they have formed human shields of the women, the children. Richard Kemp was invited to testify at the UN Human Rights Council 12th Special Session that during Operation Cast Lead Israel encountered an "enemy that deliberately positioned its military capability behind the human shield of the civilian population". The Israeli government released a video compiled mostly from Arab news sources showing Palestinian children under the age of 15 going through military training and carrying and firing arms.

The video's narration explains that Hamas indoctrinates these child combatants and that Hamas operators send the children "on missions from which they would not risk their own lives". According to the Israeli government, the children are used as spotters, to transport explosives and weapons, sent to play in areas to deter Israeli attacks and are sent unknowingly with explosive devices in their schoolbags to be blown up in the vicinity of Israelis.

See Military use of children. Although Hamas admits to sponsoring summer schools to train teenagers in handling weapons they condemn attacks by children. Following the deaths of three teenagers during a attack on Netzarim in central Gaza, Hamas banned attacks by children and "called on the teachers and religious leaders to spread the message of restraint among young boys".

Israel and Palestine

Human rights groups and Gazans have accused the Hamas government in the Gaza Strip of restricting freedom of the press and forcefully suppressing dissent. Both foreign and Palestinian journalists report harassment and other measures taken against them. More widely, in late August the group was accused in The Telegraph , a conservative British newspaper, of torturing, detaining, and firing on unarmed protesters who had objected to policies of the Hamas government.

Government security forces beat several gathering supporters and journalists. Several hours after the announcement, 17 Fatah members were released. The IFJ said that journalists' leaders in Gaza have faced a campaign of intimidation, as well as threats designed to force them to stop their union work. Some of these journalists are now facing charges of illegal activities and a travel ban, due to their refusal "to give in to pressure".

The IFJ said that these accusations are "malicious" and "should be dropped immediately".

The IFJ explained that the campaign against PJS members began in March , after their election, and included a raid organized by Hamas supporters who took over the PJS offices in Gaza with the help of the security forces, and subsequently evicted the staff and elected officials. Other harassment includes the targeting of individuals who were bullied into stopping union work. There were scheduled to participate in a conference in Cairo, Egypt.

After being questioned by security forces, their passports were confiscated. Reporters Without Borders Secretary-General Christophe Deloire said "As living conditions in the Gaza Strip are disastrous, Hamas wants to silence critics and does not hesitate to torture a journalist in order to control media coverage in its territory.

In June , the Independent Commission for Human Rights based in Ramallah published a report whose findings included that the Palestinians in the West Bank and the Gaza Strip were subjected in to an "almost systematic campaign" of human rights abuses by the Palestinian Authority and Hamas, as well as by Israeli authorities, with the security forces belonging to the PA and Hamas being responsible for torture, arrests and arbitrary detentions. In , the Human Rights Watch presented a 43 page long list of human rights violation committed by Hamas. Among actions attributed to Hamas the HRW report mentions beatings with metal clubs and rubber hoses, hanging of alleged collaborationists with Israel, and torture of individuals.

According to the report, Hamas also tortured civil society activists and peaceful protesters. The report also slams Hamas for harassment of people based on so called morality offenses and for media censorship. On May 26, Amnesty International released a report saying that Hamas carried out extrajudicial killings, abductions and arrests of Palestinians and used the Al-Shifa Hospital to detain, interrogate and torture suspects during the Israel—Gaza conflict in It details the executions of at least 23 Palestinians accused of collaborating with Israel and torture of dozens of others, many victims of torture were members of the rival Palestinian movement, Fatah.

Hamas has always maintained leadership abroad. The movement is deliberately fragmented to ensure that Israel cannot kill its top political and military leaders. Hamas's political bureau was once located in the Syrian capital of Damascus before the start of the Syrian civil war. Instead, Hamas backed the Sunni rebels fighting against Assad.

As a result, Iran cut funding to Hamas, and their terror proxy Hezbollah ordered Hamas members out of Lebanon. Since then, Iran and Hezbollah have tried to mend fences with Hamas. Like Egypt, they designated the Brotherhood as a terrorist organization and Hamas was viewed as its Palestinian equivalent. According to Middle East experts, now Hamas has two firm allies: Both give Hamas public and financial assistance estimated to be in the hundreds of millions of dollars.

Last year on U. Hamas is a political party. Qatar called Gaza's blockade unjust and immoral, which prompted the Hamas government in Gaza, including former Prime Minister Ismail Haniyeh, to thank Qatar for their "unconditional" support. Qatar then began regularly handing out political, material, humanitarian and charitable support for Hamas. Some have argued that the money Qatar gives to reconstruct Palestine is an excuse to pour even more money into Hamas. Some began to label Qatar a terrorist haven in part because it is harboring Hamas leader Meshaal. Al-Arouri is alleged to have orchestrated the June abduction and killing of three Israeli teenagers and to have started the day war between Israel and Palestine, and now lives in Turkey.

