Vita Christi - II (Portuguese Edition)

Ignatius was beatified in , and then canonized, receiving the title of Saint on 12 March His feast day is celebrated on 31 July.

He is the patron saint of the Basque provinces of Gipuzkoa and Biscay as well a Life of Christ may refer to: Devotio Moderna, or Modern Devotion, was a movement for religious reform, calling for apostolic renewal through the rediscovery of genuine pious practices such as humility, obedience, and simplicity of life. It began in the late fourteenth-century, largely through the work of Gerard Groote,[1][2] and flourished in the Low Countries and Germany in the fifteenth century, but came to an end with the Protestant Reformation.

The Descent from the Cross c. The crucified Christ is lowered from the cross, his lifeless body held by Joseph of Arimathea and Nicodemus. Van der Weyden positioned Ch Little is known about him, but probably professed there in , and died in He is known for his treatise De vita contemplativa, also known as De Contemplatione.

This has sometimes been attributed to Guigo I d. However, it cannot have been written by Guigo I, because it refers to several writings of thirteenth-century scholastic theology, as well as to Hugh of Balma's Viae Syon Lugent. Part of it Book II, chapters was taken up nearly verbatim by the fourteenth-century Carthusian Ludolph of Saxony d.

One of those who read Ludolph was Ignatius of Loyola, so indirectly, Guigo's thought entered early modern Catholic spiritual writing. Simon Fierlants — , lord of Bodegem, was a jurist and holder of high office in the Spanish Netherlands.

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Life Fierlants was born in Brussels in to a family from 's-Hertogenbosch, where his father was councillor and receiver. In he returned to Brussels as Chancellor of Brabant, a post he held for the next eighteen years. He died on 15 August Calckovium, Statera catholicae pietatis et haereticae invidia Cologne, J. Calckovium, Austriaca domus ac gentis dilucidum jus in Burgundiae ducatum, compendiata delineatione e fidis verisque authorum scriptis fideliter deprompta demonstratum Cologne, J. Calckovium, Praecipua hic exhibitur catholicos inter ac haeretic Illustrated manuscript depicting Pope Joan with the papal tiara.

Her story first appeared in chronicles in the 13th century and subsequently spread throughout Europe. The story was widely believed for centuries, but most modern scholars regard it as fictional. In the most common accounts, due to her abilities, she rose through the church hierarchy and was eventually elected pope. Her sex was revealed when she gave birth during a procession, and she died shortly after, either through murder or natural causes.

The accounts state that later church processions avoided this spot, and that Michael of Massa Latin: He is known both as a scholastic philosopher and as an author of contemplative works. He wrote a Sentences commentary, probably through the s and s, and left unfinished. His Vita Christi was a major influence on the more famous work of the same name by Ludolph of Saxony. A Redating, Augustiniana 45 , Jorge J. An Introduction , p.

External links in German List of works This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in the 14th century. Arnaut Vidal de Castelnou d'Ari wins the violeta d'or golden violet for a sirventes in praise of the Virgin Mary. At about this date, Raimon de Cornet writes Doctrinal de trobar in support of the aims of the Gay Saber. This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in the 15th century.

Meditationes vitae Christi Giovanni de Cauli? Pseudo-Bonaventura is the name given to the authors of a number of medieval devotional works which were believed at the time to be the work of Bonaventure: Many works now have other attributions of authorship which are generally accepted, but the most famous, the Meditations on the Life of Christ, remains usually described only as a work of Pseudo-Bonaventure. Other works "Biblia pauperum" "Poor Man's Bible" — a title only given in the 20th century a short typological version of the Bible, also extremely popular, and often illustrated.

There were different versions of this, the original perhaps by the Dominican Nicholas of Hanapis. Platina started his career as a soldier employed by condottieri, before gaining long-term patronage from the Gonzagas, including the young cardinal Francesco, for whom he wrote a family history. He studied under the Byzantine humanist philosopher John Argyropulos in Florence, where he frequented other fellow humanists, as well as members of the ruling Medici family. Close acquaintance with the reno NGP may refer to: Nagpur, City in Maharashtra India. Valentim Fernandes died or was a printer who lived in Portugal.

An ethnic German originally from Moravia, he moved to Lisbon, Portugal in where he lived and worked for 23 years, he was a writer and a translation of different classic texts. There the salt was exchanged with the Soninke Wangara for gold. Museu Virtual da Imprensa in Portu Bach worked as the Thomaskantor from until his death in The city first hosted a festival in , for the Neue Bachgesellschaft, and then formally, since Since , the festival is organized by the Bach Archive on behalf of the city of Leipzig, each year under a different theme.

Each year there are approximately individual events during the Bach Festival, beginning with an opening concert conducted by the serving Thomaskantor currently Gotthold Schwarz. The final concert is traditionally a performance of Bach's Mass in B minor in the St. It serves as the main resource for recorded knowledge and information supporting the teaching, research, and service functions of the California State University, Fresno. History The library was established in [4] and named after Henry Madden in Design The building was designed by AC Martin and Partners and is based on elements derived from Native American basket weaving, as is evidenced in the facade and interior of the building.

An early example of the miles christianus allegory in a manuscript of the Summa Vitiorum by William Peraldus, mid 13th century. The knight is equipped with a detailed Armour of God, including an early depiction of the Shield of the Trinity, and he is crowned by an angel holding the gloss non coronabuntur nisi qui legitime certaverint "none will be crowned but those who truly struggle" and in the other hand a list of the seven beatitudes, matched with the seven gifts of the Holy Spirit and the seven heavenly virtues which in turn are set against the seven cardinal vices.

It exists in a number of different versions, none of which are considered either canonical or normative within rabbinic literature,[1] but which appear to have been widely circulated in Europe and the Middle East in the medieval period. The account portrays Jesus as an impostor. The stories claim that Jesus Yeshu was an illegitimate child, and that he practiced magic and heresy, seduced women, and died a shameful death. As Joseph Dan notes in the Encyclopedia Judaica, "The narrative in all versions treats Jesus as an exceptional person who from his youth demonstrat Moreover, the last treatise is also divided into another seven treatises.

He is a specialist in Catalan and Occitan medieval literature. His degree dissertation consisted of an edition of the Aragonese text of the Agriculture Treatise of Palladius Rutilius Emilianus. He initiated courses of Catalan language and literature at Cardiff. His disagreement with the policy of the Britis Eleanor of Viseu 2 May — 17 November ; Portuguese: Leonor de Viseu was a Portuguese infanta princess and later queen consort of Portugal.

To distinguish her from other infantas of the same name, she is commonly known as Eleanor of Viseu after her father's title or Eleanor of Lancaster Lancaster, a name used by some Portuguese royals after her great-grandmother Queen Philippa of Lancaster. In Portugal, she is known universally as Rainha Dona Leonor.

She is considered one of the most notable Portuguese queen consorts. She was the second and one of only two queen consorts in Portugal who were not foreigners. Eleanor's older brother Diogo, The Life of Christ as a narrative cycle in Christian art comprises a number of different subjects narrating the events from the life of Jesus on earth. They are distinguished from the many other subjects in art showing the eternal life of Christ, such as Christ in Majesty, and also many types of portrait or devotional subjects without a narrative element.

Ivory panel with the Massacre of the Innocents, Baptism of Christ, and Wedding at Cana, 1st third of 5th century They are often grouped in series or cycles of works i Rogier van der Weyden, Crucifixion Diptych c. Oil on oak panels. The panels are noted for their technical skill, visceral impact and for possessing a physicality and directness unusual for Netherlandish art of the time. Its extreme starkness has led art historians to theorize that it was created as a devotional work, possibly for a Carthusian monastery.

It is not known if the panels com Joseph is beating chestnuts from a tree. The Holy Family is normally shown in a landscape. Beginning of Francesc Eiximenis' Psalterium alias Laudatorium according to the manuscript of the Historical Library of the University of Valencia The Psalterium alias laudatorium Psalter or Doxology is a literary work that was written by Francesc Eiximenis in Latin between and in Valencia. Structure and content The book has three hundred forty-four prayers, that are divided into three cycles of contemplative prayers: De laude creatoris On the praise of the Creator , De vita et excellentia redemptoris On the life and excellency of the Redeemer and De vita et ordinatione hominis viatoris On the life and order of the man in the world.

As Albert Hauf has pointed out, this work and the Vida de Jesucrist form a unity of literary creation, and the only thing that changes is the style. Spread of printing in the 15th century European output of printed books from the 15th through the 18th century The global spread of the printing press began with the invention of the printing press with movable type by Johannes Gutenberg in Mainz, Germany c.

Western printing technology was adopted in all world regions by the end of the 19th century, displacing the manuscript and block printing. In the Western world, the operation of a press became synonymous with the enterprise of publishing and lent its name to a new branch of media, the "press" see List of the oldest newspapers. The first edition of the Bible in Portuguese Although the biblical themes have been essential formative substance of the Portuguese culture, it is late the composition in that language of a complete translation of the Bible, in comparison with the other European languages.

The beginnings of the written transmission of the sacred text in Portuguese, parallel to its traditional liturgical use in Latin, are related to the progressive social acceptance of the vernacular as a language of culture in the low-medieval period. And even though the official language of the Portuguese monarchy dates back to the end of the thirteenth century, during the reign of D. The first complete translation of the Bible into Portuguese was composed from the m The story became widely known following its appearance in Geoffrey of Monmouth's pseudohistorical History of the Kings of Britain.

Exhibited in Diocesan Museum in Brno. Albert Kutal a Czech scholar called it "a truly rare and extraordinary work". Madonna, Mary is seen half-figure with the Child in her lap, holding the Christ Child. The latter's left hand is touching his mother's, while under the right hand holds The exhortation is a post-synodal document.

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Its sub-title is "On the consecrated life and its mission in the Church and in the world". In the consecrated life, individuals commit themselves to the evangelical counsels of chastity, poverty and obedience. Their lives testify to the values of the Kingdom of God[1][2]. The profession of chastity, poverty and obedience rejects the idolatry of anything created and points to God as the absolute good.

Chapter 3 — Servitum Caritatis — Consecrated Life: Manifestation of God's Love in the The Kentish Royal Legend is a diverse group of Medieval texts which describe a wide circle of members of the royal family of Kent from the 7th to 8th centuries AD. Although it is described as a legend, and contains a number of implausible episodes, it is placed in a well attested historical context.

The fullest accounts such as Bodley , see below then provide a substantial genealogy, involving not only his direct descendants but also the families some of the daughters marry into, the kings of Northumbria, Mercia, and East Anglia. The family tree below is David Rollason's summary of the individuals thus described. He was baptized in the parish church of St. His father was called Giovanni, an honest and religious man, a good farmer endowed with the simple and popular wisdom of the old country families of Abruzzo.

His mother, Virginia Ferrara was a strong but considerate woman, known for her piety and Christian spirit. She was able to transmit to her son a genuine religious sense of life, sensitiveness, an outstanding kindness and peace of mind. On the Feast of Corpus Domini, June 8, , he received his first Holy Communion and three years later on October 17, , he was confirmed. He went to the primary school in Villamagna, close to Madonna del Carmine, where according to the teachers and his contemporaries, he distinguished himself for his diligence, kindness and availability for others.

He never missed serving Holy Mass at the parish A monk walking in a Benedictine monastery. Prayer has been an essential part of Christianity since its earliest days. As the Middle Ages began, the monastic traditions of both Western and Eastern Christianity moved beyond vocal prayer to Christian meditation.

These progressions resulted in two distinct and different meditative practices: Lectio Divina in the West and hesychasm in the East. Hesychasm involves the repetition of the Jesus Prayer, but Lectio Divina uses different Scripture passages at different times and although a passage may be repeated a few times, Lectio Divina is not repetitive in nature. Pietro Montana June 29, — July 6, was a 20th-century Italian-American sculptor, painter and teacher, noted for his war memorials and religious works.

As a teen, he apprenticed under a photographer, then started his own photography studio in the family home. He attended night classes for six years at the School of Art, Cooper Union, studying under George Thomas Brewster and graduating in He also studied at the Mechanics Institute.

Christology

Rather than a conventional passive figure, he model Mary's Higher Secondary School Tamil: In early India education was rarely available to the common people. Foreign Jesuits initiated the school to remedy this problem. It began as a high school and later added higher secondary, under the accreditation of the Government of Tamil Nadu Education Board.

It is government-aided but also receives funds from Jesuits abroad. It has an experienced academic and sports staff.

Vita Christi

Ignacio de Loyola — 31 July was a Spanish knight from a Basque noble family, priest since , who founded the Society of Jesus Jesuits and was its first Superior General. Loyola's devotion to the Catholic Constantine's standard was known as the Labarum. He was also the last legitimate descendant of the old counts of Barcelona, the former royal house of Aragon. When political power was denied to him, he turned to writing. Life He was born in Torralba de Cuenca, in Castile. There he met the leading literary and intellectual minds of his era and became skilled in mathematics, chemistry and philosophy.

Jollain also spelled Jolin[1] and Iollain[2] was the name of a family of French engravers and engraving publishers who lived and worked in the 17th and 18th centuries, mainly in Paris. The Coronation of the Virgin by Neri di Bicci, c. Consecrated virgins are consecrated by the diocesan bishop according to the approved liturgical rite. The Consecrated virgins are to spend their time in works of penance and mercy, in apostolic activity and in prayer, according to their state of life and spiritual gifts. The rite of consecration of virgins living in the world was reintroduced in , under Pope Paul VI, in the wake of the Second Vatican Council.

The rite of consecration of virgins for nuns who have made their final profession of vows has always existed in various forms from the time of St. This is not to be confused with the Rite of Profession; it was an additional consecration. About he was asked by Alfred the Great to leave St David's and join the circle of learned men whom Alfred was recruiting for his court. After spending a year at Caerwent because of illness, Asser accepted. The manuscript survived to modern times in only one copy, which was part of the Cotton library. That copy was destroyed in a fire in , but transcriptions that had been made earlier, together with material from Asser's work which was included by other early writers, have enabled the work to be reconstructed.

The biography is the main source of information about Alfred's life and provides far more information about Alfred than is known about any other early English ruler. Asser assisted Alfred in his translation of Gregory the Great's Pastoral Care, and possibly with other works. Asser is sometimes cited as a source for the More recent scholarship includes manuscript analysis of the initial version of the Office, as found in The Hague, National Library of the Netherlands KB Newer scholarly work notes the many references to her musical and liturgical performances.

Modern women scholars recognize Juliana as the "author" of the initial version of the Latin Office, Animarum cibus, which takes its title from the beginning of its first antiphon. Biography Juliana and her twin sister Agnes were born in the village of Ret Vita Christi by Ludolph of Saxony , Vol. Vita Christi by Ludolph of Saxony. Catholic University of America Press. Dutton, "The Cistercian Source: Aelred, Bonaventure, and Ignatius," in Goad and Nail: Studies in Medieval Cistercian History, X, ed.

When he arrived in Goa in , Fr. Nicola Lancilloto sent a request from Goa for books for the Jesuit college, claiming that they merely had "[ He also suggested that the Portuguese monarch make a donation to subsidize the purchase of "[ Another letter from Fr. Nicola Lancilloto, written in , listed the works used to teach Latin, thus divulging some secrets of the library of St. Jerome's Opera, and even a treatise by Erasmus, De duplici copia verbor [um] ac rerum. Another example of a Jesuit library is found in a missive written in by Fr.

