Mid-Life Career Change: Desire or Necessity? (Tudor Business Publishing)

The system of the Swiss militia was proposed as the best form of protection. Elections were to take place on an annual basis and representatives were to be unpaid. Also, if he wishes to improve a constitution, his innovations will take account of the "ancient fabric", in order not to disturb society. In the political analysis of philosopher George Sabine , the scepticism of Hume extended to the doctrine of government by consent.

He notes that "allegiance is a habit enforced by education and consequently as much a part of human nature as any other motive. In the s, Hume was critical of British policies toward the American colonies and advocated for American independence. He wrote in that "our union with America This includes ideas on private property , inflation, and foreign trade. In contrast to Locke, Hume believes that private property is not a natural right. Hume argues it is justified, because resources are limited. Private property would be an unjustified, "idle ceremonial", if all goods were unlimited and available freely.

Perfect equality would thus lead to impoverishment. Due to Hume's vast influence on contemporary philosophy, a large number of approaches in contemporary philosophy and cognitive science are today called "Humean. Attention to Hume's philosophical works grew after the German philosopher Immanuel Kant , in his Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics , credited Hume with awakening him from his "dogmatic slumber". According to Schopenhauer , "there is more to be learned from each page of David Hume than from the collected philosophical works of Hegel , Herbart and Schleiermacher taken together.

Ayer , while introducing his classic exposition of logical positivism in , claimed: Hume's problem of induction was also of fundamental importance to the philosophy of Karl Popper. In his autobiography, Unended Quest , he wrote: This way of looking at the problem made it possible for me to reformulate Hume's problem of induction ". I approached the problem of induction through Hume. Hume, I felt, was perfectly right in pointing out that induction cannot be logically justified.

The writings of Scottish philosopher and contemporary of Hume, Thomas Reid , were often criticisms of Hume's scepticism. Reid formulated his common sense philosophy in part as a reaction against Hume's views. Hume influenced and was influenced by the Christian philosopher Joseph Butler.

Hume was impressed by Butler's way of thinking about religion, and Butler may well have been influenced by Hume's writings. Hume's rationalism in religious subjects influenced, via German-Scottish theologian Johann Joachim Spalding , the German neology school and rational theology , and contributed to the transformation of German theology in the age of enlightenment. The "fact that Christianity is contrary to reason According to philosopher Jerry Fodor , Hume's Treatise is "the founding document of cognitive science ". Hume engaged with contemporary intellectual luminaries such as Jean-Jacques Rousseau , James Boswell , and Adam Smith who acknowledged Hume's influence on his economics and political philosophy.

Isaiah Berlin once said of Hume that "No man has influenced the history of philosophy to a deeper or more disturbing degree. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy writes that Hume is "[g]enerally regarded as one of the most important philosophers to write in English. His nephew and namesake, David Hume of Ninewells — , was a co-founder of the Royal Society of Edinburgh in He is buried with his uncle in Old Calton Cemetery. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. For other people named David Hume, see David Hume disambiguation. Portrait by Allan Ramsay. Scottish Enlightenment Naturalism [1] Skepticism Empiricism Foundationalism [2] Conceptualism [3] Indirect realism [4] Correspondence theory of truth [5] Moral sentimentalism Liberalism.

Problem of causation Problem of induction Constant conjunction Bundle theory Association of ideas Is—ought problem Fact—value distinction Impression—idea distinction Hume's fork Deductive and inductive reasoning Science of man Moral sentiments. Mere addition paradox Paradox of hedonism Utility monster. Rational choice theory Game theory Social choice Neoclassical economics. In modern parlance, demonstration may be termed deductive reasoning , while probability may be termed inductive reasoning.

Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.

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Retrieved August 19, An Introduction , Wiley-Blackwell, , p. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. The Roots of Romanticism 2 ed. Religion Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy". Retrieved 16 March New Letters of David Hume. Oxford University Press, p. Hume and Isaac de Pinto. Texas Studies in Literature and Language, 12 3 , — As also, the letters of the Hon. D'Alembert, relative to this extraordinary affair".

Further Letters of David Hume. Edinburgh Bibliographical Society, , p. Australasian Journal of Philosophy. Craig , Ch. A Treatise of Human Nature L. Retrieved May 4, , from Center for Security Studies. In Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved March 8, , from http: An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding. Retrieved March 8, Masterplots, Fourth Edition, 1—3. Ayer , pp. A Treatise of Human Nature ed. Retrieved 29 April Hobart , p.

Hume's Essay on miracles". Hume's Essay on miracles: Containing an Examination of the Principles The New York Times. Retrieved 21 November The Growth of Scientific Knowledge , Routledge, ,. First published October 4, Retrieved 18 September Konzepte und Konstellationen Evangelischer Theologie und Religionsforschung. David Hume und die Folgen regligious studies as criticism of religion?

Kierkegaard and Hume on reason, faith, and the ethics of philosophy" , in Stewart, JB. Philosophy , Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. The Royal Society of Edinburgh. University of California Press. Understanding Philosophy of Religion illustrated ed. Critical Essays on Locke, Berkeley, and Hume. Critical essays on the classics. Ayer, Alfred Jules Language, Truth and Logic reprint ed. Bailey, Alan; O'Brien, Dan Hume's 'Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding': Blackburn, Simon Autumn Philosophy and Phenomenological Research.

Blackburn, Simon October Mind New Series ed. Liberty Fund, Indianapolis Boswell, James Boswell in Extremes, — Yale editions of the private papers of James Boswell. Hume, David , in Ted Honderich ed. Dictionary of Twentieth-Century British Philosophers. Buckle, Stephen March Burton, John Hill Life and Correspondence of David Hume. An Introduction to Metaphysics. Cambridge Introductions to Philosophy. A History of Philosophy. Aesthetics and Morals in the Philosophy of David Hume.

Routledge Studies in Eighteenth-Century Philosophy. Hume's Theory of Causation. Continuum Studies in British Philosophy. The Mind of God and the Works of Man. Cranston, Maurice 16 November Morals and historical writing". In Radcliffe, Elizabeth S. A Companion to Hume. Readings in Philosophy of Religion: Hume's Epistemology and Metaphysics: The Future of Philosophy: Towards the Twenty First Century. Industry Knowledge and Humanity. Science, Technology and Culture, — Canadian Journal of Philosophy.

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Archived from the original PDF on 5 February Cambridge paperback library reprint ed. Hume, Buddhism, and Personal Identity". Philosophy East and West. University of Hawai'i Press. In Zalta, Edward N. Oxford Handbooks in Philosophy. The Roots of Scientific Method. In Arrington, Robert L. The World's Great Philosophers.

An Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Morals. Hume, David []. A Treatise of Human Nature. Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion. Essays, Moral and Political. In Miller, Eugene F. Essays, Moral, Political, and Literary. Hill, George Birkbeck Norman, ed. Letters of David Hume to William Strahan. Essays and Treatises on Philosophical Subjects. In Norton, David Fate. The Cambridge Companion to Hume. Bilingual English-French translated by Fabien Grandjean. The Letters of David Hume: The Letters of David Hume.

Thomas Cadell and Longman. Huxley, Thomas Henry English Men of Letters. Jessop, Thomas Edmund 5 May University of Illinois Press: Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, Supplementary Volumes. Kenyon, John Philipps University of Pittsburgh Press. Klibansky, Raymond and Mossner, Ernest C. The Alienation of Reason: A History of Positivist Thought. The Journal of Philosophy. Journal of Philosophy, Inc. Hume and the Problem of Miracles: Prophet of the Counter-revolution. The Online Library of Liberty. Inductive Inference in Hume's Philosophy". MacKie, John Leslie The Miracle of Theism: Arguments for and Against the Existence of God reprinted ed.

