The Translucence of Flesh

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Powder blower, 30 ml Empty Powder box, with powder puff, 20 g box 5. In fact, as one USDA horticulturist stated: It is a wonder to me that evidence of small-to-moderate amounts of watercore has not been used to advantage in merchandising apples. It usually indicates that apples were picked when fully mature and have a high sugar content. If stored for any length of time, however, anaerobiosis and, subsequently, breakdown become problems. Watercored pears are also acceptable in Japan. Analytical comparisons of affected fruit have shown an elevated water content, decreased reducing sugars, increased anaerobic products, and a higher sorbitol content in Watercored apples.

One anatomical study found senescent degradation in the vascular tissue of watercored apples. Vascular elements would occasionally become nonconductive, leading to development of new vascular tissue from adjacent parenchyma to bypass the nonconducting tissue. Whether the senescence was caused by, or resulted from, watercore could not be determined.

A characteristic of watercore is that the condition develops only while the fruit is still on the tree. Cutting fruit, flotation and light transmission are needed for detection. Nonwatercored apples have a specific gravity from 0. As watercore develops, the specific gravity begins to approach that of cytoplasm, approximately 1.

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Floating apples in solutions of appropriate density will separate watercored from nonwatercored apples. The drawbacks of this method arise from the fact that smaller apples tend to be more dense, so a different flotation solution is really needed for each size. Temperature fluctuations also change the density of the flotation bath. An alcohol-water solution will produce a slight surface sterilization.

Watercored tissue transmits light more readily than normal tissue. Use of light to detect watercore does not damage fruit. This method has proven quite accurate when compared with visual inspection. The accuracy falls off when the temperature of the apple fluctuates, when the affected tissue is near the surface or flecked throughout the cortex, or if internal browning has started to develop.

While not suitable for use on a packingline, the instrument points to the possibility of future instrumentation for determining internal quality. Occurrence Geographically, watercore has been recorded in all the important apple growing regions of the world.

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Several writers have mentioned that watercore occurs more often in the arid parts of the world, especially the western United States and Australia. Watercore is more prevalent at higher elevations, but no attempts have been made to pinpoint the relationship. The sporadic occurrence of watercore has been well documented.

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With few exceptions, all sources seem to agree that watercore occurs only late in the season in mature apples. Watercore has been the focus of scientific studies since the early 's. A text written in described the disorder and indicated that it had long been known even at that time. Watercored fruit often must be diverted to the less profitable processing industry. Watercore poses a serious problem for extended marketing seasons--particularly for 'Delicious.

A number of more recent cultural practices lessen the impact of watercore on the fruit industry, especially in the Pacific Northwest. Controlled atmosphere storage greatly extends the fresh market season of apples, but requires that apples be harvested at a more immature stage than those used in conventional marketing operations. A number of other disorders and diseases occur following watercore.

The following associations have been reported: In addition, watercored apples are reported to be more susceptible to fungal rots. The disorder is probably due to an interaction of several factors discussed below. Predisposition Cultivars show a markedly different incidence of this Genetic disorder. Table 1 lists some common cultivars and their susceptibility. Morphological differences were found between the watercore susceptible 'Delicious' and the resistant 'Golden Delicious.

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Water Regime Most of the early ideas about watercore Environmental Factors development centered around water relationships. A series of experiments at Wenatchee in the early s demonstrated not only that heavy irrigation did not lead to watercore, but that heavily irrigated plots showed less watercore than lightly irrigated ones.

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Watercored apples have less sugar on a dry weight basis and have been reported to show diminished cell wall pectins. Fruit grown at higher humidities were shown to have less carbohydrate on a dry weight basis and thinner cell walls. Temperature A few writers have associated watercore with low temperatures and frost. Observations associating watercore with low temperatures must take into account that cold temperatures occur late in the season when maturity is well advanced.

The watercore observed may be as easily associated with maturity as with cold temperatures. Some observers have seen a relationship between unusual temperatures and watercore. Possibly fruits are more susceptible to temperature extremes at various stages of growth. Low temperatures may affect fruit and watercore development by accelerating leaf senescence. As this occurs, leaf storage sugars primarily sorbitol could then be moved to the fruits to initiate watercore symptoms. The decrease was slower in a watercore resistant 'Golden Delicious' than in a susceptible 'Delicious' which developed watercore in fruits on branches with yellowing foliage.

Low temperatures might also lead to membrane damage in fruit tissues. Once the translocated sorbitol has arrived at the fruit, the leaky membranes may allow it and other liquids to accumulate and induce watercore symptoms. Watercore has also been associated with high temperatures. Fruit tissues also become leakier at high temperatures, which could allow symptoms characteristic of watercore. Exposed fruit tends to advance in maturity more than nonexposed fruit. Elevated temperatures could hasten maturation and ripening or result in loss of calcium, either of which might induce watercore.

Observations of watercore prevalence on the side of the fruit exposed to direct sunlight have not been further verified, but even normal apples are known to exhibit a number of differences between the exposed and shaded sides of the fruit. In addition to the obvious differences in the amount of red pigment anthocyanin near maturity, larger intercellular volume, fewer cells per gram fresh weight and lower respiration occur on the shaded side.

The exposed side exhibits greater sugar concentrations, higher pressure tests, and a thinner cuticle before maturity. If membrane organization is at all sensitive to high temperature, it would not be surprising to find watercore more prevalent on the exposed side of the fruit or on the exposed side of the tree. Several scientists indicated that high levels of nitrogen correlate with watercore development. Field experiments have indicated that high but not excessive amounts of nitrogen actually reduce watercore incidence.

Watercore or watercore-like symptoms such as flooded tissues, have appeared as a result of excessive boron treatments to apple trees. Watercored apples tested had low calcium content while potassium and magnesium were high. Recent work done at East Malling Research Station, England, indicates that concentrations of calcium were lower in all parts of apples with watercore. Watercored Cox's Orange Pippin apples had a greater proportion of calcium in the outer part of the flesh than in the core region Table 2.

Understanding Watercore

Watercore incidence is reduced both by calcium sprays and by dipping fruits in CaCl solution while still on the tree. Despite adequate calcium nutrition elsewhere in the tree, fruit may show symptoms of calcium deficiency. Soils are rarely limiting in calcium, which is easily taken up by the roots and translocated to growing leaves, flowers, and fruits. While calcium concentration can be fairly high in the shoot or fruiting spur, it is typically half that amount in the stem of the fruit and low within the fruit, thus setting the stage for low calcium disorders.

A lack of calcium in apple fruits can affect cell walls, membranes and the functioning of enzymes. Calcium is believed to cross-link cell wall components, a process which affects the rate of softening. Calcium treatments increase cell membrane strength, reducing leakage.

Calcium lowers the rate of respiration in apples. Calcium deficient apples could be further advanced in maturity. These factors may set the stage for watercore and other disorders. High Leaf to Fruit Ratio Watercore is likely to occur when the leaf to fruit ratio is high. In this case, the fruit receives more photosynthate, allowing it to attain larger size and elevated concentrations of sugars and acids. Young trees coming into bearing characteristically set small crops. A positive relationship exists between watercore and young trees. When a tree sets a light crop, the apples are typically larger in size.

This too has been related to watercore.