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Chisenau, Republic of Moldova: Given that the legal traditions and legal systems in many Muslim countries rely primarily on Islamic law, a study of Islamic legal provisions and traditions relating to trafficking in persons becomes important. An understanding of Islam's position on trafficking in persons and related acts and elements can provide important avenues for the development of a comprehensive approach to combating trafficking in persons in Muslim countries, one which draws on and is grounded in Islamic tradition, as well as in compliance with international law.

The purpose of this publication is thus to analyse the Islamic legal tradition from the perspective of those sources, principles and provisions that may best be utilized in understanding, addressing and combating trafficking in persons. Migrant Smuggling by Air Summary: This report presents the findings from an UNODC Expert Group Meeting in Vienna on 7 to 9 December aimed at increasing understanding of migrant smuggling by air, with the objective of better preventing and combating the phenomena.

The Expert Group Meeting specifically aimed to gain a better understanding of: Internet Resource; Issue Paper Year: This study aims to establish the incidence of trafficking of women and girls into sexual exploitation in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets and the City of London; and to identify the countries that they come from and the routes used to traffic them into the UK.

The study seeks to identify and nature and extent of safety, substance use and health related needs of trafficked and migrant women working in the sex industry. The OCTA assesses the threat of organized crime in the EU through the analysis of the organized groups, of the criminal markets, and of their interaction within and without territorial entities denominated as criminal hubs. Through this approach it finds that the most significant criminal sectors are drug trafficking, trafficking in human beings, illegal immigration, fraud, counterfeiting and money laundering.

European Police Office, Interventions and Recommendations Summary: The commercial sexual exploitation of children is a transnational issue that affects children across Asia and one that needs to be addressed in the regional and international context. A key requirement is well-coordinated, consistent and strong laws, within countries and across jurisdictions. Children are trafficked across borders and coerced into prostitution; child sex tourists travel to different locations to exploit children; and rapid growth in Internet use and other information and communication technologies allows child pornography to be distributed across borders.

Many countries have inadequate legislation to address the problem. This report looks at the legal environment in the Asia Region and outlines the steps a country can take to fulfill its obligations towards children. Routes In, Routes Out: This report provided an outline of the experiences of 26 women trafficked into the UK and subsequently supported by the POPPY Project between March and March and was the first report of its kind to be published in the U.

Since then, research based on case studies of trafficking victims has been lacking from discussions on how to tackle human trafficking in the UK, as identified in in the UK Action Plan on Tackling Human Trafficking. This report responds to this need for more detailed research data, providing valuable information about the types of experiences women trafficked into the UK had prior to, during and after escaping their trafficking situation. Aung, Winston Set Title: Illegal Heroes and Victimless Crimes: Informal Cross-border Migration frm Myanmar Summary: This paper highlights the perception of those involved in the course of cross-border migration from Myanmar in each step they, intentionally or unintentionally, maintain the status of illegality.

Interviews and questionnaire surveys conducted in different projects in and in different places in Myanmar and neighboring countries, coupled with qualitative and quantitative analyses, attempt to enhance the reliability and representativeness of the findings in this paper. Internet Resource; Asia Paper Year: America's Prostituted Children Summary: The National Report is the culmination of ten field assessments conducted in targeted locations in the United States, providing a comprehensive understanding of child sex trafficking across America.

The report reveals the reality that American children are being recruited from our neighborhoods and sold on our streets. The report found misidentification of victims to be the primary barrier to properly addressing America's trafficked children. Consequently, this misidentification often leads to the criminalization of victims, barring them from receiving proper treatment and care.

In fact, in nearly every location American child victims of sex trafficking are being arrested for the crime committed against them while their abusers walk free. In addition, the study found a severe lack of appropriate protective and therapeutic shelters. Finally, the National Report emphasizes that although buyers are critical in addressing the issue of child sex trafficking, buyers most often escape criminalization.

Shared Hope International, Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe Title: This report provides an analysis of the current challenges within the agricultural sector, aiming to assist to identify the structural issues and deficits of this sector that case or exacerbates a worker's vulnerability. The research found that agricultural workers are especially vulnerable to abuse, exploitation, and trafficking. This overview analyses the international legal framework, the anti-trafficking standards of labour and in particular of migrant workers.

National Research Council Title: Department of Labor's Bureau of International Labor Affairs contracted with the National Research Council to organize a two-day workshop on a framework for assessing practices designed to reduce the use of child and forced labor in supply chains that produce goods imported into the United States.

This report presents a summary of the workshop. The National Academies Press, Although there has been an increase in the number of convictions for human trafficking in the UK, legal remedies and compensation for trafficked persons have remained inaccessible. This report identifies the legal remedies available to trafficked persons in England and Wales and analyses the effectiveness of each remedy viewed in light of its accessibility to trafficked persons.

