The Complete Panflick History 1839-1973

Newspapers seized the rags-to-riches story: Yale scholarship student reaches goal of earning a million dollars before his thirtieth birthday-and during the Depression. It is true that the eventual value of his stock made him a millionaire; but because his return was pegged to the firm's well-being, only if the agency continued to prosper would his total assets mount.

Benton, in fact, was destined for some financially rocky periods before his wealth was assured. When Benton announced his retirement from advertising, President Robert M. Hutchins, his former Yale debating partner, invited him to undertake public relations and fund-raising work for the University of Chicago. After Benton turned down the offer, Hutchins countered by proposing a shorter-term project; surveying University programs and suggesting improvements.

As further inducement he stressed opportunities for directing and expanding the University's commitment to radio broadcasting and educational films, both areas which had already whetted Benton's interest. Overcoming his initial hesitation, Benton agreed to spend two to three months assessing the situation and producing a "consumer research" survey for the institution. It was unprecedented for a university to adopt such techniques to measure its "acceptance" or "sales resistance. The University's public relations in the mid-thirties were in a poor state.

Though it was outside the purview of his assignment, Benton managed to solve two of the institution's most vexing problems. The University was perceived as a nest of subversion, a situation which had been exacerbated by the publicity surrounding Charles Walgreen's withdrawal of his daughter from classes.

Benton could uncover no factual basis for these accusations, so he got permission from Hutchins to approach the drugstore magnate personally. Their meeting laid the groundwork both for the resolution of the immediate problem and for Walgreen's underwriting of the University's Charles R. Walgreen Foundation for the Study of American Institutions. Benton was equally successful in neutralizing the chronic hostility shown the University by Chicago newspapers, especially Colonel Robert McCormick's Chicago Tribune.

Late in Benton completed The University of Chicago's Public Relations, his analysis of the University's image problems and recommendations for improvement. Pinpointing Hutchins's role in public relations as crucial, he also underlined essential contributions to be made by faculty, students, trustees, and alumni. In line with his own interests and vision, he also emphasized the largely untapped capacity of radio and film to promote the University.

Fifty confidential copies of the controversial report were printed for circulation to the trustees, and the University's public relations now so intrigued Benton that he agreed to assume a half-time position as vice-president. He lost no time in implementing the ideas he had outlined in his report. In addition to producing and commissioning scores of promotional articles and pamphlets about the University, Benton lectured widely and urged others in the academic community to do the same.

Much of this work was aimed at the Chicago business community, a group whose ties to the University the new vice president sought to strengthen and expand. Benton's greatest interest, however, was in radio and film. Begun modestly in as an occasional seminar on current economic, political, and social issues, by the fall of the "Round Table" had a national following. Under Benton's tutelage it was for twenty years the most popular radio discussion program in the United States, drawing many of its participants from the University faculty. Benton further heightened the University's national visibility when he inaugurated another radio series, "The Human Adventure," which linked faculty research to dramatic advances in human knowledge.

Prospects for developing educational films were more complex. In Benton learned of the conglomerate's desire to sell ERPI and to abandon the educational film business. Benton's faith in the potential of the educational film business remained undiluted, and he was to have another chance to purchase ERPI only five years later. During his years of service to the University, Benton continued to look for personal investment opportunities.

In he bought Muzak, an ailing and obscure company which sent music into restaurants and hotels over leased telephone lines. The company's managers conceived of Muzak as a substitute for live orchestra and band music, but Benton revolutionized the business by envisioning it primarily as background music.

Within a few years he had turned Muzak into a thriving concern, but he was stymied in his simultaneous efforts to introduce subscription radio, a scheme in which special FM channels would be made available to citizens on a subscription basis. By the late s Benton was devoting his energies primarily to other concerns, though he retained ownership of the company until Benton's association with the University led directly to another and even more profitable investment. Sears, Roebuck and Company had acquired Encyclopaedia Britannica after having been involved in its management during World War I, but the corporation was increasingly anxious to get rid of it.

Benton knew General Robert E.

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Wood, chairman of Sears, from working closely with him on the America First Committee, and he suggested to Wood that Sears give the Britannica company to the University of Chicago as an endowment. The General agreed, but the University trustees balked at accepting the gift, worried about the lack of working capital and the appropriateness of a university's operating an essentially nonacademic book business. In early Benton thus became the owner, publisher, and chairman of the board of Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc. The University retained the option to buy one-half of his stock without interest, which would have given it two-thirds and control; when the time came to take up the option, the trustees were unwilling to tamper with a such a lucrative business arrangement.