Giving the devil his due". In Sennett, James F. In Defense of Natural Theology: An Introduction to Western Philosophy. Martin Orejana, Marina Jorge Luis Borges and David Hume: Maurer, The Reverend Armand 27 May Basic Science of Human Nature in Hume". David Hume's Political Theory: Law, Commerce, and the Constitution of Government.

University of Toronto Press. In Holtzman, Steven H. To Follow A Rule. Mossner, Ernest Campbell The University of Texas. The Case of David Hume". The Life of David Hume. Mounce, Howard; Mounce, H. Journal of the History of Ideas. In addition, we also try to follow the reflections and evaluations by secondary authors on this topic, trying to collect the most common arguments and counter-arguments of this topic.

This paper studies the social and legal background of public constructions of antique Rome in the era of the Roman Republic. Being a financial lawyer, I was intrigued to find out more about the ancient rules of using up public funds and what corruptive and cultural influences shaped these procedures. I was also interested in finding similarities between past and present public procurement practices. In my work, bedsides the original sources, I used the monographs and summative studies of contemporary authors as well as my own expertise acquired as a public procurement consultant.

Criminal offenses committed against road safety in the Republic of Albania have brought about harmful consequences to human life, health and assets and not only to them. This topic has been selected as a field of scrutiny based on the highest interest it bears to human life as well as with the prospect to render the least contribution possible to the enrichment of Albanian criminal law opinion with special view on criminal offences committed against road safety.

Understanding road types and sense based on Albanian customary law occupy a special place in this work paper. Relying on the current criminal law, knowledge and analysis of the criminal offences regarding the violation of road traffic rules in Albania, with special focus on years , the Albanian monarchy and the post period of the Second World War comprise an important element of this work paper.

El transporte en la Ordenanza de la marina francesa de This contribution, relying on preliminary publications, picks-up the performances rendered by the Commission for drafting the Codex Theresianus as a general Civil code for all Austrian hereditary provinces within the period between and at Brno. According to these efforts a singular script, conserved by the Moravian State Archive, is dealing with the introduction of the Codex Theresianus. It offers an insight into the methods of applicating and practising sources of law by the members of this commission under the leadership of Joseph Azzoni, an expert on Bohemian law.

For this reason those sections within this draft, which are dealing with customary law and legal interpretation, will be edited in the annex to this contribution. Alterations in advocacy during the second half of the 20th Century before juries in English and Welsh courts, are considered. Reasons for them included: The Siete Partidas, the famous law code, of Alfons X. The central question is, which functions has the text besides being a law code? The encyclopedic character of this work, provides an insight into daily life of medieval Castile and mirrors the historical frame in which it was written.

But, unification also means a centralization of the power which was embodied by the king. The fact, that this was not completely accepted by other powerful people of that time made it necessary for Alfons X. Enlightenment Philosophy and Hereditary Monarchy. Hereditary monarchy and enlightenment political theory hardly seem to be reconciled at first glance. And yet, the advantages and disadvantages of monarchical succession according to lineage were a continuous subject of debate between some of the most prominent enlightenment thinkers.

Outlining this debate, the paper at hand gives an — even if eclectic — account of a controversy that spans over more than two and a half centuries.

Elizabethan era

Europeanisation of legal scholarship and legal education facilitates the emergence of comparative legal science as a promising fresh tool to discover similarities and differences between two or more jurisdictions and their development in the past through their comparison. Yet, the specific methodology of such studies is still not clear. Some legal historians hold the opinion that comparative legal history does not or should not have its own methodology other than that of comparative law. Others warn against imposing on legal history the contemporary agenda and toolbox. The author of this article aims to clarify this debate by examining the prospect of applying one of the most popular methods of comparative law — the functional one — in the domain of legal history.