Speaking in reference to Qatar's support for Hamas, during a visit to Palestine, Qatari official Mohammad al-Emadi, said Qatar is using the money not to help Hamas but rather the Palestinian people as a whole. He acknowledges however that giving to the Palestinian people means using Hamas as the local contact.

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Emadi said, "You have to support them. You don't like them, don't like them. But they control the country, you know. But Hamas claims that having contacts with various Arab countries establishes positive relations which will encourage Arab countries to do their duty toward the Palestinians and support their cause by influencing public opinion in the Arab world. During that period there were conflicts between Israeli troops and Palestinian protestors in the Gaza Strip, due to the decision of the United States to move their embassy to Jerusalem.

In June , China voted in support of a United Nations Security Council resolution vetoed by the US that criticized Israel of excessive, disproportionate and indiscriminate force by the Israeli forces against Palestinian civilians in Gaza during the Gaza border protests. Later the same day, China abstained from voting on a US drafted resolution that blamed Hamas for the escalated violence. Treasury Department specially designated the HLF in for terror ties: From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

For the Iraqi group, see Revolution Brigade. Not to be confused with Hama. Palestinian Sunni-Islamist fundamentalist organization. Palestinian nationalism Sunni Islamism [2] Islamic nationalism [3] [4] [5] Islamic fundamentalism Anti-Zionism Antisemitism [6] [7] [8]. Politics of Palestine Political parties Elections. Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades. Fatah—Hamas conflict and Battle of Gaza Islamization of the Gaza Strip. Racism in the Palestinian territories. A rocket fired from the Gaza Strip into Israel , December Eshkol Nir Oz Nirim Yesha. Sdot Negev Alumim Sa'ad.

International positions on the nature of Hamas. Children in the Israeli—Palestinian conflict. Palestine portal Terrorism portal Islam portal. Reinterpreting Resistance in Palestine , Routledge p. Defining India's Role , Academic Foundation pp. The leaders of the organization argued that Islam gave the Palestinian people the power to confront Israel and described the Intifada as the return of the masses to Islam.

Since its inception, Hamas has tried to reconcile nationalism and Islam. Hamas claims to speak as a nationalist movement but with an Islamic-nationalist rather than a secular nationalist agenda. Retrieved January 6, Challenges to the Cohesion of the Arabic State. Insurgency in the Holy Land Routledge. Hamas Rule in Gaza: Human Rights Under Constraint. Israel and Palestinians agree to halt weeks of fighting". Retrieved 10 November Retrieved 15 June Retrieved January 6, — via www. Retrieved 4 September Retrieved May 18, Retrieved June 7, JTA, 7 December The Palestinian National Movement: Politics of Contention, — Dates differ, between December — January , and August Routledge, Dec 21, Council on Foreign Relations.

Retrieved August 2, The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on July 5, Archived from the original on March 6, Hamas proposes year cease-fire in return for conditions being met". The Jerusalem Post JPost. Hamas retaliated with a suicide bombing in Israel on August 19, , that killed 20 people, including 6 children.

Since then Israelis have mounted an assassination campaign against the senior leadership of Hamas that has killed 13 Hamas members, including Ismail Abu Shanab, one of the most moderate leaders of Hamas. After each of these assassinations, Hamas has sent a suicide bomber into Israel in retaliation. Retrieved April 28, Lessons from Recent Attacks".

The Palestinian Executive: Leadership Under Challenging Conditions

Washington Institute for Near East Policy. Retrieved August 1, Substitution and competition in the Israel—Palestine conflict". Behavioral and Brain Sciences. The New York Times. Retrieved July 17, Retrieved 11 July Retrieved April 22, Archived from the original PDF on August 26, Clashes between the two groups steadily escalated until gunmen loyal to Hamas took control of Gaza in June, ousting the remnants of Fatah.

Hamas Archived June 13, , at the Wayback Machine.. Council of Foreign Relations. August 27, , "In the summer of , Hamas tensions with the Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas, a Fatah man, came to a head and Hamas routed Fatah supporters, killing many and sending others fleeing to the West Bank. The result was a de facto geographic division of Palestinian-held territory, with Hamas holding sway in Gaza and Fatah maintaining the internationally recognized Palestinian Authority government in the West Bank town of Ramallah. Retrieved October 9, Fatah-Hamas unity talks breed Likud harmony".