Benton eventually retired the University's holdings, but the institution continued to receive substantial royalty payments. To him it seemed natural for Encyclopaedia Britannica to acquire an educational film company, but it was a business gamble since all Benton's predecessors in that field had failed. The newborn Encyclopaedia Britannica Films, Inc. Not only did its principal competitor, Eastman Kodak, withdraw from the business, but it donated its library of silent films to Encyclopaedia Britannica and the University of Chicago.

Another of Benton's projects grew out of his relationship with the University and Britannica. During his vice-presidential years, Benton became involved in Robert Hutchins's Great Books program, and in his enthusiasm he resolved to publish the works as a set. His Britannica associates were skeptical, reminding him of the ready availability of standard editions. Discounting their fears, he subsidized Mortimer Adler and an ever larger group of subeditors to compile the Syntopicon, a thesaurus of ideas within the Great Books of the Western World.

Costs skyrocketed and deadlines were postponed again and again, but Benton's belief in the project never wavered. The volume series finally appeared in , its enormous commercial success vindicating Benton's judgment. In Britannica began publication of The Great Ideas Today, an annual supplement to the Great Books; two years later a companion set, the ten-volume Gateway to the Great Books, was published. During his years at Chicago Benton also embarked on his career as a public servant.

Three years later he was a founding member of the Committee for Economic Development, an organization of top businessmen devoted to planning postwar employment and production. His responsibilities included consolidating the wartime information agencies within the State Department and launching the first major U.

Benton was ideally suited to these tasks, but he knew that success would depend on his ability to educate Congress and the American public. Under his direction the State Department began the Voice of America broadcasts, established the United States information offices, and promoted international visits of professors and students. Benton also led U. He was busy on the legislative front as well, guiding through Congress the Foreign Service Act of and the Fulbright Act for international educational exchange programs. Benton resigned from the State Department in and planned to give his attention to Britannica affairs.

Soon thereafter, however, because of his international experience and his years of work with the Commission on the Freedom of the Press, the State Department asked him to lead the American delegation to the United Nations Conference on Freedom of Press and Information. Until his death twenty-five years later Benton continued his work with American delegations to numerous international conferences.

Late in a new path of service opened up to Benton when his old business partner, Chester Bowles, then governor of Connecticut, appointed him to fill a vacant U. The next year Benton ran to win the two years remaining in the term. His energetic and creative promotional skills once again found an appropriate arena; he introduced the helicopter into political campaigning and used radio and television extensively. The new techniques were effective; Benton was elected, while Bowles and the rest of the state ticket were defeated.

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Benton introduced and saw enacted a Mutual Security Act amendment stipulating that the act's administrators when purchasing foreign-made materials give preference to factories with noncommunist leadership. He was especially disappointed to have failed with his "Marshall Plan of Ideas," a six-part program designed to combat communism and promote freedom of information.

Benton's voting record supported civil rights and other liberal policies, with a single exception which was to be a lasting source of regret to him. He had been steadfast in his opposition to the Internal Security Act also known as the McCarran Immigration Act on the grounds that it was pointedly restrictive of eastern and southern Europeans. Political considerations within the Senate convinced him to swallow his objections and to cast his vote with the overwhelming majority in its favor. It was vetoed immediately by Truman, only to be overridden by Congress. In early Benton returned to his original stance, joining Senators Lehman and Humphrey in opposing a more extreme version; however, this bill too was enacted over presidential veto.

Benton continued to work on immigration after leaving the Senate, primarily by helping organize and finance the National Committee on Immigration and Citizenship. The committee's efforts were rewarded by the adoption of an immigration policy it deemed liberal and humane. Benton is seldom remembered for his most significant action in the Senate: Particularly incensed by charges that the State Department had been infiltrated by disloyal, card-carrying communists, soon after winning election Benton began a careful investigation into McCarthy's own activities.

By the late summer of he had collected enough evidence to introduce a strong resolution demanding McCarthy's expulsion from the Senate. Amidst an atmosphere of intimidation and mistrust, Benton was subjected to attack from all sides. Support for his position slowly grew, particularly after McCarthy's decision in the late spring of to sue Benton for libel. McCarthy retaliated by campaigning against Benton in his home state, but polls suggested Benton was benefited as much as he was hurt by his fight against McCarthy.

