Civil War Times, 1861-1865

Lincoln was not an abolitionist but he had spoken against the spread of slavery into the territories, which meant the South considered him an enemy. Leading Southerners announced that they would demand secession from the Union if Lincoln won the election. Lincoln did win the election on November 6, , and a month later, South Carolina seceded from the United States.

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The Civil War had begun. Originally, the North began the war to preserve the Union, not to end slavery. But President Lincoln eventually became convinced that emancipation , granting freedom to slaves, was necessary to win the war.

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He issued the Emancipation Proclamation at the beginning of , after which the Union considered all slaves in the Confederacy to be free. The Civil War lasted until and was finally won by the North after a terrible cost in lives on both sides — including the life of President Lincoln. Following the Civil War, three amendments to the U. Constitution 13, 14, and 15 were ratified to outlaw slavery and to guarantee citizenship and voting rights to all Americans, specifically the recently freed slaves.

Many of the problems involving states' rights were also put to rest, as the federal government emerged as the supreme authority in the United States. In addition, before the Civil War the development of industry and transportation had been slow. But during the grim years of the war, American industry had learned new ways of manufacturing and had developed more efficient methods of transporting people and supplies. Nevertheless, many new problems surfaced. The Southern economy, which had been almost entirely based on agriculture, had collapsed.

The war had destroyed the plantations and ruined much of the farmland.

Many Southern cities and towns had also been destroyed, and the people of the South were desperately poor. Second, at the end of the war, the Southern states found themselves without governments. These states had to be re-admitted to the Union, but they could not rejoin the United States until they had established legal state governments. Finally, 4 million former slaves had to start new lives as free people.

Read the diaries of James Edmond Pease, a Union soldier; Emma Simpson, a Southern girl; and Patsy, a freed slave, to learn what life was like for these young people in these chaotic and bloody times. Compromise of effected between antislavery and proslavery factions. It brought California into the union as a free state while Texas was admitted as a slave state. It also abolished the slave trade from the District of Columbia, though it was still legal to own slaves there.

The compromise also states that New Mexico and Utah would decide for themselves on whether they would be slave or free states when they joined the Union. Finally, a new fugitive slave law made it a crime for anyone to help an escaped slave.

Battles of Gettysburg and Vicksburg. Confederate General Robert E. Lee surrenders at Appomattox, Virginia. Lincoln assassinated ; Andrew Johnson succeeds him as President. Use these teaching resources to talk to your students about the Civil War and President Lincoln's famous speech.

Over three days of fierce fighting, the Confederates were unable to push through the Union center, and suffered casualties of close to 60 percent.

Also in July , Union forces under Ulysses S. Grant took Vicksburg Mississippi , a victory that would prove to be the turning point of the war in the western theater. Despite heavy Union casualties in the Battle of the Wilderness and at Spotsylvania both May , at Cold Harbor early June and the key rail center of Petersburg June , Grant pursued a strategy of attrition, putting Petersburg under siege for the next nine months.

For most of the next week, Grant and Meade pursued the Confederates along the Appomattox River, finally exhausting their possibilities for escape. On the eve of victory, the Union lost its great leader: We strive for accuracy and fairness.

But if you see something that doesn't look right, contact us! Subscribe for fascinating stories connecting the past to the present. Though neither the Union nor the Confederacy had a formal military intelligence network during the Civil War, each side obtained crucial information from spying or espionage operations. From early in the war, the Confederacy set up a spy network in the federal capital of These units had tenuous ties to the regular Confederate and Union Armies and were Civil War culture in America—both North and South—was greatly distinct from life in the antebellum years.

The Civil War was a time of great social and political upheaval. It was also a time of great technological change. Inventors and military men devised new types of weapons, such as the repeating rifle and the submarine, that forever changed the way that wars were fought. In many ways, the coming of the Civil War challenged the ideology of Victorian domesticity that had defined the lives of men and women in the antebellum era.

Civil War Background

In the North and in the South, the war forced women into public life in ways they could scarcely have imagined a In an event that is generally regarded as marking the end of the Civil War, Confederate General Edmund Kirby Smith, commander of Confederate forces west of the Mississippi, signs the surrender terms offered by Union negotiators. Battles of Bull Run. Civil War Biological Warfare. American Civil War History.