Consequences of Longterm Conflicts in Northeast India

Here there are people appointed for every work, there is nothing in world is as without human beings participation.

So, if everyone does their daily work properly, the other innocent people wont suffer, Lots of lives of can be saved if everyone does their work properly. Well, north east problem problems have been coming out since decades.. Many government changes but no one think about the people who suffered most in those 8 states. Govt should think of them also as they think for rest 21states..

Firstly govt should do better road and railway transport to connect these states so that people couldn't suffer more. Hope in future they will get all the privilege from central government. Anyone planning to go on a Sikkim tour? If yes and also you'are a girl then this Sikkim women tour package will be perfect for you. North eastern state has some very big issues related to history, government view point etc etc.

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For an example if government want than they can prevent illegal immigration to Assam and other north-eastern state but for only political interest they are not even trying to do it so. Today states like Assam and Tripura are almost loosing their own son of soil rights in their own land.

This issue should be solved otherwise it will create many other problems in future.

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I have an article on Assam's social problem, which is same with other north eastern state social problems. Check this here social problems of Assam. Conflict in Northeast India: Issues, Causes and Concern Tweet Share Share Print Introduction The Northeast region of India comprising of eight states — Assam, Nagaland, Manipur, Arunachal Pradesh, Mizoram, Tripura and Sikkim [1] — a region poorly connected to the Indian mainland by a small corridor, [2] and surrounded by many countries such as Bhutan, Myanmar, Bangladesh and China, is the setting for a multitude of conflict that undermines the idea of India as a prosperous and functioning democracy.

Governance and Politics in Northeast India. Add new comment Your name. E-mail The content of this field is kept private and will not be shown publicly. More information about text formats. Web page addresses and e-mail addresses turn into links automatically. Manifested as the destruction of property, roads, communication networks that anyhow are scarce in this region, the armed conflict is laying waste to a bio-diversity hotspot that is a rich reservoir of resources, and hence a source of power. In most conflict zones, the vying for control of resources is rooted in the power that may be wielded whilst in the possession of said resources.

Failure of Present Measures. However, in spite of having effective laws in place that are effective across the country, a fairly effective legal system that has in the recent past started taking up environmental issues seriously, enforcement is still a problem in bio-diverse conflict areas. This is where the peculiar nature of the North East arises. Till date, the measures to deal with them have been limited to the Carrot and Stick approaches [37].

Through incentives, hand outs and the projection of nation-building measures [38] such as infra projects, telecommunications and reserved budgetary allocations, the Centre has tried to appease sentiments of alienation that lead to insurgencies. On the other hand, counter-insurgency techniques by staunch military opposition to these groups have also been launched.

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But if the past is something to go by, using the stick alienates these groups further and motivates them to take to arms even more. On paper, the jurisdiction of national as well as international legal systems are binding on them, but are never enforced. This arises due to a host of reasons: The nature of armed conflict in these territories is heavily based on ethnic, religious and communal divisions. In most parts of the North East, tribes hold territory in common. As such, land is the common property of a tribe or a clan.

The Bodo tribes lay claim to the land where many refugees and immigrants are making their homes in. Essentially, such conflicts go unheard by authorities so as to make proper provisions for migrants or check such invasion or encroachment as the case may be. EIA schemes are ineffective to say the least in determining the kind of damage or displacement that could be caused. It fails to take into account sociological factors that play such an important role in the dynamic of the NE as discussed above [40].

Often, it would lead to resettlement of displaced persons in the territory of other tribes and clans that could be a bone of contention. Tensions also arise from the fact that while there are large swathes of land available to resettle and rehabilitate persons displaced due to infrastructure and development projects, most of it is uncultivable.

Consequences of the Long Term Conflict in the Northeast India - - Vij Books

The scope for permanent cultivation and re-establishing livelihood becomes unfeasible. The different tribes in the North East are governed locally and often are unaware of legislative frameworks that govern them. Most of the individuals who are the reason for the legislation often have no knowledge of the same [42].

Also, due to political instability in regions where the only power rests in the hands of those with guns, the State machinery is ineffective in bringing a situation of common law and order under State or National legal systems. Political tussles always dissolve the lines of power and due to this, military rule often is the only form of governance in many parts of the North East. In addition, due to the enforcement of the AFSPA in certain States, the framework of legislation, especially environmental laws can be overridden in the interest of the armed forces where the major concern is reducing human suffering and protection of private property.