After his loss in the Eisenhower landslide of , Benton continued his battle against McCarthy from outside the Senate. It was not until three years later that the Senate finally voted to censure McCarthy. Benton's defeat marked the end of his service in elected positions, but he remained active in state and national Democratic politics. His concern about campaign methods led him to become a director of the Fair Campaign Practices Committee; he also worked vigorously on behalf of his close friends Adlai Stevenson and Hubert Humphrey, and he served on the Platform Committee for the Democratic National Conventions in , , and In the final three decades of his life, Benton concentrated on Britannica's affairs together with various educational and public projects.

The two were often intertwined, as was the case with his frequent trips abroad to study developments in education and communications. Benton's lifelong fascination with the Soviet Union and Latin America was deepened by an acute consciousness of the American public's ignorance on these topics. Determined to educate as large an audience as possible, Benton published widely about his tours abroad and mailed reprints regularly to scores of political and business leaders.

Benton was particularly intrigued with the Soviet educational system. It was reissued two years later as This Is the Challenge. The same title was used when the essay was published as a book the following year. Under Benton's aggressive leadership, Britannica expanded its foreign and domestic operations. In the Spanish-language Enciclopedia Barsa was published, to be joined seven years later by a Portuguese translation. Benton also embarked on ambitious plans for Britannica's British subsidiary, focusing on strengthening management and production and more closely integrating its activities with those of its American parent.

On the domestic front Benton engineered the acquisition of Compton's Pictured Encyclopedia. Aimed at the secondary school level, Compton's complemented the Britannica Junior Encyclopedia, a reference set in print since In Britannica bought the G. Merriam Company, a leading producer of English-language dictionaries and best known for its Merriam-Webster series. Two years later the company purchased Frederick A.

Also in Encyclopaedia Britannica Films, Inc. The new Encyclopaedia Britannica Educational Corporation EBEC was designed to meet rapidly changing needs in the development, production, and marketing of educational films, instructional materials, and reference books. Other modifications in corporate structure followed. He next assumed sole ownership of Films, Inc. All of Benton's Britannica stock went in to establish the Benton Foundation, a vehicle for funding worthwhile projects in communications and education, the areas which he had always consumed his attention.

During Benton's lifetime the Foundation supported a broad range of endeavors, including several enterprises in which Benton himself was actively involved. For instance, the Foundation aided a number of policy research organizations with which Benton was closely associated: Political causes in which Benton believed also received Foundation assistance. The Foundation also helped underwrite numerous cultural projects. Most prominent among these was the American Shakespeare Theatre and Festival, to which Benton gave a great deal of time as trustee and patron.

Benton earmarked a significant portion of the Foundation's resources for educational endeavors. The Foundation contributed to ongoing seminar and lecture programs such as the Cleveland Conference, the Yale Conference, and the Institute of International Education, while also giving substantial aid to institutions which Benton served as trustee; the University of Chicago, University of Connecticut, University of Bridgeport, Brandeis University, Hampton Institute, and Carleton College. Benton received many accolades during his lifetime, including eight honorary degrees.

Because of the University of Chicago policy restricting the awarding of honorary degrees to scholars, Benton's contributions were seldom publicly recognized by the University until it conferred on him the first William Benton Medal for Distinguished Service in Honors continued to accumulate. In the University of Connecticut renamed its art museum in Benton's honor. Long a benefactor of the school, Benton also prided himself on his valuable private collection of American paintings from the first half of the twentieth century.

Works by Yale friend Reginald Marsh, whom Benton largely supported during the Depression, formed the richest part of his collection, but he also boasted numerous works by Ivan Albright, Jack Levine, Bellows Hassam, and Kuniyoshi. Benton died on March 18, The organization of the William Benton Papers has followed wherever possible the original divisions made by Benton's staff. The material has accordingly been arranged in seven series. General Files comprises the greater part of the collection and contains letters to and from Benton, together with supporting documentation such as reports, memoranda, articles, etc.

It is divided into six subseries. Subseries 1 documents the Benton family from the mid-nineteenth century to Of special interest are the diaries and letters of William A. Papers and memorabilia of his mother, Elma Hixson Benton, are preserved together with an extensive mother and son correspondence providing valuable information on Benton's childhood and youth.

