Creation Wars

The Egyptians planned another counterattack, but it failed after Israeli aerial reconnaissance revealed Egyptian preparations, and the Israelis launched a preemptive strike. About Egyptians were killed, and 5 tanks were destroyed, with the Israelis losing 5 killed and 30 wounded.

During five days of fighting, the Israelis secured the Western Negev, expelling all Egyptian forces from the area. Israeli forces subsequently launched raids into the Nitzana area, and entered the Sinai Peninsula on 28 December. Israeli forces pulled out of the Sinai on 2 January following joint British-American pressure and a British threat of military action.

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IDF forces regrouped at the border with the Gaza Strip. Israeli forces attacked Rafah the following day, and after several days of fighting, Egyptian forces in the Gaza Strip were surrounded. On 28 December, the Alexandroni Brigade failed to take the Falluja Pocket, but managed to seize Iraq el-Manshiyeh and temporarily hold it. The Israelis lost 87 soldiers. On 5 March, Operation Uvda was launched following nearly a month of reconnaissance, with the goal of securing the Southern Negev from Jordan. The IDF entered and secured the territory, but did not meet significant resistance along the way, as the area was already designated to be part of the Jewish state in the UN Partition Plan, and the operation meant to establish Israeli sovereignty over the territory rather than actually conquer it.

The Golani, Negev , and Alexandroni brigades participated in the operation, together with some smaller units and with naval support. Umm Rashrash on the Red Sea where Eilat was built later and taking it without a battle. Israeli soldiers raised a hand-made Israeli flag " The Ink Flag " at The raising of the Ink Flag is considered to be the end of the war. As the fighting progressed and Israel mounted an incursion into the Sinai, the Royal Air Force began conducting almost daily reconnaissance missions over Israel and the Sinai.

High-flying British aircraft frequently flew over Haifa and Ramat David Airbase , and became known to the Israelis as the "shuftykeit. Peake opened fire with his cannons, causing a fire to break out in the port engine. The aircraft turned to sea and lowered its altitude, then exploded and crashed off Ashdod. The pilot and navigator were both killed. The pilots had spotted smoking vehicles and were drawn to the scene out of curiosity. Israeli soldiers on the ground, alerted by the sound of the approaching Spitfires and fearing another Egyptian air attack, opened fire with machine guns.

One Spitfire was shot down by a tank-mounted machine gun, while the other was lightly damaged and rapidly pulled up. All three Spitfires were shot down, and one pilot was killed. Two pilots were captured by Israeli soldiers and taken to Tel Aviv for interrogation, and were later released. The Israeli formation was led by Ezer Weizman. Weizman's plane and two other British aircraft also suffered light damage during the engagement. The battle ended after the British wiggled their wings to be more clearly identified, and the Israelis eventually realized the danger of their situation and disengaged, returning to Hatzor Airbase.

Israeli troops subsequently visited the crash sites, removed various parts, and buried the other aircraft. However, the Israelis did not manage to conceal the wrecks in time to prevent British reconnaissance planes from photographing them. An RAF salvage team was deployed to recover the wrecks, entering Israeli territory during their search.

Two were discovered inside Egypt, while Tattersfield's Tempest was found north of Nirim , four miles inside Israel. Interviews with local Arabs confirmed that the Israelis had visited the crash sites to remove and bury the wrecks.

Tattersfield was initially buried near the wreckage, but his body was later removed and reburied at the British War Cemetery in Ramla. British troops in the Middle East were placed on high alert with all leave cancelled, and British citizens were advised to leave Israel.

The Creation Wars

The Royal Navy was also placed on high alert. At Hatzor Airbase, the general consensus among the pilots, most of whom had flown with or alongside the RAF during World War II, was that the RAF would not allow the loss of five aircraft and two pilots to go without retaliation, and would probably attack the base at dawn the next day. That night, in anticipation of an impending British attack, some pilots decided not to offer any resistance and left the base, while others prepared their Spitfires and were strapped into the cockpits at dawn, preparing to repel a retaliatory airstrike.

However, despite pressure from the squadrons involved in the incidents, British commanders refused to authorize any retaliatory strikes. The day following the incident, British pilots were issued a directive to regard any Israeli aircraft infiltrating Egyptian or Jordanian airspace as hostile and to shoot them down, but were also ordered to avoid activity close to Israel's borders. Later in January , the British managed to prevent the delivery of aviation spirit and other essential fuels to Israel in retaliation for the incident.