Gaspar Barzeus, who was in Hormuz, to the Jesuits in Coimbra. He informed them that the missionary establishment in that Portuguese outpost in the Persian Gulf had a "[ In , the library of the Jesuit college in Goa was already large enough to justify the existence of a librarian and strict rules for the circulation of books among the priests and Brothers who resided there.

Melchior Nunes Barreto, who was to take them to the Jesuit institutions is Japan, where he was headed on an evangelical and diplomatic mission.

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The quality of the Jesuit library in Goa is illustrated by the extensive list of books sent to Japan, 36 which included religious books bibles, pontificals, breviaries, concordances, etc. Some of the works had just been published in Portugal, while others arrived from various European countries. This shows how quickly printed books circulated between Portugal and the Oriental establishments and proves that the book exchange that had been established was of a high cultural level. The Jesuits therefore distinguished themselves by encouraging reading, as long as it was edifying, otherwise the material available to the reading public had to be carefully controlled.

There was a growing number of examples of censorship in the correspondence of the Jesuits, especially in letters that mention trips to India. A priest on a Portuguese ship in complained about the many profane books found aboard, telling his colleagues that he exhorted his fellow passengers to throw such works overboard because they were prejudicial to them.

In more serious cases, he went as far as tearing certain works that were "[ What type of works did the Jesuits ban, considering them profane and inadvisable reading? In addition to the manuscripts and printed works that appeared in expurgatory indexes 49 starting in , the Jesuit Fathers must have banned works of fiction and those that people would have read solely for entertainment, which would make the faithful stray from the path of rectitude advocated by the Church.

At least that is what a letter written in by a Jesuit priest aboard a ship leads us to believe. It mentions that many books were thrown overboard during the trip, some of them "[ The situation in Spain, which has been studied more closely than ours, may serve as a comparison here. Through investigations conducted by the Spanish Inquisition on board ships bound for the colonies in the Americas, it was possible to establish with some accuracy the reading habits of the men on board.

Rarely did one find ships that were not carrying a large quantity of printed works, and this for a journey that almost never exceeded two months. The literature found on board included mainly religious works — missals, lives of saints, papal histories, accounts of miracles, moral advice, etc. Poets were also represented, although in small number, through classics such as Virgil and Ovid.

Some people who set off from Lisbon to the Orient took not only books but, in some cases, considerable libraries. The route to India was travelled by numerous men who were highly cultured and could not do without a more or less broad range of texts, depending on their education. Spain can be used for the purposes of comparison once again: Written in the second decade of the sixteenth century, it was an eminently practical work that communicated new knowledge resulting from a very recent experience of Asia and its peoples.

In his work, however, Pires boasts of discreet erudition, referring to works by Aristotle and Ptolemy, and depreciatingly citing the medieval summae or treatises that talk about "[ Duarte Resende was another man of letters who went to India. He must have taken with him a considerable collection of books, which, by the looks of it, he was able to develop.

In he was assigned to the cathedral in Goa, where he taught Latin. Many men in the military, who were usually assigned official duties in the administration of overseas settlements, also dedicated themselves rather assiduously to literary pursuits in their spare time. The well-known botanist even identifies one of the fidalgo's favourite works, the famous De vitis pontificum historia, written by the Italian humanist Bartolomeo Sacchi under the name of Platina and printed in Venice in A man who knew the Orient, he commanded one of the ships of that year's armada.

Jorge de Valdez was a learned man, but he was also a soldier. He perished in the second siege of Dio. The fact that shortly after he approached the son of the Governor and offered to write a Latin account of the second siege of Dio proves that he was a good Latinist. The intellectual curiosity of the celebrated Governor of the Portuguese State of India and Viceroy has already been underscored, but the issue of the sources he used in his works has not yet been dealt with systematically.

And since he wrote his main works during his long months at sea, it would be safe to suggest that he took along a significant set of reference books, with which he maintained an animated intellectual dialogue.