Letters to, from, and about Benton's immediate family -aunts and uncles, cousins, his wife Helen Hemingway and children Charles, Louise, Helen and John-form an extensive part of subsequent files. Here, too, is correspondence pertaining to Shattuck School, Benton's secondary school; those relating to the places of his higher education, Carleton and Yale, are located in the general correspondence section. Papers relating to Benton's houses and travels, classmates and neighbors, social events and holidays, comprise the second major part of the Personal Life section.

Included here is correspondence only with those persons whose relationship to Benton was entirely social, not connected with his business, educational, or political activities. Benton's lifelong love for the arts produced a large body of correspondence which has been placed in this subseries. The personal correspondence closes with files relating to Benton's travels throughout the world, itemizing the planning, finances, itineraries, equipment, and companions of each expedition.

Much of the material gathered here has an importance beyond that of Benton's private life. Several trips, notably those to Russia and Latin America, and the long-sought but never-realized trip to China, were largely or wholly fact-finding missions, and the information gathered was used as the basis for subsequent articles, speeches and policy statements. General Correspondence, is by far the largest subseries of the William Benton Papers. It is organized alphabetically by subject within the four chronological periods , , , The bulk of the material and number of correspondents make generalization difficult, but a few comments may illuminate the nature and possible uses of this material.

This does not imply that letters so classified are unconcerned with specific areas of Benton's career. In some cases individual letters were not put into the topical files because the correspondence of which they form part is concerned with a range of subjects; in other cases, because topical files had not yet been created. For example, Box 69 holds eight folders of Benton's correspondence with Chester Bowles.

The letters relate variously to the advertising business, national politics, World War II, business and finance, and purely personal matters. Similarly, the Paul Hoffman correspondence in Box 73, though touching on the Committee for Economic Development, also addresses a multitude of quite different subjects and therefore, in the judgment of Benton's staff, was inappropriate for inclusion in the CED files. The net result is that neither the general correspondence files nor the topical files should be used independently.

Much material on the arts, politics, foreign affairs, and the University of Chicago was originally placed in general rather than topical files, and it was deemed best to respect Benton's original ordering. The researcher is advised to identify key figures and organizations in the topical files and in Sidney Hyman's biography, The Lives of William Benton Chicago, University of Chicago Press, , and use these to locate further material in the general correspondence. While, then, not sharply focused, this section is one of the richest of the William Benton Papers.

Benton's study of governmental regulation of the economy is illustrated in correspondence with Cyrus Eaton, Bruce Gould, and John Kenneth Galbraith. International relations are the primary subject of letters to and from Geoffrey Crowther, David Hardman, and Harlan Cleveland. Letters to Laird K. The Leigh Dannenberg correspondence holds a wealth of information on Connecticut politics. Finally, this section preserves a large body of letters and memoranda on Benton's life, career, and accomplishments filed under names of Benton staff members: Subseries 3 documents several phases in Benton's wide-ranging business career.

The first group of files covers the years , after Benton's departure from Benton and Bowles when he was looking for new business ventures. Many were in publishing, most notably the unsuccessful PM newspaper produced by Ralph Ingersoll. Much later, after he had left the Senate and had put his major business interests Encyclopaedia Britannica and Muzak on a firm footing, Benton became interested in buying a Connecticut newspaper. His attempts to acquire the Hartford Times and Hartford Courant are also detailed here. Benton was active partner of the agency of Benton and Bowles from its foundation in until , and a second group of papers here date from that era.

There is full documentation not only of the original terms of incorporation, but also of reorganizations after Benton's departure; many of the original ad campaigns-General Foods, General Motors, Alka-Gum, Safeway-are preserved, from initial ideas through market research to final product. Benton continued to monitor the agency after , and there is scattered material on its later history. After his resignation from Benton and Bowles, Benton's next major business venture was Muzak, which he purchased in Most of the Muzak correspondence comes from the first six years of Benton's ownership, when he was aggressively restructuring, strengthening, and expanding the company.

Until the sale of the company in , he continued to receive reports on Muzak and to correspond with top officers such as John Andrus, Charles Cowley, and Ethel MacLean Houghton. The final section of subseries 3 is of particular interest for the history of Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc. Day-to-day operations of Encyclopaedia Britannica are not covered, but there is ample material on Benton's projects for expansion.

Benton's acquisition of Encyclopaedia Britannica common stock and the ERPI film company are well documented; so, too, are his close associations with officers in the British subsidiary, especially Hector McNeil, Stanley Morison, and A. There is a large body of correspondence with editors and managers: Protracted research and negotiations for the unconsummated purchase of the Curtis Publishing Company are detailed in Boxes Benton's advocacy of English as a world language through the Britannica Institute is documented, as is his promotion of the Great Books series.