On the basis of several examples from European legal past he claims that examining the functions the social purpose of legal norms can help legal historians in three ways. First, to determine the objects of comparison and the sources of analysis, despite the variety of verbal shortcuts the initial stage of research. Second, to analyse legal norms from the perspective of solving social problems in the past, to study the 'law in action'.

Third, to arrange the results of the research according to meaningful criteria at the final stage. The author of this essay used original archive records of civil cases from the Baranya County Archives, and analyzes the form and content of the dowry in the everyday life during the second half of the 19th century. Around the world we can face with a big diversity in the voting systems. Within certain limits governments have the right to determine how many votes a single citizen is allowed to cast, and how. Therefore we can also find majority-, proportional- and preferenital electoral systems even only in Europe.

Single- and multiple-vote systems are neither unfamiliar. While the vote-transfer system is currently employed in Malata and Ireland, until then Germany applies the personalised PR-system. Electoral system in Hungary have changed over time. The Parliament operates with representatives.

It is still a mixed system, but there are only mandates can be won: Since it provides compensation after the votes cast in single districts, it is also, essentially, a compensational system. Albanian Assembly Parliament between Tradition and Development. In the context of the testimony of ancient legislature traditions, particular attention should be paid to the legislative branch and the development of parliamentarism as an invaluable asset of the Albanian people. These institutes are shaped in a manner that is conducive to the development and consolidation of the Albanian state.

From time to time they have remained solid in relation to the international jurisprudence, thus enabling the development of an original parliamentary tradition whose roots are deeply rooted in Albanian customary law. In this paper, the stages through which the Albanian parliamentarism has passed constitute an important part. The Albanian historiography considers the Vlora Assembly of as the embryonic stage of the contemporary Albanian parliamentary system. In particular, this paper writing will duly consider with the deserved attention the modern Albanian electoral legislation and its specifics.

Is there a Polish Legal Tradition? Acknowledging the stance of Savigny on the organic connection between law and nation as correct, I will attempt to resolve within this paper if the term of 'legal tradition' may also be applied to the Polish nation. The Code of Obligations, which was drafted in a country recently reborn following over a century of political non-existence, is a particularly fitting object for such an analysis.

I will try to show that national identity in the area of law may be shaped not only by the use of 'indigenous' norms in the legislative practice, but also by the consolidated, centuries-long tradition of implementation and adjustment of foreign laws to the current social needs of a given society. I will expound that the existence of a national legal tradition does not necessarily require the simultaneous existence of a nation state.

For this purpose, I will perform a comparative analysis of Polish law throughout time, starting from the 16th century, when Poland was a stronghold of power on the geopolitical map of Europe, all the way to the Second Republic of Poland and the Code of Obligations. Only a broad research perspective will make it possible to observe the recurring mechanism of drafting and application of law, thus enabling the identification of legal tradition. The Polish legal tradition is based on both the method of adjusting law and on normative contents.

The method consists of implementing foreign principles, that is of adopting a specific - in this case: Thus was the situation in Poland both before the partitions and in the interwar period. Of course, the undertakings of the Codification Commission that drafted the Code of Obligations may be assumed to have been unconscious, yet it does not deprive these undertakings of their traditional quality. This is due to the fact that the stance of the legislator and of the society toward the law is shaped by the spirit of the nation, in which a more or less conscious transmission of values and principles takes place, and these values and principles are capable of persevering also through periods of social disintegration, as was the case of Poland under partitions.

The present paper deals with the history of abolitionism in the main European states. This essay first introduces the course of abrogation of capital punishment in its Italian cradle, then it details the steps by which the status of this kind of sanction changed in France, Germany, Austria, Switzerland, England and the Russian and Soviet Empires during the past centuries and, chiefly, the past decades. The present article covers both the early results of the abolitionist movement in the countries analysed, and the final cessation of this legal institution by which these states discontinued the practice of capital punishment for good and all.