Human Trafficking Victim Compensation. A Scoping Study Summary: This scoping study examines the nature and extent of human trafficking in Northern Ireland. Report on Trafficking in Persons Summary: This report addresses three main aspects regarding trafficking in persons in South Africa: The report includes a series of recommendations to address these three issues.

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South African Law Reform Commission, Internet Resource; Project Year: The Globalization of Crime: A Transnational Organized Crime Threat Assessment, UNODC analyses a range of key transnational crime threats, including human trafficking, migrant smuggling, the illicit heroin and cocaine trades, cybercrime, maritime piracy and trafficking in environmental resources, firearms and counterfeit goods. The report also examines a number of cases where transnational organized crime and instability amplify each other to create vicious circles in which countries or even subregions may become locked.

Thus, the report offers a striking view of the global dimensions of organized crime today. The present study represents an attempt to present qualitative, as well as some quantitative characteristics of the child trafficking phenomenon in the Republic of Moldova. In the study report, existing models of child trafficking are presented both at the transnational level where children-citizens of the Republic of Moldova. Besides, the report reflects some new trends in the evolution of the child trafficking phenomenon, and gives an analysis of its relation to the phenomenon of child sex-tourism that emerged recently in Moldova.

This report examines the issue of commercial sexual exploitation of American Indian women and girls in Minnesota, including but not limited to sex trafficking. Minnesota Indian Women's Resource Center, Combating Trafficking in Children for Labour Exploitation: This resource kit presents a series of booklets designed to enable policy-makers and practitioners to design, implement and improve policy and programming to fight child trafficking.

The resource kit is composed of five independent, but interrelated books that each cover a particular set of themes: Book 1 is designed to help users to understand human trafficking, particularly trafficking that involves children people under the age of 18 years ; Book 2 is about acquiring knowledge prior to designing responses to child trafficking; Book 3 is about building a legal and policy framework within which to address trafficking, and also pays attention to mobilization and building of partnerships; Book 4 is about the actual remedial action to address child trafficking and provides insight into the initiatives that have been and can be taken to prevent such trafficking, protect children from becoming victims of trafficking, respond where trafficking exists and provide support and services to those who have been trafficked; Book 5 is about effective processes that may contribute to effective remedial action, and highlights amongst others the value of child participation, monitoring and documentation of learning.

A Conceptual Explanation Summary: The intent of this paper was not to question the existence of sex trafficking, but to understand the experiences of those who were closest to this illicit enterprise, so that effective counter-trafficking strategies can be planned and implemented. Global Consortium on Security Transformation, Internet Resource; Working Paper Series, no. This survey represents a systematized collection of data at the national leval about the majority of cases related to the criminal offences of trafficking in human beings, mediation in prostitution, and smuggling of migrants, as well as other forms of organized crime, which are tried before the basic courts in Macedonia.

Coalition "All for Fair Trials", Drugs and cRime Prevention Committee Title: This study reports on the prevalence of women trafficked to Australia for sexual purposes. It is an attempt to make the Melbourne community aware of this crime and to institute a better regime to protect these vulnerable women. The report recommends that a special unit be set up in the Department of Justice to work in the sex industry area and particularly with trafficked women.

Government Printer for State of Victoria, Internet Resource; Accessed August 8, at http: South Asia in Action: Preventing and Responding to Child Trafficking: South Asian children continue to be trafficked for multiple forms of sexual exploitation — including prostitution, sex tourism, child pornography, paedophilia - and labour exploitation in agriculture, factories, domestic servitude and begging, forced marriage, adoption, military recruitment and debt release.

The report includes several examples of laws and policies that could be enacted to prevent children from being trafficked and to protect children once they have been trafficked. Human Rights Foundation of Monland. Nowhere Else to Go: This number represents only a small percentage of the instances of sexual trafficking from Burma to Thailand and other bordering nations, though the case studies of this report provide an important lens through which to view the present-day situation.

Sexual trafficking and related human rights abuses are pervasive and arguably growing problems systematized by a harsh economic reality under the military rule of the State Peace and Development Council SPDC. Whereas the illegitimate junta has become a signatory of anti-trafficking protocols from the United Nations and founded internal regulatory committees to deal with such issues, the last decade has seen flagrant corruption along the border of Burma and Thailand.

Facing a broken educational system most likely to betray them, women and girls inside Burma are left with few employable skills and must seek money in any way they can. The draw of being able to send money back to their home country in the form of remittances often cannot be tempered even by stories of corrupt traffickers, arrests, or dangerous and abusive living conditions upon arrival. Most of the incidents detailed in this report point to violent sexual abuses that took place during the trafficking process or upon arrival in Thailand, Malaysia, and other destinations.