The British Foreign Office presented the Israeli government with a demand for compensation over the loss of personnel and equipment. However, many of the resolution's articles were not fulfilled, since these were opposed by Israel, rejected by the Arab states, or were overshadowed by war as the conflict continued. Largely leftover World War II era weapons were used by both sides. Egypt had some British equipment; the Syrian army had some French.

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German, Czechoslovak and British equipment was used by Israel. The Armistice Demarcation Lines, as set by the agreements, saw the territory under Israeli control encompassing approximately three-quarters of the prior British administered Mandate as it stood after Transjordan 's independence in Israel controlled territories of about one-third more than was allocated to the Jewish State under the UN partition proposal.

The armistice lines were known afterwards as the " Green Line ". The United Nations Truce Supervision Organization and Mixed Armistice Commissions were set up to monitor ceasefires, supervise the armistice agreements, to prevent isolated incidents from escalating, and assist other UN peacekeeping operations in the region. Just before the signing of the Israel-Jordan armistice agreement, general Yigal Allon proposed to conquer the West Bank up to the Jordan River as the natural, defensible border of the state.

Ben-Gurion refused, although he was aware that the IDF was militarily strong enough to carry out the conquest. He feared the reaction of Western powers and wanted to maintain good relations with the United States and not to provoke the British. More, the results of the war were already satisfactory and Israeli leaders had to build a nation. About 4, were soldiers and the rest were civilians.

The exact number of Arab casualties is unknown. One estimate places the Arab death toll at 7,, including 3, Palestinians, 2, Egyptians, 1, Jordanians, and 1, Syrians. According to Henry Laurens , the Palestinians suffered double the Jewish losses, with 13, dead, 1, of whom are known to have died in combat situations. Of the remainder, 4, remain nameless but the place, tally and date of their death is known, and a further 7,, for whom only the place of death is known, not their identities nor the date of their death.

According to Laurens, the largest part of Palestinian casualties consisted of non-combatants and corresponds to the successful operations of the Israelis. During the — Civil War in Mandatory Palestine and the Arab—Israeli War that followed, around , Palestinian Arabs fled or were expelled from their homes, out of approximately 1,, Arabs living in former British Mandate of Palestine.

In , the UN Conciliation Commission for Palestine estimated that the number of Palestinian refugees displaced from Israel was , This number did not include displaced Palestinians inside Israeli-held territory. More than Arab villages, and about ten Jewish villages and neighborhoods, were depopulated during the Arab—Israeli conflict, most of them during According to estimate based on earlier census, the total Muslim population in Palestine was 1,, in Displaced Palestinian Arabs, known as Palestinian refugees , were settled in Palestinian refugee camps throughout the Arab world.

Arab nations refused to absorb Palestinian refugees, instead keeping them in refugee camps while insisting that they be allowed to return. Refugee status was also passed on to their descendants, who were also largely denied citizenship in Arab states, except in Jordan. The Palestinian refugee problem and debate about the Palestinian right of return are also major issues of the Arab—Israeli conflict. Palestinians and their supporters have staged annual demonstrations and commemorations on 15 May of each year, which is known to them as " Nakba Day ".

The popularity and number of participants in these annual Nakba demonstrations has varied over time. During the Second Intifada after the failure of the Camp David Summit , the attendance at the demonstrations against Israel increased. During the War, around 10, Jews were forced to evacuate their homes from Arab dominated parts of former Mandatory Palestine. The remaining came mostly from Europe, including , from the , displaced Jews of World War II living in refugee camps and urban centers in Germany, Austria, and Italy, [] and more than , coming from Eastern Europe, [] mainly Romania and Poland over , each.

On the establishment of the state, a top priority was given to a policy for the "ingathering of exiles", and the Mossad LeAliyah Bet gave key assistance to the Jewish Agency to organize immigrants from Europe and the Middle East, and arrange for their transport to Israel. For Ben-Gurion, a fundamental defect of the State was that 'it lacked Jews'.

Jewish immigrants from Arab and Muslim countries left for numerous reasons. The war's outcome had exacerbated Arab hostilities to local Jewish communities. News of the victory aroused messianic expectations in Libya and Yemen; Zionism had taken root in many countries; active incentives for making aliyah formed a key part of Israeli policy; and better economic prospects and security were to be expected from a Jewish state. Some Arab governments, Egypt, for example, held their Jewish communities hostage at times. Persecution, political instability, and news of a number of violent pogroms also played a role.

Some ,—1,, Jews eventually left the Arab world over the next three decades as a result of these various factors. Israel initially relied on Jewish Agency -run tent camps known as immigrant camps to accommodate displaced Jews from Europe and Muslim nations. In the s, these were transformed into transition camps "Ma'abarot" , where living conditions were improved and tents were replaced with tin dwellings. Unlike the situation in the immigrant camps, when the Jewish Agency provided for immigrants, residents of the transition camps were required to provide for themselves.