China and Hungary shared a similar memory of socialist experiences in the communist period since Nevertheless, the communist regime was not out of thin air. In Hungary, the story is quite similar. Sooner, the first soviet experiment happened in Hungary, the Hungarian Soviet Republic. In this article the author will introduce the birth of Communist Party and the soviet Constitution between China and Hungary. The rights of citizenship in a commune were characteristically used in Central Europe as a basis of the regulation of nationality of persons affected by state succession, and the peace treaties concluded after the First World War by the successor states of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy notably included this criterion.

Although the rights of citizenship in a commune seemed more serviceable criterion during at the peace conference than habitual residence in these states, the different domestic regulations concerning Austrian and Hungarian territories and their interpretations by other states caused numerous problems and resulted in statelessness en masse. The aim of the present paper is to analyse the features and the differences of acquisition and loss of Austrian and Hungarian rights of citizenship in a commune, and to reveal their practical and interpterational problems.

This study identifies the problems related to the nationality of persons affected by state succession after the First World War. These problems may also serve as an important lesson for the present, as the criteria that define persons concerned by the change of nationality in modern cases of state succession need to be selected carefully.

Already in his lectures and studies in the s he had defined and later redefined, refined and enhanced the term of social administration. His analyses, dogmatical founding and definitions were reinforced by a complex perspective on a wide range of social sciences.

As the founder of a modern synthesis of the science of administration in Hungary, he has also played an important role in reforming social administration that had become more and more important in public policy. He has enhanced the theory of administration with practical experiences of social administration and with the results of novel research on the subject. The Presidency regulates religious affairs, yet does it really serve the principle of secularism in Turkey for more than 80 years?

This clear paradox was the main reason of my choice of subject in this paper where my aim to map the legal basis, main principles and foreign policies of this Office.

Stephanie Kucharski, Thomas Gergen: For the first time the right for a reasonable remuneration was set up in the German law. Besides the representing part of this article - which describes the economic situation of the creative industry, the position of authors and the owner of the rights, as well as the resulting question about motivation of the authors and the importance of a new law - the article gives an overview about the recent developments of the German copyright and points out the necessity of further improvements of the law to satisfy the rights for a reasonable remuneration of the authors.

History of copyright; Improvement of the rights of authors and artists for a reasonable remuneration. This article deals with the ideas of Europe. Gerichts- und Rechtslandschaften des Rhein-Main-Gebietes im The Nestors of Czech Advocacy fascinating lives between sections. The article focuses on the military justice of the Wehrmacht and their investigation organizations. The armed forces of the Third Reich had command over hundreds of court-martials.

These military courts supervise the discipline inside the army. Moreover, they were part of the occupation force of the occupied European territories.

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Besides the authority over the German soldiers the military judges could also decide on German and foreign civilians. Various police organizations lead investigations for the court-martials of the Wehrmacht: The members of these formations had a bad reputation, because their methods of work were brutal and ruthless. During the war the military tribunals operated more radical and they always declared more death sentences. In the end of a new type of military police arose: They consisted of disguised sergeants and officers of the Wehrmacht and the SS.

Part of the Field Hunters were special military courts. But in this case the police had the commanding power over the judges - not vice versa. Towards the end of the war continuously more and more special police and SS units were created, which supervised the area behind the front. Instead of regular military tribunals these units worked together with flying drumhead trials, which let people be executed in the public. Second World War; Third Reich; military courts; courts-martials; military judges; secret field police. The renunciation of inheritance is a common instrument of the preventive administration of justice.

It enables the undivided transfer mortis causa of a greater fortune to a single legal successor. Also, as a consequence the admission of the renunciation of inheritance declared before the death of the testator has a big social relevance. This article intends to demonstrate the legal political as well as the dogmatic development of the renunciation of inheritance. Renunciation of inheritance; contract of inheritance; inheritance law of the daughters; church as heiress.

At a time of social and political tensions, the Imperial Court of Justice rendered a unique judgment addressing the practice of police forces with a method of identification developed a few years earlier by Alphonse Bertillon, an anthropologist working at the police prefecture in Paris. An analysis of the line of argumentation of the judges shows how this decision extended the use of identification techniques and sheds light on the objective of their activities more than a century ago. Identification technique; forensic analysis; Imperial Court of Justice; law enforcement; police authority; wrongful conviction.

Marta Rodrigues Maffeis Moreira: Medical Responsability in Roman Private Law. Nowadays medical responsibility is a very important issue in private law. However, Roman Private Law had already been concerned about several aspects of civil responsibility of the medical doctor, pointing out, at times, different, but possible solutions, to a particular issue, which highlights the fact that it is a polemical and complex matter. The Humanists Legal School developed in the Netherlands in the course of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.

Mentioning deserves also Hugo Grotius, one of the founding fathers of modern international law. Dutch jurists exercised a significant influence also on legal science all over Europe as well as in a significant number of countries territories outside Europe. Their greatest achievement was the application of Roman law to modern conditions. In the French Code civil was replaced in Holland by a national civil code entitled Burgerlijk Wetboek.

It basically followed the French model with the exception that it contained the law of property in two books. It was professor Eduard Maurits Meijers who maintained, before and after the Second World War, that a recodification of private law was necessary. After the Second World War E. Meijers got adherence with his idea that a new Civil Code should be made. In he was entrusted with the revision of the civil code of Meijers managed to publish the draft of four volumes out of the planned total of nine before his death in The new Dutch civil code does not contain, unlike the German Civil code, a general part but the common regulations of property law and the law of obligations are dealt with in separate volumes.

The new Dutch Burgerlijk Wetboek that came i. In the business life, the company is one of the most significant legal instruments for capital collection and conducting trade activity with limited personal liability. The modern company forms have direct antecedents in the medieval laws. The roots of the limited partnership can be recognized in the rules of commenda and the operation of the medieval banking and trading houses had impact on the regulation of modern stock companies. The study aims to give an overview about the origin and development of the company types in the Middle Ages.

Company; societas; commenda; charter company; regulated company; joint stock company; limited liability. In this article, I explore the modernist assumption inherent in discussions of emergency powers, or, the state of exception. I dwell on some of the modern aspects of the state of exception through an overview of some examples from both pre-modern and modern political theory.

More specifically, I examine the history of the political language of the state of exception. I do so in the context of three influencing and interconnected developments: In doing so, this article contributes to the robust scholarship on emergency powers and the state of exception by combining an historical analysis of pre-modern and early modern primary sources with an institutional contextualization the rise of the state as well as a political theory and legal theory contextualization. In essence, for the Hobbesian modern state, the potential temporary constitutional dictatorship is part of the regular sovereign power.

Within this power, I distinguish between the exception outside the law and the exception within the law, which are in a dialectical relationship. The exception outside the law, which was the state of exception on which Carl Schmitt wrote, was unimaginable prior to modern times, since it was tied to the modern positivist understanding of law.

Citizenship is analysed as multidimensional concept that includes status, rights and identity.

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The research question concerns influence of war on each dimension of citizenship. Therefore, in the status dimension, analysed are practices of acquisition of citizenship by naturalizations, and practices of loss of citizenship by dismissals and absence. In the dimension of rights analysed are passports and changes in migration regime. In the dimension of identity analysed is the issue of loyalty of citizens.

The paper shows that the war significantly influenced all three dimensions of citizenship. The research bases on relevant literature, legislation and in great part on archival sources available in the Croatian State Archive. According to the generally accepted standpoint in the historian and comparative literature, solidary liability should be established restrictively and not generally.

The liability for nonperformance of multiparty contractual obligation, just as the contractual liability for damage arising from nonperformance, is solidary, if it explicitly provided so by a clause in the contract. The new Hungarian Civil code prescribes solidary liability of joint tortfeasors as a general rule, instead of divided liability, where the share of the tortfeasors is determined taking into account their contribution in causing of or their accountability for the damage. Juridification as an Ideology of Polizeiwissenschaft in 18th Century. The focus of this article is the juridification of the public domain, which took place in Germany in the period of 16thth centuries.