The interview subjects often narrate the types of factory and domestic jobs they were promised to contrast the illegal sex work and other exploitive labor they were forced to perform. Human Rights Foundation of Monland, Internet Resource; Accessed August 13, at: Though recognition of the importance and severity of human trafficking has grown in recent years, the identification and investigation of human trafficking cases remains a complex undertaking for local law enforcement.

Effectively responding to human trafficking requires officers to notice and identify victims who often have been hidden from or had poor relationships with law enforcement in the past e. Sometimes officers may be reluctant to intervene in sex and labor trafficking situations due to a belief that victims were complicit with their own victimization.

Local law enforcement response is further complicated by immigration issues since many local agencies have made a decision to not inquire about citizen status during routine policing activities as a means of building trust and confidence in the local community.

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Additionally, the crime of human trafficking may take backseat to other institutional priorities such as violence and drugs. Since the enforcement of the law in the United States is predominately carried out by the thousands of local, county and state agencies representing diverse environments and local crime problems and coming from a variety of different organizational structures, fully understanding how law enforcement perceives and responds to the problem of human trafficking in the United States necessitates inquiry into the specific experiences of these agencies.

The majority of research on law enforcement responses to human trafficking to date has focused on the experiences of a narrow number of large municipal police departments who were perceived to be most likely to come into contact with incidents of human trafficking. While this research has provided an important starting point for understanding the challenges law enforcement agencies encounter in the identification and investigation of human trafficking, it represents only the experiences of a limited number of large agencies.

On the other hand, the research presented here documents in a systematic fashion, the present response of local, state and county law enforcement to human trafficking in the U. It provides the first description of the steps taken by local law enforcement to identify human trafficking. Additionally, it will shed light on the impact of law enforcement efforts by measuring how often identification of trafficking victims leads to their rescue and the prosecution of trafficking perpetrators. Ultimately, this research will prove instrumental in providing local law enforcement in the U.

The project addresses four main areas: Northeastern University, Institute on Race and Justice, Accessed August 19, at: An Introduction to Human Trafficking: Vulnerability, Impact and Action Summary: This document presents three background papers presented to the Vienna Forum to Fight Human Trafficking, held in the Austrian capital from 13 to 15 February The aims of the Forum were to raise awareness of all forms of trafficking, to facilitate cooperation and partnerships among participants, to take stock of progress made and to set the directions for follow-up measures to prevent and counter human trafficking.

The Vienna Forum was organized around three central themes, which reflect the key issues that need to be addressed in a comprehensive anti-trafficking strategy: Why does human trafficking occur? What are the consequences? What measures might be taken in response? Accessed August 22, at: Human Trafficking Organized Crime. Navies versus Coast Guards: Piracy, illegal fishing, and narcotics and human trafficking are growing rapidly in Africa and represent an increasingly central component of the threat matrix facing the continent. Africa Center for Strategic Studies, Africa Security Brief, No.

Accessed August 30, at: The Swedish Experience Summary: Human trafficking implies transnational transportation of people for purposes such as prostitution, slavery, begging or committing crimes on behalf of others. In Europe, trafficking has become an increasing problem over the last two decades because of ever more porous borders and the European integration, which has created a flexible milieu for organized criminals seeking to capitalize on the demand for purchasing sex. Accessed September 2, at: Two recent reports have highlighted the expansion into the EU of organized criminal groups trafficking drugs, human beings and arms.

The reports analyze the structural and functional features of these groups as well as the economic mechanisms supporting their activities. This report describes opportunities and challenges for women who come to Norway from Thailand and Russia through marriage.

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The main emphasis is on ways into, as well as ways out of, transnational marriage. In light of this the authors also discuss how exploitation of marriage migrants could raise the need for prosecution and protection within the human trafficking framework. Human Trafficking Migrants Sexual Exploitation. The purpose of this thematic review is to survey existing sources and research papers on migrant smuggling and to provide a gap analysis of existing knowledge from a global perspective.

Indeed, despite the fact that migrant smuggling has attracted great media and political attention over the last two decades, there has not been any comprehensive analysis of the state of expert knowledge.

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Great confusion still prevails about what is migrant smuggling within the global context of irregular migration. In order to comply with the Migrant Smuggling Protocol, Article 6 also requires States to criminalize both smuggling of migrants and enabling of a person to remain in a country illegally in order to obtain, directly or indirectly, a financial or other material benefit as well as aggravating circumstances that endanger lives or safety, or entail inhuman or degrading treatment of migrants.

By virtue of Article 5, migrants shall not become liable to criminal prosecution for the fact of having been smuggled under the Migrant Smuggling Protocol. It is therefore to be understood that the Migrant Smuggling Protocol aims to target migrant smugglers, not the people being smuggled.