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In his three journals, written between and , there are explicit or implicit references to classics such as Pliny's Naturalis Historia, Pomponius Mela's De situ orbis, the tables from Ptolemy's Geography and Marco Vitruvius' De Architectura. The first three works mentioned are present throughout Castro's works, who systematically compared Geography as he observed it with the annotations of the traditional authorities.

To satisfy the needs of the cultured public, a bookstore opened in Goa on a date that is uncertain; a work printed in that city in refers to the "[ This famous treatise on botany by Garcia de Orta provides good evidence of the intense cultural life in Goa; it contains many intertextual references and allusions to scholarly debates among the Portuguese who lived in the Orient.

Indeed, the first and last pages of the work provide a good indication of this cultural cosmopolitanism.

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Although the count of Ficalho reviewed Garcia de Orta's "[ First, there is the question of his having possessed all the titles cited in Coloquios dos simples e drogas. Like the scholars of his time, Orta takes great pleasure in citing literary authorities to support his own allegations or to criticize the limits of traditional knowledge. Indeed, his motto is well known and often quoted: Some of the citations Orta used may be quotations of quotations found in other works.

And he may have had only a passive knowledge, acquired during his training in Salamanca, of some of the other works mentioned in Coloquios dos simples, e drogas [ That is no doubt the case with the works of Theophrastus, Marcellus Empiricus, Maswijak, Hermolaus Barbarus and others. That is the case with the works of St. Augustine, Antonio de Lebrija's Dictionarium latinohispanicum and Giovanni Pico della Mirandola's Apologia, which would have been available in the libraries of religious institutions in Goa, and with the copy of Platina's De vitis pontificum historia, which belonged to his friend Martim Afonso de Sousa.

Coloquios dos simples, e drogas [ There are numerous exact references in the marginal notes to authors such as Pliny, Dioscorides, Avicenna, Galen, Serapion Junior and Mateus Silvaticus. These references indicate an intimate knowledge of classical medical literature. Orta must certainly have had foreign editions of works by all these authorities, which were repeatedly published in Europe.

The author of Coloquios dos simples, e drogas [ After prolonged studies in Evora and Salamanca, he became famous as a theologian and was appointed archbishop of Evora in Twenty years later, he left for the Orient to become the first archbishop of Goa, a position that he apparently accepted with reservation and only upon the insistence of the pope, for he preferred a life of solitude and contemplation, which was not really consentaneous with the Oriental fumos.

The first Archbishop of Goa maintained intense religious activity, which he complemented with the writing of various doctrinal works. A superficial analysis of this treatise immediately reveals the complex intertextual network that supports Br. A partial survey of the sources used by the Archbishop has already been done, 88 and it showed that he had a wide variety of religious texts at his disposal.

In Desengano de perdidos, there are echoes of an enormous variety of works: Gaspar may not have possessed all the works to which he refers either directly or indirectly, since many of them would have been available in the libraries of the religious institutions in Goa. However, his main treatise proves that the capital of the Portuguese State of India had well-stocked libraries, at least with respect to spiritual and doctrinal texts, which were circulated and debated among a learned and interested public.

Jan Huyghen van Linschoten is another scholar who was in the Orient in the sixteenth century. Through daily contact with Portuguese people involved in maritime activities, the Dutch traveller carefully gathered a vast amount of information on Asia, covering geography and hydrography, botany and zoology, politics and culture, customs and daily life, trade and navigation.

After his return to the Netherlands in , Linschoten devoted himself to systematizing what he had compiled, and in the space of a few years he produced a voluminous set of works. These were quickly printed in his native country, which at the time was taking its first steps in the exploration of the Indian Ocean and certain regions of the Asiatic coast. In , the first edition of Itinerario [ An enormously successful work, it gave a detailed description of the coast of Asia, from Bab el Mandeb to the Japanese archipelago, and contained some impressive information that until then was known only to the Portuguese.

Apart from the author's experiences in the Orient, the basis of Itinerario [