Subseries 4 collects materials on aspects of Benton's public life. After Benton and his staff began to assemble files covering possible commitments, memoranda on future positions, courses of action, and consultants' reports on specific projects. The main subjects addressed were business and economics, communications, education, and politics and government.

This section is, then, an idea file, containing the preliminary stages of what were in many cases to become the major commitments of Benton's later career. As such, these papers should be consulted along with the topical files, in particular those of the Benton Foundation through which many of the projects outlined here were realized. Subseries 4 also documents Benton's involvement with the America First Committee. He was closely associated with such key Committee members as Robert Bliss, G. This attempt to keep the U. Established by business and academic leaders to plan for the peacetime economy, the Committee for Economic Development was a natural field for Benton's expertise in business, higher education and management, and became his most important wartime activity.

His role in drafting by-laws, recruiting staff, and writing "The Economics of a Free Society" are described here. Benton's vice-chairmanship of the CED and of its Research Division put him in close touch with government and business leaders who were to be his colleagues in public service and propelled him into the highest levels of American political life.

Benton served until his death as a trustee of the CED, and later CED reports and material on trustees' meetings are preserved in Subseries 4. Subseries 4 also documents Benton's political career. Included are materials on his activities in Connecticut Democratic politics, dating from his appointment to the U. His swift establishment and consolidation of ties to state politicians, ethnic groups, party officers, union officials, and civic leaders is thoroughly documented in correspondence with Anthony Arpaia, John Bailey, Robert Claffey, Mike Cieplinski, Leigh Dannenberg, John Dempsey, Thomas Dodd, Richard Lee, Abraham Ribicoff, and others.

The preservation of incoming and outgoing mail, and of strategy memos, publicity, statements, advertisements, reports, and documentation regarding the Democratic Party and state elections make this a rich repository for Connecticut politics in the period During these years Benton was, if anything, even more involved with national politics. Before his Senatorial term he had worked closely with many statesmen and politicians; afterward, it could fairly be said that he was well acquainted with-and corresponded voluminously with-most important Democrats and many leading Republicans.

His attempt to win Dwight Eisenhower over to the Democratic Party is a fascinating chapter in American political life. The correspondence with close friends and political allies such as Paul Douglas, Adlai Stevenson, and Hubert Humphrey is particularly complete, and offers unusual insight into Democratic issues, policies, proposals, reforms, and personalities. Another group of documents political campaigns, not only in Connecticut state politics but also Benton's own political positions and analyses in the period.

Included are his assessments of state and national politics, along with accounts of his pioneering campaign techniques, political polls, lists of supporters and contributors, and financial data. In addition to material pertaining to Benton's and Senatorial campaigns and subsequent efforts to win party nomination, there are two Boxes of correspondence on the presidential campaign, particularly useful in regard to Hubert Humphrey's candidacy and Benton's Platform Committee experiences at the Democratic convention.

Material in subseries 4 related to the US Senate provides the best documentation of Benton's career from to Besides copious correspondence with other Senators concerning legislation and national issues, there are letters and position papers which testify to Benton's efforts to shape national policy. Particularly revealing are John Howe's memos and reports, the "issues and legislation" section, and six Boxes of memoranda. Here can be seen not only the evolution of Benton's thought on current issues, but also the process by which he shaped rough ideas into public statements.

Although Benton's tenure in the Senate was not long, it was active; recorded here is his work on behalf of the Voice of America and world freedom of the press, service on the Small Business subcommittee, work on the amendment to the Mutual Security Act, and promotion of the interests of Connecticut residents and businesses. Benton's pioneering stand against Joseph McCarthy grew out of the latter's violent and unwarranted attacks on State Department personnel and programs. In calling first for McCarthy's resignation and then for his expulsion from the Senate, Benton stood almost alone in the Senate throughout most of McCarthy in turn launched not only a series of personal attacks but also a lawsuit later dropped against Benton.

Benton's defense of his position and his orchestration of nationwide campaigns "Joe Must Go," "I Believe" is fully documented in these papers. Here, too, are copies of depositions, testimony, newspaper clippings, letters, and reports on the early fight against McCarthy and McCarthyism.