Liability for Environmental Crimes under Indian Law. In most cases, criminal liability for environmental damage has been the onus of corporate organisations and individuals. The development of principles such as — Polluter Pays, Responsible Corporate Official — all point to corporate criminal liability for environmental damage. However, the contemplation of war-related or conflict related environmental damage has only begun to be contemplated recently. Internationally, there are various Agreements and Protocols enacted to preserve the environment and protect against sustained attack upon it, however the manner of legislation for environmental laws has taken a different route of development.

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Protection of the environment is a Fundamental Duty as enshrined in our Constitution under Article 51A g , Article 48A, however, is a Directive Principle of State Policy and neither are legally enforceable. Though India has enacted over two hundred laws relating to the environment, they do not contemplate the impact of environmental damage by armed conflict [43]. The th Law Commission Report even contemplated the setting up of Environmental Tribunals for enforcing compliance with various civil and criminal sanctions for environmental damage; however, the recommendations are still to materialise.

It would reduce the burden of civil lawsuits on the Higher Courts in India for environmental legal enforcement and have appellate jurisdiction for impugned acts filed under various environment related statutes.



India, as a country has been instrumental in setting up effective environmental legislation such as the Water Act , the Air Act , the Environment Protection Act in response to the Bhopal Gas Tragedy [44] and other legal instruments. Apart from these, the Ministry of Environment and Forests MoEF , the Pollution Control Boards at the Central and State levels and other agencies take up the burden of environmental protection and pollution control. However, all these provisions are applied to mainland India and mostly relate to industrial and urban pollution control and environment protection.

Even with the implementation of the National Environment Policy of that aims at " conservation of critical environmental resources, intra-generational equity, livelihood security for poor, integration of environment in economic and social development, efficiency in environment resource use, environmental governance, and enhancement of resources for environmental conservation. Thus far, no national legislation has been invoked for the protection of the environment against the insurgent groups, and neither has such discussion come up in mediations. Thus, in a scenario such as this, we need to revaluate how our perceptions of legal solutions to environmental damage in conflict areas require development and expansion.

In the present scenario, with the application of AFSPA in these States, it may be a wise option to bring up such concerns in ceasefire mediation, or give powers to the State military forces to engage in preservation and conservation measures. Liability for Environmental Crimes under International Law. Being an internationalized internal conflict zone, the North East could see involvement of international actors in the present struggle. Thus, it may be of merit to see how international legislation for armed conflict environmental damage has been dealt with and developed over time. International environmental law IEL deals with environmental damage liability in everyday peacetime settings.

The question that must be explored is whether the same may apply in the paradigm of wartime activity or armed conflict. Public outcry about the effects of Agent Orange and the change in the manner of warfare induced the enactment of two legal instruments. The Environmental Modification Convention ENMOD was adopted in [47] to prohibit the use of environmental destruction and modification methods as a means of warfare.

Second, two Articles 35 and 55 of the Additional Protocol I to the Geneva Conventions, adopted the next year , reiterated prohibiting warfare that may cause "widespread, long-term and severe damage to the natural environment. It was contemplated to introduce a fifth Geneva Convention to deal with such issues.



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Examining another dimension on international criminal liability, the Rome Statute of governs and provides for original jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court in pre-trial matters to account for crimes against the environment under grave crimes falling within the ambit of War Crimes. Article 8 b iv reads: Even though such crimes against the environment may be classified here, it must also be an element of such crime, that it is 1 a grave crime, 2 part of an international conflict.

Here is where the status of armed conflict in the North East may or may not fall under the ambit of the Article because there are blurred lines on the status of sovereignty, national identity of the insurgents and the States where the conflict zones are situated. Then you can start reading Kindle books on your smartphone, tablet, or computer - no Kindle device required. Would you like to tell us about a lower price? If you are a seller for this product, would you like to suggest updates through seller support? In the case of Northeast India, a number of researchers were engaged to study different and multi-layered dynamics of the conflict and the consequences.

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This is the second book that encompasses the studies presented by many researchers on different facets of this conflict. Read more Read less. Applicable only on ATM card, debit card or credit card orders. Cashback will be credited as Amazon Pay balance within 10 days.