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The Journal for the History of Discoveries 23 ; 1— Buys and Sheli O. See especially Richard A. Keith and Christian J.

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While Menzies cites Needham a number of times, he fails to do so on a number of matters, including on contrasts between China and Europe as reflected in the voyages of Zheng He and those of Europeans pp. Civil Engineering and Nautics Cambridge, U. Zheng Hesheng and Zheng Yijun, 2 vols. Much of the material in these volumes is compiled from the Ming shi [History of the Ming dynasty].

Menzies refers to the Ming shias a source that proves his contentions p. Nor does he cite any of the essays in two major collections: Zhenghe yanjiu zilao xuanbian [Selected essays on Zheng He], ed. I would like to thank Professor Jin Jiang of Vassar College for her assistance in dealing with Chinese-language materials.

Based upon a debatable interpretation of Chinese nautical watches, Needham comes up with an average speed between 6 knots miles per day and 10 knots miles per day , estimates far higher than any speed achieved on the seventh voyage and implausible in their own right Science and Civilisation in China, vol. Thus Menzies proposes that one Ming squadron, at 4. From to , however, the average duration of a voyage from Manila to Acapulco by Spanish galleons was close to six months, with four months for that leg of the round-trip journey alone being regarded as a rapid crossing William Lytle Schurtz, The Manila Galleon [New York: Geographischen Gesellschaft in Wien 49 The Letter and Chart of Toscanelli [London: See also Pero Tafur, Travels and Adventures, —, trans.

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Malcom Letts New York: Oddly, the author devotes more discussion to their presumed sexual activity than he does to the other six expeditions of Zheng He. Inscribed steles actually associated with Zheng He were carved in China before departure of the fleet, as with one erected in Ceylon in see Needham, Science and Civilisation in China, vol. Both discuss the woods used in constructing the junks—cedar, chestnut, fir, camphor, and elm—and do not mention teak.

See Longquan chuan chang zhi, 5: There is no evidence that the Chinese ever employed this labor-intensive technique. Rather, loose and flexible materials, such as rock salt, cowrie shells, metal ingots, porcelain, gravel, sand, and timber typically were used as ballast, for they could be loaded and removed relatively easily, and they could be sold at the end of a voyage when the bilge was cleaned. Apparatus, Theories and Gifts Cambridge, U.

If the fleet described by Menzies included only 1, horses, however, then at least five gallons of drinking water and two gallons for boiling rice would be needed daily for every horse see Menzies, p. The total comes to 7, gallons of desalinated seawater every day. The Khalili Portolan Atlas London: Sleeping Car Porters and the Battle Against Jim Crow on Canadian Rails, leigh The History Cooperative is a collective of history buffs, interested authors, and dedicated technical staff who share a love for history.

If you would love to help share this love, you can start by filling out a contribution form here. Perth in Western Australia is sometimes mistaken for Perth in Scotland, and it happens for a reason. In fact, James Stirling, the first governor of Western Australia, named the city Thanks for this thorough debunking. Imagine my surprise when my child, who is a homeschooler entering fourth grade, was reading a book that asserted that the Chinese discovered the Americas and influenced Maya civilization!

I immediately pointed out that if one solitary self-educated person is proposing a theory to upend all of historiography as we know it, well, we should approach with keen caution. Your email address will not be published. Notify me of followup comments via e-mail. You can also subscribe without commenting. Share that passion with the world.

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Contribute Privacy Policy Contact. Carl Woodley, Long's stepfather, said he was in "total shock" about the Baton Rouge shootings. He said he was sorry about what happened to the officers and about losing his stepson. Woodley said Long was about 7 when they met and he remembered Long as a good, quiet and intelligent boy. We were real close. As an adult, Long, who was once overweight, often offered his stepfather nutritional advice.

Woodley said he last spoke to Long in May, when his stepson gave him a book on nutrition, ordered vitamins for him online and recommended a cleanse. Long never talked to him about anger toward the police or the way they treated blacks, said Woodley, who added that he did not follow his stepson on social media. Woodley said he never saw Long with a weapon. Woodley was with Long when the young man enrolled in the U. When Long was discharged in , the military veteran was "more like a loner, stayed to himself," Woodley said. Long's stepsister, Brittany Woodley, on Facebook recalled fond memories of times when he babysat her.

Just a very good person. Cousin Kendall Fryer said via Facebook that Long "is nothing like he is portrayed to be" since the shootings, but declined further comment out of respect for the family. After he was killed, investigators found a card on Long's body suggesting he was a member of the Washitaw Nation, according to two law enforcement officials. Long legally changed his name to Cosmo Ausar Setepenra in May , claiming that he was "seeking to correct" his name, because he was part of the indigenous society, United Washitaw De Dugdahmoundvah Mu'er nation.

What is the Washitaw Nation? Many who claim membership to the Washitaw Nation say it exempts them from federal and state government jurisdiction, attempting to use laws that were made for Native Americans for their own ends Law enforcement says the group sells fake drivers license and birth certificates Source: Souther Poverty Law Center. The group is one of many fringe groups to which the gunman may have belonged. Long followed several conspiracy groups devoted to government surveillance and monitoring.

An email address linked to him showed that he was a member of a support group in an organization called Freedom from Covert Harassment and Surveillance. Obama on Baton Rouge: We need to 'temper our words and open our hearts'. The group's mission is to help those "marginalized and abused by On that site he's identified as a "Buddy" representing other "targets" of government surveillance.

Gavin Long: Who is Baton Rouge cop killer?

An official said the belief is that Long identified as being associated with the black separatist movement in some capacity but there is no indication he was directed by it. The law enforcement official said the FBI has no indication any black separatist or other domestic terrorist groups are supporting or sending people to kill police officers. Long joined the Marines in and worked as a data network specialist, according to the U. He was deployed to Iraq and spent time in California and Japan before being discharged at the rank of sergeant in