These camps began to decline in , with the last one closing in The camps were largely transformed into permanent settlements known as development towns , while others were absorbed as neighborhoods of the towns they were attached to, and the residents were given permanent housing in these towns and neighborhoods. Most development towns eventually grew into cities. Some Jewish immigrants were also given the vacant homes of Palestinian refugees.

There were also attempts to settle Jewish refugees from Arab and Muslim countries in moshavim cooperative farming villages , though these efforts were only partially successful, as they had historically been craftsmen and merchants in their home countries, and did not traditionally engage in farm work. After the war, Israeli and Palestinian historiographies differed on the interpretation of the events of From , with the opening of the Israeli and British archives, some Israeli historians have developed a different account of the period.

1948 Arab–Israeli War

In particular, the role played by Abdullah I of Jordan , the British government, the Arab aims during the war, the balance of force and the events related to the Palestinian exodus have been nuanced or given new interpretations. The film Cast a Giant Shadow tells the story of an American colonel who was instrumental in the Israeli victory. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. For other uses, see Arab—Israeli War disambiguation.

Israeli Declaration of Independence. Battles of Latrun Jewish residents of Jerusalem Old City fleeing during the Jordanian offensive. Battles of the Kinarot Valley. Battle of Be'erot Yitzhak.

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Area assigned for a Jewish state. Area assigned for an Arab state. Planned Corpus separatum with the intention that Jerusalem would be neither Jewish nor Arab. Israeli controlled territory from Egyptian and Jordanian controlled territory from until Israeli casualties of war and Palestinian casualties of war. Killings and massacres during the Palestine war. Jewish exodus from Arab countries. Politics and Society in Modern Israel: Israeli and Arab Strategy and Diplomacy, p. The Syrian and the Lebanese armies engaged in a token effort but did not stage a major attack on the Jewish state.

My predilection would be to opt for the loose contemporary British formula, that of 'between , and ,' refugees; but, if pressed, , is probably a fair estimate" ; — Memo US Department of State, 4 May , FRUS, , p. Future government of Palestine. Archived 24 May at the Wayback Machine. Robinson, An Introduction to the Causes of War: Israeli and Arab Strategy and Diplomacy, Routledge p.

Retrieved 13 July At the time, Ben-Gurion and the HGS believed that they had initiated a one-shot affair, albeit with the implication of a change of tactics and strategy on the Jerusalem front. In fact, they had set in motion a strategic transformation of Haganah policy. Nahshon heralded a shift from the defensive to the offensive and marked the beginning of the implementation of tochnit dalet Plan D — without Ben-Gurion or the HGS ever taking an in principle decision to embark on its implementation.

Master Plan for the Conquest of Palestine', J. Palestine Studies 18 1 , pp. Kurzman, "Genesis ", , p. A History Since 3rd ed. On the Israeli Home Front, Routledge p. The Ethnic Cleansing of Palestine. Retrieved 6 June ".

Archived from the original on 7 January The Middle East Quarterly. Retrieved 6 January The Politics of Partition: King Abdullah, the Zionists and Palestine — Journal of Palestine studies, Vol. Archived from the original PDF on 28 September France's Covert Action in the War in Palestine". A History since The Philosopher as Witness: Fackenheim and Responses to the Holocaust , p. Arabic edition translated by Samir Jabbour. Institute of Palestine Studies, Beirut, Israeli War of Independence —". Retrieved 20 April Kurzman, 'Genesis ', , p. Pappe, "The ethnic cleansing of Palestine", , p.

A History of Iraq. Rewriting the History of , edited by Eugene L. Rogan, Avi Shlaim, chapter at pp. Retrieved 14 July King Abdullah had always acknowledged Arab as distinct from Jordanian weakness, and his son, Prince Talal, openly predicted defeat. Egypt's foreign minister, Khashaba, had already done so. He 'wished they would remain, and suggested that it was their duty to do so. Bunche, Principal Secretary to the Commission: Retrieved 15 December ".

Archived from the original on 12 December A war between Israel and the Arab States broke out immediately, and the Arab armies invaded Palestine. Persistent Analytics and Practices, Routledge p. Walid Khalidi , "Plan Dalet: Palestine , Autumn, , pp. The Encyclopedia of the Arab-Israeli Conflict: A Political, Social, and Military History.