Retrieved 21 June International Encyclopedia of Terrorism. Hovdenak, 'Hamas in Transition: Phillips, From Bullets to Ballots: This date is based on a Hamas operation that assassinated the rabbi of the Israeli settlement of Kfar Darom inside the Gaza Strip. Kim Cragin,'Learning to Survive: Innocence, Vengeance, and Despair in the Middle East. O'Neill, The Deadly Embrace: Burfeindt, 'Rapprochement with Iran', in Thomas A. Challenges Confronting America, China, and Iran. Gleis, Benedetta Berti, Hezbollah and Hamas: Economics and Diplomacy in the Middle East, I.

Tauris , pp. Ideational Threats in Arab Politics. Stanford University Press, p. Cook, The United States and Iran: Policy Challenges and Opportunities, Palgrave Macmillan, Multi-causal and Multi-level Approaches, Routledge, p. Encyclopedia of the Palestinians, Infobase Publishing , p. Ahmad Yassin stated 'the PLO is secularist. It cannot be accepted as a representative unless it becomes islamic' p. In , when fundamentalist protesters set fire to the office of the Red Crescent Society in Gaza, headed by Dr Haidar Abdel-Shafi, a Communist and PLO supporter, the Israeli army did nothing, intervening only when the mob marched to his home and seemed to threaten him personally'.

Politics of Contention, —, Indiana University Press , p. Moreover, Hamas was created essentially because the Islamicists connected to the Muslim Brotherhood feared that without their direct participation in the first Intifada, they would lose supporters to both the PIJ and the PLO, the latter of which was anxious to reassert itself in the Palestinian territories after being marginalized following its expulsion from Lebanon.

As authors Mishal and Saela, explain, "The Mujamma's decision to adopt a 'jihad now' policy against 'enemies of Allah' through the creation of Hamas was thus largely a matter of survival. Retrieved 22 July A Beginner's Guide, Pluto Press p. The author of the Charter was one of the 'old guard' of the Muslim Brotherhood in the Gaza Strip, completely cut off from the outside world. Hamas will not adopt a hostile position in practice against anyone because of his ideas or his creed but will adopt such a position if those ideas and creed are translated into hostile or damaging actions against our people.

The Palestinian Executive: Leadership Under Challenging Conditions

Background and Issues for Congress, Diane Publishing, p. It does not condemn the West or non-Muslims, but does condemn aggression against the Palestinian people, arguing for a defensive jihad. It also calls for fraternal relations with the other Palestinian nationalist groups'. The Covenant of the Islamic Resistance Movement". Documents in Law, History and Diplomacy. Retrieved February 15, Emmett, Our Sisters' Promised Land: But I say the opposite-the Bible is our mandate, the Bible is our deed'.

Yitzhak Rabin at the time charged that "Bibi Netyanyahu is a Hamas collaborator. Hamas and Likud have the same political goal. Hamas also calls attention to the clauses in the Likud charter that explicitly denounce a two-state solution. A double standard, says Hamas. But we do consider this as an acceptable solution to have a Palestinian state on the borders of '. Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting.

Retrieved March 18, Retrieved April 16, Hamas accepts Palestinian state in '67 borders". Retrieved February 25, The Times of Israel. Retrieved March 29, Retrieved March 31, World , May 9, " The Hunt for the Engineer. Whether Hamas persecute, kidnap, torture or abuse with impunity Jordanian citizens who disagree with its methods, policies and ideology Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, October 25, , JOR Yale University Press, Retrieved January 5, Retrieved May 4, Ceasefire for return to border".

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Continued rocket fire by Fatah armed group harms Palestinian interests". Retrieved December 27, Retrieved January 9, Retrieved January 15, Retrieved January 19, Palestine Note, July 28, " The Israeli army puts the number at 1, Hamas can speak with Obama". Retrieved August 17, Click on small "transcript" link at top of comments section to view transcript; scroll up to view video. Retrieved June 21, The New York Times , October 2, BBC News , February 7, Ma'an News Agency , October 29, Arutz Sheva , November 6, Al-Ahram Online, January 9, Retrieved 26 October Archived from the original on October 24, The document in full".

Archived from the original on July 20, Archived from the original on August 5, Archived from the original on August 4, Archived from the original on October 9, Retrieved February 3, Archived from the original on May 14, Retrieved March 27, Taliban-like attempts to censor music". Archived from the original on August 7, Islamic reactions to the music of today". Volume 2, Number 3, —28, doi: Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship 16 02 , , Journal of Management Development 29 3 , , Journal of Management Development 35 6 , , Articles 1—20 Show more.

From bureaucratic organizations to learning organizations: Innovative management model for performance appraisal: Entrepreneur's personality, education and venture effectiveness: Enhancing customer relationships through customer education: The importance of fostering alignment to ensure sustainable nation building: Does entrepreneurship education have a role in developing entrepreneurial skills and ventures' effectiveness? The importance of Fostering alignment to ensure sustainable nation building: