LOuest canadien en bref (French Edition)

Other than furs which could be carried out of New France in a single good-sized merchantman, and were not freely available as cargo to private traders, there were few commodities to attract French mer- chants who therefore concentrated on earning a profit on goods carried during their outbound voyage from France. Familiar with conditions in Canada, Rochelais armateurs considered it too great a risk to carry goods for colonists without pre-payment of freight.

Not surprisingly La Rochelle merchants soon came to be loathed. During bis second gubernatorial term Frontenac accused them of a thousand friponneries, and while lamenting the failure of merchants from Nantes and Saint - Malo to compete successfully, he referred to the La Rochelle traders as " des tyrans et des corsaires " 9. Indeed, during the s La Rochelle's colonial trade grew. More than half of the departures from Bordeaux occurred during the five years prior to the War of the League of Augsburg and nearly half of the remainder during the five years afterwards see Table 1 and Graph 1.

Lack of naval protection was not the only reason for this development. But the collapse of the navy was crucial to the maintenance of empire itself. With the outbreak of hostilities in , maritime contact between Bordeaux and Canada was almost reduced to nil. The situation at La Rochelle appeared only slightly better.

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The number of trans- Atlantic sailings declined to between 1 and 3 annually, or to a level of fifty years before. In addition to leaving New France virtually abandoned, the most important effect of the war was to illustrate to Canadians the futility of carrying on maritime trade from New France. By the end of the war almost the only merchants and armateurs sending goods and ships to Canada were those having kinship bonds and commercial associations with colonial fur traders.

Owing to heavier exploitation of the English sugar islands during the 17th century, French planters were able to produce sugar more cheaply than the English during the 18th century, and from onward French sugar was replacing English sugar in Europe Between and the annual rate of growth of the value of colonial cargoes entering France was 5.

During the period France became the commercial. In Canada the establishment of international peace and the end of the physical threat to the seigneuries in the St.

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Although the population of Canada doubled during the quarter century before , there was no corresponding increase in demand for French goods. Instead, the volume of shipping to Canada remained remarkably stable. Canadians also began to send ships across the Atlantic chiefly to Bordeaux. The number of Canadian ships was small but about one-quarter of the ships that sailed from Bordeaux were Canadian-owned.

Table 1 and 6.

Un siècle d'immigration française au Canada (1881-1980)

The first five years after witnessed an increase in tonnage that amounted to c. Traffic experienced some growth after , but by the annual volume of about 1, tons reached its highest point for the whole period. Thereafter the volume of metropolitan trade remained relatively stable, and for the next ten years the mean annual tonnage of trans-ocean traffic was c. Maritime statistics based on volume cannot be directly compared to data based on value, but it is unlikely that the relatively stable volume of French traffic to Cana,da grew much in value. Profits could only be regularly earned on cargoes outbound from France and even under such circumstances how they were to be collected was a constant problem for metropolitan merchants as well as colonists Year after year the regular shippers sent a single vessel to the colony.

Beginning in , shipping to New France increased rapidly, espe- cially from Bordeaux. The increase in volume appeared at La Rochelle only in see Table 4. Over the next five years shipping reached a volume of about tons annually, between and c. The greatly increased move- ment of ships continued to grow after the outbreak of hostilities at sea. Despite initial losses in and , La Rochelle merchants were able to benefit from the increased activities to the colonies during the War of the Austrian Succession, and between and tonnage increased to about 1, tons annually. After December, , few ships sailed to the West Indies, but merchants continued to send ships to Canada.

In the period , 31 ships c. Second, Bordeaux replaced La Rochelle as the colony's chief metropolitan link with France.

Finally, the position of the other French ports in the pattern of trade to Canada shrank considerably. The mean among 74 that left during the 17th century was tons, but this. Ships from La Rochelle were generally larger than those from Bordeaux.

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Two hundred-ton vessels were not uncommon during the 17th century. Mohawks , les Onneiouts angl. Onondagas , les Goyogouins angl. Cayugas et les Tsonnontouans angl. En , la variole frappa durement plusieurs tribus. En , ce fut le tour des Iroquois qui moururent par milliers. Ils les trouvaient anormaux parce qu'ils ne couchaient pas avec leurs femmes.

Il faut dire que la croix des missionnaires ne faisait pas le poids devant le castor. En , Champlain avait dit aux Hurons: Nous avons eu des Huronnes, des Algonquines, des Iroquoises; celles-ci sont les plus jolies et les plus dociles de toutes. L'on commence par les enfants.

En fait, les premiers efforts de francisation de la part des Indiens leur furent fatals. Prenez donc courage, mes enfants, vous y entendrez sa parole qui vous est toute pleine de douceur et de paix. It has been observed that speakers of North American Native language do not necessarily organize their reasoning according to a linear sequence of causes-and-effects or evidence-and-conclusions, as do speakers of European languages. Instead, they may keep a number of related ideas in mind, without putting them in a fixed order. This same way of thinking in a circle is often part of people's spoken languages.

Tous les officiers n'y parviennent pas. Je rattifie donc aujourd'huy la paix que nous avons faite [ On comptait habitants en Nouvelle-France et 80 en Nouvelle-Angleterre. Eux aussi sont certainement responsables en partie de l'uniformisation linguistique dans ce pays. Certains individus n'y arrivent jamais. Les francophones du Nouveau-Brunswick ne sont plus tous des Acadiens. On y parle ici parfaitement bien sans mauvais accent. Le sieur Bacqueville de La Potherie parle d'un groupe restreint de personnes: Il n'y a pas de patois en ce pays.

Ils disent une poche pour un sac , un mantelet pour un casaquin sans pli Ils ont pris cette expression aux sauvages. Si employant cet adjectif, ils n'ajoutent: Pour injurier une femme, il n'y avait rien de mieux que de l'accuser de prostitution. Des jeunes gens qui n'ont d'autres secours, ne peuvent jamais devenir des hommes utiles. On peut le texte complet de Gilles Hocquart voir le document.

Pour le ministre Colbert, la population est comme la monnaie: Que faire d'une telle coquille vide? C'est pourquoi Louis XIV se disculpait ainsi le 17 juin C'est pourquoi la recommandation n'eut jamais d'effet. Chaque famille compte en moyenne sept enfants.

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On le connait aujourd'hui comme le grand commissaire des fortifications du royaume de France. Vauban voyait dans la colonie du Canada trois grandes failles: Vauban croyait qu'il pourrait y avoir au Canada plus de 51 millions d'habitants vers l'an Bibliographie portant sur la Nouvelle-France. La Nouvelle-France et ses colonies.

En , le Canada, ne comptait encore qu'une centaine d'habitants. Jusqu'en , la France parla d'abandonner les rives du Saint-Laurent.

Histoire des Premières Nations du Canada

Charbonneau et Guillemette, Ce fut le premier acte officiel qui institua les milices. Vostre tres humble et tres obeissant Serviteur, Maurepas. Algonquiens Outaouais, Poutouatamis, Saulteux, Cris, etc.