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While most researchers refer to the Migrant Smuggling Protocol, some authors have developed a broader definition referring to the sociological characteristics of migrant smuggling. According to Van Liempt, a broader definition is necessary in order to properly reflect the changing character of intermediary structures in international migration processes and to shed a light on the possible criminal character of smuggling. From a sociological perspective, migrant smuggling may then include every act lying on a continuum between altruism and organized crime.

The overall objective of the report is to enhance the concrete understanding of this phenomenon by looking at the following issues: It will also consider the current state of knowledge — or lack thereof — regarding smuggling trends, geography and organization of travel in different regions; - Chapter 5 will include a discussion about the motivations root causes and profile of smuggled migrants; - Chapter 6 will discuss the profile of migrant smugglers and motivations; - Chapter 7 will analyse smuggler-migrant relationships; - Chapter 8 will discuss the organizational structures of smuggling networks in different regions of the world; - Concrete recruitment processes and fees are discussed in chapter 9.

The different methods to smuggle basic transfer services versus all-inclusive service with travel visa smuggling, forged documents but also the role of corruption as a cause and consequence of migrant smuggling will be considered; - Chapter 10 will be devoted to the human and social costs of migrant smuggling. The research is based on literature available in English and French language, such as journalistic books, reports and academic articles. Research reports published by international organizations and NGOs were also considered.

Neither the annotated bibliography, nor the thematic review pretends to be comprehensive. Rather, they are conceived as a summary of existing knowledge and identified gaps based on the most recent and relevant research available. Accessed September 3, at: Zimic, Simona Zavratnik, ed. Women and Trafficking Summary: The fifteen papers presented and carefully debated at the seminar cover a variety interdisciplinary encounters and experiences with trafficking in women, among them an historical overview, debates over human rights approaches, an analysis of media reporting, and innovative recommendations for recasting the issue.

The book includes a series of case studies covering experiences in field work, legislation in different countries. Accessed September 7, at: This report provides the first comprehensive assessment of human trafficking in South Africa. The specific purposes of the Tsireledzani Programme are to: The present study addresses Result 1 of the programme of assistance to the South African government: The objectives of the study were to: Identify trafficking trends in order to develop appropriate responses; 2.

Analyse counter-trafficking responses regarding human trafficking in the SADC region and other countries with comparative features; 4. Identify the profile of the victims and characteristics and motives of the agents in human trafficking; 5. Identify the purposes for human trafficking and the key driving factors; 6.

Identify socio-economic aspects of the demand and cultural values and practices influencing human trafficking; 7. Identify the interrelation between human trafficking and migration relation issues in the context of globalization; 8. Identify the linkage between organised crime networks and corruption, and human trafficking; 9. Identify indicators for a national Trafficking Information Management System ; Make recommendations on the outcome of the above results.

National Prosecuting Authority of South Africa, Accessed September 8, at: Trafficking is a particularly pernicious and vicious assault on individual dignity. How do the victims deal with the shame of what has happened to them? How do they forgive, if it is even deemed possible to forgive, those who have trampled on their dignity, and how is it possible for the victims to forgive themselves? How do the victims recover or establish a sense of control of their own lives and destinies? How do they regain hope and belief in the future? What if they had almost no sense of control in the first place?

The focus of this study is on seeking to provide the beginnings of some answers to those all important questions. The report focuses on trafficked victims between the ages of 14 and 22 who were sold into brothels in India. John Templeton Foundation, Accessed September 10, at: GIFT is to prosecute the perpetrators involved in trafficking in human beings while protecting the rights and well-being of trafficked persons.

In order to achieve this goal, effective formalized cooperation between a broad range of stakeholders, such as law enforcement agencies and specialized service providers, is essential. Cooperation between similar agencies and intraagency cooperation is also essential.

Fostering cooperation between law enforcement agencies and other stakeholders in fighting human trafficking has been a major component of the comprehensive approach taken by the International Organization for Migration IOM towards combating trafficking in human beings, particularly, the building of operational and institutional links between specialized service providers, labour inspectors and other law enforcement agencies.

While informal cooperation has often brought success, it is hazardous in the absence of clear protocols for cooperation, and does not contribute to the longer term goal of establishing multi-stakeholder systems and structures.

Formalized cooperation, such as Memoranda of Understanding MoU , clearly identifies the driving principles of such cooperation, and contributes to the building of mutual trust and the development of a common understanding on the objectives and policies of the different parties. International Organization for Migration, Prosecuting Human Trafficking Cases: Lessons Learned and Promising Practices Summary: Human trafficking involves the use of force, fraud, or coercion to exploit a person for profit.

Trafficking victims are subjected to sexual exploitation, forced labor, or both. Labor exploitation includes slavery, forced labor, and debt bondage, while sexual exploitation typically includes abuse within the commercial sex industry. While human trafficking is a crime that is prohibited by state, federal, and international law, estimates of the magnitude of the problem are alarming.