Volume 2, , p. The War of Independence". Retrieved 26 June Israeli and Arab Strategy and Diplomacy. The destruction of the synagogue shook Jewish morale. The Arab—Israeli Wars, — Institute for Palestine Studies. Archived from the original on 3 March Retrieved 29 June Archived from the original on 22 February Retrieved 18 January The Fifty Years War: Israel and the Arabs.

Retrieved 22 February Another truce violation occurred through the refusal of Egyptian forces to permit the passage of relief convoys to Jewish settlements in the Negeb The third violation of the truce arose as a result of the failure of the Transjordan and Iraqi forces to permit the flow of water to Jerusalem. The villagers were so poor, so miserable, that they didn't even have weapons The flight of these residents began when we started to clean up the routes used by those accompanying the convoys. Then we began to expel them, and in the end they fled on their own. The fall of Lydda.

Journal of Palestine Studies , Vol. The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem, — Ilan, Bernadotte in Palestine , Macmillan, p. Retrieved 28 December Shamir, nearly 80, still speaks elliptically about the Bernadotte assassination. Years later, when Ben-Gurion moved to a kibbutz in the Negev desert, Sdeh Bokker, one of his closest friends there was Yehoshua Cohen, who had been one of the assassins.

Review of Kati Marton's biography. The New York Times. In recent years, several members of the group known by the British as the Stern Gang have acknowledged responsibility for the killing. Shamir, who was a member of the Stern Gang, has declined to discuss the killing, and one of his spokesman has said he had no role in it. Ijzim, Ein Ghazal, and Jaba. The villages repeatedly fired at Israeli traffic along the coast road and were supplied by the Iraqis from northern Samaria. The aim was 'to gain control' of the coast road between Zikhron Yaakov and Haifa 'and to destroy all the enemy in the area.

Most of the inhabitants fled before and during the attack, reaching northern Samaria; hundreds of others were forcibly expelled during the following days. Palestinian Land Rights in Israel. If the front lines of 14 October were to turn into permanent borders, Israel would be truncated and extremely vulnerable. Moreover, the no-peace, no-war situation was untenable. To the Promised Land: The Birth of Israel.

Doubleday Religious Publishing Group. Archived from the original on 9 January Retrieved 11 January Carl Brown , p. Archived from the original on 3 November How Long O Lord?: Father of Modern Israel. Ben Gurion He also did not flinch from provoking the United Nations by breaking the truce agreement. But the limit of his fearlessness was a clash with a Western power. Vainly, the right and Mapam accused him of defeatism. He did not flinch from confronting them but chose to maintain good relations with the United States, which he perceived as a potential ally of the new state, and also not to provoke the British lion, even though its fangs had been drawn.

At the end of the war, when Yigal Allon, who represented the younger generation of commanders that had grown up in the war, demanded the conquest of the West Bank up to the Jordan River as the natural, defensible border of the state, Ben-Gurion refused. He recognized that the IDF was militarily strong enough to carry out the conquest, but he believed that the young state should not bite off more than it had already chewed. There was a limit to what the world was prepared to accept. Furthermore, the armistice borders — which later became known as the Green Line — were better than those he had dreamed of at the beginning of the war.

In Ben-Gurion's opinion, in terms of territory Israel was satisfied. It was time to send the troops home and start work on building the new nation. One state, two states: The clearest expression of this 'activist' approach is found in a "personal, top secret" letter sent by Yigal Allon to BG shortly after Rewriting the History of by Eugene L. Rogan and Avi Shlaim. However, the Redemption was one of the more unique ships in the original trilogy. While most large ships had sleek, angular designs, the Redemption had two main body areas, connected by a long tube with a series of docking areas.

Which translates to about 54 inches by 16 inches. This was designed and built by Thomas Benedikt. This creation measures 48 inches in length, with a brick count of 5, The Munificent-class frigate is also known as either a Separatist frigate, or a Banking Clan frigate. This is another design by Thomas Benedikt. It is one of his shorter creations, which measures 38 inches long, but still has nearly 6, pieces. This floating city in the clouds provided the setting for some of the most beautiful scenes of the original trilogy.

So with the effort of a couple of hours we managed to get this beast taking pictures and so it was time to get some film and give it a go for real. The results weren't as bad as I feared but not as good as I hoped. The spring in the shutter seems to have lost a lot of tension so the shutter drags and I've over exposed everything by at least a stop. But that's something I can account for on the next roll. The focus is a little fussy. More so because I was shooting my kids and they never keep still.

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But I do like the bokeh. Also there's a lot of dust and muck on the negatives. Probably that's from inside the camera.