Benton's first major involvement in foreign affairs came through his appointment as consultant to the Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs, Nelson Rockefeller. His entry into the highest levels of government, the experience stimulated a lifelong involvement in international relations and diplomacy. Filed here, as well, is correspondence between Benton and world leaders, most notably Harold Wilson.

This material testifies not only to the breadth of Benton's associations-Golda Meir, Nehru, Indira Gandhi, Yuri Zhukov-but also to his ceaseless work for international understanding through diplomatic and personal channels. Benton's appointment as Assistant Secretary of State came at a crucial and dynamic point in American foreign policy.

Placed in charge of the State Department's Information Program, he was able to translate into action his conviction that American ideals and policies had to be promoted through a vigorous campaign of information and persuasion. His work in establishing the Voice of America, educational exchanges, and the Fulbright fellowship program is documented in the State Department files. Correspondence with diplomatic and government officials after his resignation is ample, as Benton continued to gather information for his own use and to exercise a behind-the-scenes voice in foreign policy.

His appointment as United States ambassador to UNESCO from to was a fitting tribute to his unique talents, combining as he did experience in foreign affairs and diplomacy with expertise in education and cultural issues. The records of his six-year term are among the most complete in the William Benton Papers. Proposals, draft reports, and final papers of Executive Board meetings have been preserved, as well as extensive correspondence with Director-General Rene Maheu and with delegates.

The education, issues, and projects files are an important record of the problems which Benton addressed and his proposals for UNESCO action.

At the same time, Benton knew that American public opinion had to be mobilized in support of UNESCO if the organization were to function effectively and were to act in the American interest; his work for the National Commission is another fine example of his skill and energy in bringing foreign policy issues to the American people. The University-related material in the William Benton Papers begins after Benton's departure from the University administration, and consists largely of letters to other University trustees such as Laird K.

Swift and William McCormick Blair. The triangular relationship between Benton, the Encyclopaedia Britannica and the University is a frequent theme; so, too, are University finances and expansion projects in the post-Hutchins era. Additional material on the University of Chicago can be found in the Benton Foundation subseries.

After most of Benton's ongoing and new institutional commitments were maintained through the Benton Foundation rather than his personal office, making the detailed records in this subseries the most important source for Benton's later career. In its early years, in particular, the Foundation was the direct extension of Benton himself, the funding and supervising mechanism for his interests and projects.

The range of topics here reflects the wide variety of Benton's interests; education, politics, foreign affairs, business and trade, and culture. Art and Archaeology Editorial Board Chairman: Veronika Gervers-Molnar Associate Editor: This project began quite unintentionally several years ago when I started a small card file for the purpose of keeping track of references on the subject of Early Man which I happened upon in the course of casual reading or research, primarily on other topics.

Initially, the references were compiled intermittently and unsystematically. Only after collect- ing some titles dealing with North America as a whole did it occur to me that the collection might also be useful to others despite the fact that it was certainly not com- plete. The last bibliographies on the subject were published by E.

Sellards in and and deal with the period up to Nothing similar has appeared since, and although publications concerned with regional or continental overviews of Early Man provide sometimes rather lengthy lists of references, there is a need for a larger compilation of sources, perhaps appearing periodically as do the various biblio- graphies on fossil vertebrates and geological research published by the Geological Society of America.

Such a project is, of course, beyond the resources of a single indi- vidual. Certainly this bibliography, dealing only with Early Man in eastern North America, is not a comprehensive listing of all of the publications on the subject. Such a bibliography would almost certainly contain between and titles and pos- sibly more.

Although incomplete, this bibliography includes most if not all of the more important and frequently-cited publications on the subject, and will be of use in both teaching and research.

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The term Early Man is used here in the broadest possible sense, including not only the various manifestations of early and late Palaeo-Indian cultures, which is the usual meaning of the term, but possible antecedent cultures as well. During the past two decades, re-evaluation of the late 19th and early 20th century reports of "Eolithic" and "Paleolithic" tools as well as some of the more recent evidence for possible Palaeo- Indian antecedents has resulted either in the outright dismissal of the evidence as in the case of "geofacts" or naturally fractured objects or in the assignment of the supposed complexes or collections of material to later cultures.

While these earlier interpretations no longer warrant serious consideration, the sources have, of course, been included in this bibliography because of their historical interest. Minnesota has also been included although part of the state is west and north of the headwaters of the Mississippi River. Although it has been acknowledged for some time that Palaeo- Indian cultures in the east may have differed in important ways from those in the west, particularly in terms of the species hunted and hence in basic subsistence and related adaptive patterns, the Mississippi River and the Ontario-Manitoba border were arbitrarily selected because they conveniently divide the continent and not because they can be interpreted as the boundaries of two Palaeo-Indian culture areas.