This study examines the existing U. Accessed September 13, at: Project Acumen is a wide-ranging study aimed at improving our understanding of the nature and scale of the trafficking of migrant women for sexual exploitation so it can be tackled more effectively. Led by the Regional Intelligence Unit for the South West, the project sought to measure the extent of trafficking in England and Wales and provide a more nuanced picture of the trafficking landscape.

It highlights the sometimes complex circumstances of trafficked women and the varied techniques used by traffickers to influence, control and exploit them. The estimate of trafficking is built up from an examination of the off-street prostitution sector in seven regions, which has then been generalised to represent England and Wales as a whole.

The project calculated the number of businesses operating in the sector, and then converted this into the number of women involved in prostitution allowing for differences in size between businesses. The project has estimated the sector consists of 6, businesses and 30, women involved in prostitution. To assess the extent of trafficking, detailed information was gathered from a sample of migrant women involved in prostitution. This definition requires three components: The results and findings were considered in consultation with experts from law enforcement, support services and academia; this rigorous approach was intended to ensure that the estimate is as reliable as possible.

The analysis suggests that of the 17, migrant women involved in prostitution in the off-street sector: These are highly vulnerable people. Although most are not subject to violence themselves, many are debt-bonded and strictly controlled through threats of violence to family members. Although they have elements of vulnerability to trafficking, most are likely to fall short of the trafficking threshold.

There may be cultural or financial factors which prevent them from exiting prostitution or seeking help to do so but they tend to have day to day control over their activities, and although they may have large debts they generally do not consider themselves to be debt-bonded. The majority of women in this category are from Eastern Europe 4, , followed by those from China and South East Asia 3, The remaining women are from South America and Africa. These women were aware before leaving their home country that they would likely become involved in prostitution, live and work largely independently of third party influence, keep a significant proportion of the money they earn and are not subject to debt-bondage or threats of violence.

The report also finds that significant regional differences exist. For example, in London Accessed September 14, at: Human Trafficking in Canada Summary: Project SECLUSION was prepared for the Immigration and Passport Branch as a national overview of human trafficking activities in an effort to identify the extent of organized crime involvement, transnational associations, source countries, as well as issues and challenges faced by law enforcement. This report also serves as a preliminary baseline of human trafficking activities affecting Canada in both the transnational and domestic perspectives.

This report describes some of the key issues for children affected by sexual exploitation in the UK. Accessed September 23, at: Violence Against Women in Cambodia: Historically, Cambodians have suffered through a culture of violence perpetuated by the Khmer Rouge regime and other political groups. The impact of this violence continues to affect many people within Cambodia.

One of the most vulnerable affected groups are the women of Cambodia. Violence against women — particularly in the form of domestic violence, rape, and human trafficking for the purposes of sexual exploitation — is one of the most serious human rights problems in Cambodia. Both instruments contain provisions to reduce and eliminate violence against women, but there has been insufficient government action to implement them.

In , the period covered by this report, no new laws or influential policies protecting women from violence were passed or implemented by the Government. This report aims to provide a realistic account of the trauma suffered by Cambodian women from domestic violence, rape, and human trafficking for the purposes of sexual exploitation. Transnational organized crime in Central Asia represents a serious threat to the region inhibiting the emergence of stable societies. This report provides an overview of the scope of the problem of transnational organized crime in Central Asia. The report identifies trafficking in drugs, human beings and firearms, fraud and corruption as the principle and most serious crimes in the Central Asian region.

It provides an analytical framework based on causal factors as well as on facilitating and inhibiting factors. Acknowledging the difficulties and limitations associated with research on organized crime in Central Asia, the report is a synthesis of information from a multitude of sources. It includes information provided by the governments of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan together with data and information drawn from secondary literature, expert opinions and other sources. An analysis of organized crime in Central Asia must take into account historical, political, social and economic developments in the region.

Most states in Central Asia are in a transitional period and are characterized by developing, but still relatively low levels of effective governance. Gaps in governmental capacity and voids created by weak and ineffective state institutions are a strong contributing factor in the proliferation of organized criminal activities. Moreover, cultural, religious and ethnic differences are exploited by organized criminals to achieve their objectives and to facilitate the spread of organized crime.

Organized crime, therefore, must be seen as a consequence of the interplay between these various elements. The report discusses the specific structures and modes of operation of the Central Asian criminal groups. It highlights the diversity of those groups and the tendency towards more flexible network organizations. Various types of activities in which criminal groups are engaged are explored in the report, with drug trafficking presenting the most serious problem.

With three of the Central Asian states, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan, sharing borders with Afghanistan, the largest producer of illicit opiates in the world, Central Asia is an important transit zone for illicit drugs. A consequence of the drug trafficking has been a major increase in drug abuse in the region. However, it is not the only form of criminal activity associated with organized crime in the region. Organized crime activity includes significant—and in some cases growing—incidents of trafficking in human beings and firearms, fraud and corruption.

Accessed October 9, at: International Organization for Migration Title: New Directions for Research Summary: The meeting took place in Cairo on the 11th and 12th of January The overall objective of the meeting was to contribute to the prevention and elimination of human trafficking by developing a set of recommendations to promote new ways of studying trafficking and to enhance the quality of research on the subject. The research initiative also responds directly to one of UN. The report includes 10 papers from the meeting: West Africa Under Attack: This paper provides an overview on the current situation in West Africa with regard to drug trafficking cocaine, heroin and hashish , organized crime from human trafficking to diamond trade and its link with terrorism financing and terrorism.

Accessed October 12, at: Department of Justice, Equality and Law Reform. Anti-Human Trafficking Unit Title: The Summary Report of Trafficking in Human Beings in Ireland for is the first report to be produced by the State regarding suspected and potential victims of trafficking. The report provides an extensive overview of trafficking in human beings as it occurred in Ireland in The report also provides important information regarding the suspected victims, their backgrounds and their experiences.

Department of Justice, Equality and Law Reform, In Search of Dreams: To enhance better understanding of the dynamics of regional trafficking and to assist victims which will help to develop a regional strategy to prevent trafficking, International Organization for Migration IOM initiated a comprehensive research in The objectives of the research project were to understand the phenomenon of trafficked women, men and children from Bangladesh and Nepal to India, identify possible areas of assistance to the victims of trafficking and to analyse perception of migration realities in order to develop information dissemination strategies for prevention of trafficking.

International Organization for Migratoin, Child Trafficking Human Trafficking. A Call for Accelerated Action from States: It's In Your Hands! Gaps in the framework required for the full protection of a child opens opportunities for exploiters to abuse children and allows the trafficking of children and young people to be perpetuated so that it now accounts as one of the three top most lucrative criminal activities.

Ensuring a meticulous and regular monitoring of the measures implemented to protect children and their effectiveness is therefore essential to identifying challenges and priorities and adequately informing policies and programming. Based on its experiences and the work of its global network, ECPAT International has undertaken to examine progress accomplished by 41 states to secure a safer world for children in line with specific goals and indicators derived from previously agreed international commitments, and in particular the Rio de Janeiro Declaration and Call for Action to Prevent and Stop Sexual Exploitation of Children4 a recent outcome of the deliberations of over 3, participants at the World Congress III against Sexual Exploitation of Children and Adolescents.

Through the campaign, civil society initiatives will simultaneously be stepped up through the work of ECPAT groups and others at the national level and the public, to support governments in fulfilling their responsibilities. Accessed October 14, at: De Sas Kropiwnicki, Zosa Title: Wolves in Sheep's Skin: This report found evidence of the trafficking of migrants entering South Africa from Zimbabwe. The report, "Wolves in Sheep's Skin: A Rapid Assessment of Human Trafficking in Musina, Limpopo Province of South Africa", finds that migrants in the region are regularly subjected to high levels of abuse and violence, which in turn makes them vulnerable to trafficking.

It specifically identifies cases involving trafficking for sexual and labour exploitation, forced criminal activity such as the sale of illegal substances, servitude, extortion and other forms of exploitation. The report found that some migrant groups are particularly at risk, such as victims of Sexual and Gender-Based Violence SGBV ; those who have been stranded, robbed or subjected to other forms of violence; women and girls involved in prostitution and transactional sexual behaviour; and unaccompanied minors travelling alone or with adults.

Situated approximately 20 km from the Zimbabwean border, Musina is the point of entry for a large number of Zimbabwean migrants. A total of respondents from Zimbabwe and South Africa were interviewed in August , including migrants, government officials, service providers, farm managers and so called malaisha or taxi drivers, frequently involved in human smuggling. Identified factors contributing to migrant vulnerability include the political and socio-economic insatiability in Zimbabwe, the lack of adequate border controls, difficulty in obtaining travel documents, the establishment of informal criminal networks, an increase in the movement of women and unaccompanied minors, and a lack of awareness and experience regarding safe migration.

The report also notes that addressing the incidence of violence and abuse reported by migrants — and particularly by women and children — is as critical as the issue of human trafficking itself. The assessment also revealed that migrants in Musina are vulnerable to a range of health care concerns such as sexually transmitted infections STIs and reproductive health problems, physical trauma, negative psychosocial reactions, malnutrition and limited access to health care. The report identifies shortfalls in policy and practice with regard to human trafficking in Musina, including insufficient capacity of law enforcement and border officials to identify cases of human trafficking; inadequate referral, shelter and assistance networks; and deficient investigation and prosecution of incidences of abuse and violence against migrants.

Skec, Selma Golubovic Title: Trafficking in Human Beings in Croatia: This publication summarises the results of an assessment of the situation of trafficking in human beings in Croatia, with a particular focus on trafficking for labour exploitation. An additional purpose of this assessment is to propose a set of indicators for the identification of potential victims of trafficking for labour exploitation. These are largely based on the indicators already developed by the International Labour Office ILO , and are adapted for the specific situation in Croatia.

The findings of this assessment intend to provide insightful information to the Office for Human Rights, partner in this project, for the development of future initiatives, as well as to other interested policy makers, in view of shaping and implementing future sustainable anti-trafficking policies in Croatia. Accessed October 18, at: There is an increasing recognition throughout the world that it is not only women and children who fall victim to traffickers.

Men migrate in large numbers and more and more studies indicate that many of these men are being exploited to a degree which was heretofore unrecognized. USAID commissioned this paper to shed light on the nature and extent of trafficking of men in the Europe and Eurasia region. It is expected that the paper will stimulate dialogue and provide guidance which can help to develop strong programs that address the needs of men who are vulnerable to trafficking or who have been trafficked and to measurably improve their lives.

United States Agency for International Development, Accessed October 20, at: Male Trafficking in Serbia Summary: In the last decades the problem of trafficking in persons came to the attention of the academic and professional public; important international documents were brought, and national mechanisms for combating this type of crime and for the assistance and protection of the victims were advanced.

A great effort has been put into the improvement of uncovering and prosecuting of trafficking cases, as well as of identification, assistance and protection of the victims in Serbia as well. Nonetheless, similarly as worldwide, the emphasis in Serbia was on the research and the improvement of social responses related to trafficking in women and girls, while dealing with male victims was rather rare and marginal.

However, in the last few years, in Serbia and world-wide, there has been an increase in the number of identified male victims of trafficking in persons, thereby enabling for a clear articulation for the needs to increase and systematize knowledge which would serve as a basis for designing a mechanism for more adequate combat, prevention, and protection and assistance of victims.

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With that, it is not a surprise that, in , the U. Department of State — Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons - tendered a competition for research projects on the victimization of males by trafficking in persons, for which the Victimology Society of Serbia, along with a few more organizations from different parts of the world, received financial support for the implementation of the project whose results are presented here. Victimology Society of Serbia, Serbia and Montenegro URL: Human Trafficking Males Smuggling of Migrants. Labour Exploitation and Trafficking in Azerbaijan: An Exploratory Overview, June Summary: The report explores the issues of labour exploitation and forced labour of Azerbaijanis abroad and of foreigners in Azerbaijan.

It documents in more detail than it was done so far that next to women and children, also men are potentially vulnerable to exploitation and that exploitation takes place not only in commercial sex but in many other sectors of the economy. International Centre for Migration Policy Development, ?. Trafficking in Children in Romania: Study on the Recruiting Process Summary: Human trafficking in every form sexual exploitation, forced labour and begging or perpetration of crimes continues to be a worldwide social phenomenon that is morally, psychologically and physically prejudiced to its both its direct victims and others.

This phenomenon becomes even more alarming when children are trapped into trafficking networks. In many cases children fall into the hands of individuals for whom nothing is more important than the perspective of financial benefits obtained from their exploitation. One of its main objectives is to strengthen the research capacity of the National Agency against Human Trafficking. Various studies and much research on human trafficking has been undertaken during the last few years; however, some questions remained without answers necessary to understanding the phenomenon: Also, Why, in similar living conditions, only some minors become victims of human traffic and other do not?

Accessed October 21, at: What do we know about trafficking? This simple question is being discussed throughout the previous years in Europe on numerous conferences and academic meetings. The big discrepancy between the quantitative estimations of the size of the crime and the real figures is only one area among much more where the call is made for more and better data and research. Rather than finding simple answers, including comparable statistics and a common framework of data analyzing, more complex questions have been raised.

European criminal codes defining trafficking in human beings consist of different cultural and historical layers that go back to the 19th Century. They include patterns of criminal and economic dimensions combined with moral attitudes. In the contemporary framework some of these notions still appear in the anti-trafficking discourses: In order to come to a sound understanding of the phenomenon of trafficking in human beings one has to identify the myths and stereotypes being used in the framework as well as to highlight the facts.

Comprehensible research and profound methodology are key to improve the understanding of the phenomenon. It provides methodologies, frameworks and practical examples in order to guide future research efforts. It takes into account the importance of data protection and research ethics as a core in all researches in the area of human trafficking. While trafficking in persons has become a worldwide concern, current data collection activities reveal that data are limited in scope, incomparable and insufficient to ascertain the true extent of the problem in Canada.

This study was conducted by the Canadian Centre for Justice Statistics and funded by Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness Canada to examine the feasibility of developing a national data collection framework to measure trafficking in persons in Canada. Consultations were undertaken with key stakeholders from provincial and federal government departments, the police community, non-government organizations and academics. This report identifies a number of data collection and research strategies that could contribute to a better understanding of the nature and scope of human trafficking in Canada.

Crime and Justice Research Paper Series: Accessed October 26, at: Crime Statistics Human Trafficking. Developing Regional Criteria Summary: The Handbook contains a list of indicators for the collection of data on trafficking in human beings — both on the victim side and on the criminal justice side. These indicators have been developed in close cooperation with governmental partners and in consultation with international experts and representatives of international and non-governmental organisations.

Without sufficiently accurate data it is not possible to either gauge the extent or recognise the true nature of the trafficking problem and understand the complexity of the issues involved. Thus the Handbook aims to be a tool to support governmental agencies in the collection of concrete, reliable data on human trafficking as such data is an essential prerequisite for all effective programmes, interventions, policies and legislation.

While in the context of this project the Handbook targets governments in South-Eastern Europe, its appeal is likely to be broader and may prove a helpful resource for anti-trafficking actors working with data collection and information management beyond the SEE region. A Preliminary Study Summary: Over the last decade there has been an increase in the reporting of Aboriginal gangs and the impact on individuals, communities and youth in Canada.

Some reports have described youth involvement in these gangs as reaching crisis proportions, particularly in prairie provinces, since the social impacts of gangs are directly linked to the drug trade, violence, weapons trade, sexual exploitation and the trafficking of women and girls. The impact on Aboriginal women and girls is particularly worrisome, as their involvement in gang activity is increasing, which may be directly related to their vulnerability and marginalization in Canadian society. This link is surmised by the fact that Aboriginal girls and women are significantly more likely than any other group in the country to die at a young age from suicide, homicide or serious illness; they suffer disproportionately elevated rates of sexual and physical abuse as children and adults; rates of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder FASD appear to be elevated in the Aboriginal particularly the First Nations population, which is directly linked to higher rates of drug and alcohol use and addictions at a young age; and, they make up the large majority of all individuals in Canada who are involved in the sex trade and sexual trafficking.

In addition to these indicators, there is increasing evidence that suggests gangs are responsible for the sexual exploitation and sexual slavery of Aboriginal women and girls. While there is an increasing awareness of the involvement of Aboriginal girls in gangs, there is little published evidence to determine concrete linkages between gangs, sexual exploitation and violence. One factor that has not yet been explored, as both a cause, consequence and compounding factor of the exploitation of Aboriginal women and girls and gang involvement is FASD.

In so doing, we hope to develop a plan to prevent Aboriginal young women from using alcohol and other drugs during pregnancy. Native Women's Association of Canada, Accessed October 28, at: The National Criminal Investigation Department's ninth situation report on trafficking in human beings for sexual and other purposes contains an account of the work done by the police to combat trafficking in human beings.

It also contains an explanation of how this can be prevented and suppressed, and also an account of current legislation in this area and its application. National Criminal Police, Accessed November 1, at: Trafficking in Persons is a significant human rights and development issue worldwide that affects men, women and children, and Namibia is no exception.

Specifically, the TIP report states: Limited reporting suggests that Namibia may be a source and destination country for trafficked children; however, the magnitude of this problem is unknown. It is suspected that the largest percentages of trafficking victims are children engaged in prostitution. There is evidence that a small number of Namibian children are trafficked within the country for domestic servitude, as well as forced agricultural labor, cattle herding, and possibly vending. There have been a few reported cases of Zambian and Angolan children trafficked to Namibia for domestic servitude, agricultural labor, and livestock herding.

To improve the effectiveness of its fight against human trafficking, the Government of Namibia should consider two initial steps: As further information is developed, public awareness raising and training of relevant law enforcement and social services officials could facilitate the identification and assistance of victims, and help determine the extent of the problem. The team of experts comprising of one international expert, one regional expert and two Namibian experts was assembled to conduct this assessment. The purpose of this assessment was to a collect available information on the scope of trafficking in persons in targeted areas of Namibia, b review counter- trafficking initiatives by government and civil society and, c outline gaps and make recommendations concerning future programming and research needs.

Prior to undertaking stakeholder and key informant interviews, the team conducted a literature review of pertinent materials on trafficking in persons in Namibia and the region, which it supplemented throughout the course of its field work. The interviews took place between April 8 and 28, The interviews covered four basic areas: Ministry of General Equality and Child Welfare, Accessed November 4, at: It is possible others universes were created at the same time, Why Not?????

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