The references are arranged alphabetically and by year of publication under each author. Each reference is numbered and the bibliography is followed by three cross- referenced indexes: Every effort has been made to check the accuracy of each reference by referring back to the original publication.

Where this was not possible it was necessary to rely on other bibliographic sources such as, for example, the library catalogue of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology. Since the bibliography may be revised at some future date, I would appreciate receiv- ing information on publications which may have been omitted or cited incorrectly as well as any suggestions for improvement. I would like to thank Miss Nancy Jex for her work in checking the accuracy of some of the references in an earlier version of this bibliography, and Miss Peta Daniels, for the care she took in typing both manuscripts.

Findings of two neatly-chipped pointed bits of stone in Virginia may prove Folsom culture of southwest became country-wide". The Literary Digest, p. Ameri- can Antiquarian, Vol. Also, Windsor Collection, PaperNo. Haynes et al, Records of the Past, Vol. Archaeological Society of Delaware, Bulletin, Vol. The Tennessee Archaeologist, Vol. Courtesy of Summers A. Central States Archaeological Journal, Vol.

American Natura- list, Vol. Reprinted from, Smithsonian Institution, Annual Report, , pp. Bates, Salem, Massachusetts, pp. Congres International des Americanistes, 5 session, Copenhagen, pp. Boston Society of Natural History, Proceedings, vol. Popular Science Monthly, Vol. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, Vol. Abbott, Charles C, H. Wads- worth, and F. The West Virginia Archeologist, No. Adams, Robert McCormick American Antiquity, "Facts and Comments," Vol. Agogino, George Allen In, Current Anthropology, Vol.

Central States Archeological Journal, Vol. Koch and the Missouri mastadon". American Association for the Advancement of Science, Vol. Ohio Archae- ologist, Vol.

Guide to the William Benton Papers 1839-1973

New World Antiquity, Vol. Proceedings of the Vermont Historical Society, Vol. Rinaldo, and Paul Kutsche In, Seminars in Archaeology: Society for American Archaeology, Memoir No. Ameri- can Antiquity, Vol. Uni- versity of Chicago Press, pp. American Antiquarian , Vol. Also in, Journal of Geology, Vol, 25, No.

Boren, Mary Lisy Massachusetts Archaeological Society, Bulletin, Vol. Bottoms, Edward, and Floyd Painter The Cheso- piean, Vol. Kentucky Arch- aeological Association, Bulletin, No. Ameri- can Antiquity, "Facts and Comments", Vol. Funk, George Walters, and William F. A new model of American prehistory. Minnesota Archaeolo- gist, Vol.

Brew, John Otis Excavators' Club, Papers, Vol. Journal of Alabama Archaeology, Vol. Central States Archaeo- logical journal, Vol. Mississippi Geological Survey, University, Missouri. Brown, James, and Charles Cleland Tennessee Archaeological Society, Miscellaneous Paper 4, 35 pp. Bryan, Kirk, and Paul MacClintock Massa- chusetts Archaeological Society, Bulletin, Vol. Florida Anthro- pologist, Vol. Florida State Museum, Gainesville, 50 pp. David Webb, and Benjamin I.

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Fhrida Anthropolo- gist, Vol. Anthropological Journal of Canada, Vol. Journal of Ala- bama Archaeology, Vol. Smithsonian Insti- tution, Miscellaneous Collections, Vol. American Antiquity , Vol. Essex Institute Historical Collections, Essex. Massachusetts Archaeo- logical Society, Bulletin, Vol. Early Man in Nova Scotia". Plains Anthropolo- gist, Vol. Southern Indian Studies VI, pp. X, and American Anthropological Association, Memoir 88, 88 pp.

The Tennessee Archaeo- logist, Vol. Anthro- pological Journal of Canada, Vol. Case, Ermine, et al Harper and Brothers, New York, pp. Journal of Geology, Vol. Clarke, John Mason New York State Museum, Bulletin 69, pp. Cleland, Charles Edward The Univer- sity of Chicago Press, Chicago, pp. Trans- actions of the American Philosophical Society, N. American Journal of Science, Vol. Washington Academy of Science, Journal, Vol. Wythe, and Stuart Mossom American Antiquity, "News and Notes", Vol.

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