Juridification is perceived here as a manifestation of a certain ideology which shrouded, as it does currently, the need for bringing order to the state and the belief that this may be accomplished through the meticulous regulation of the public sphere. The constantly increasing number of provisions is presented by the public authorities as beneficial to the public good and, per facta concludentia, it is perceived as such by a wide circle of indoctrinated recipients.

Juridifaction; Polizeiwissenschaft; cameralism; ideology; German science; police state; well-ordered state; science of police. Execution of Tax Credits in Rome. From very soon the forced execution of tax debts followed a different path to the rest of debts. Although we have no news about the details of the application of the manus iniectio, the legis actio per pignoris capionem marks the origin of the executive privilege of the tax credit, which does not seem to have been subjected to the actio iudicati proper of the process per formulas.

The sources, on the other hand, provide detailed information on the application of the singular execution pignus in causa iudicati captum to the levying of tax debts.

David Hume - Wikipedia

Our study can be considered as a brief contribution to the well-disputed questions of the so-called inexistence, invalidity, and ineffectiveness of legal transactions in Roman law and in its subsequent fate. As a theoretical starting point, we emphasize that there are four levels of ability for producing legal effects: After the Introduction, the problem of inexistence of legal transactions, some questions of the invalidity of legal transactions e. Finally, our most important conclusions will be summarized.

Juridical act; inexistence; invalidity; ineffectiveness; punitive character of invalidity; terminological inconsistency and the great variety of Roman law sources concerning invalidity; nullity and annulment of contracts; convalescentia; conversio; partial invalidity; revocation of will. Economic Significance of the Ancient Roman Superficies. This study deals with the dogmatic issues related to the origin and basic economic purpose of the ancient Roman hereditary building lease.

It introduces the development of superficies, the process of having a contractual basis then gradually becoming a legal institution belonging to the right in rem during the history of Roman law. The analysis breaks with the thesis drawing a parallel between superficies and hereditary lease emphyteusis , which has been prevailing in literature for a long time. In order to determine the exact content of hereditary building lease first of all it tries to give a clear picture of the causas establishing superficies by the thorough analysis of the relevant primary legal sources.

Roman law; hereditary building lease; superficies; inaedificatio; solarium; emphyteusis; economic significance; causas establishing superficies; primary entitlement; right of building use. Sumptuary laws, the legislative measures of the Roman republic and early imperial era, were aiming to restrain extreme and extravagant expenditure via limiting the amount of money spent on feasts, games, funerals, weddings and other social events.

Not much interest is shown in sumptuary laws: As a first step in the detailed research of the topic of sumptuary laws, this paper intends to give an outline of the actual content of these laws, in a chronological order. Such a primary source-based analyses could serve as the first step towards a better understanding of the Roman concept of limitation of property.

Sumptuary laws; leges sumptuariae; property; limitation of property; luxury; extravagance; Gellius; Macrobius. Morning-gift, a Special Marital Legal Instrument. The morning-gift as an instrument must have been an integral part of the legal system of the era for decades or centuries. In the history of Hungarian law, the instrument of morning-gift existed until the time of the 19th century civil law codification efforts; even during the discussions on the civil law bill debates, its basic form was intended to be eliminated, whereas written morning-gift was wished to be kept.

However, in the second half of the 19th century, it was pointed out that whereas specific sums were favourable in former times, as the given sum was the amount payable to the wife as a minimum, the inflation caused the sums specified in the legislation to be ridiculously low.

The Hungarian legislation was able to concentrate its powers on modernizing the organizational system of the state and forming the burgeouis state after the Compromise. In my paper I would like to demonstrate the efforts made in Hungary to create uniform regulation on civil servants at the end of the 19th century and at the beginning of the 20th century based on legal literature and National Assembly transcripts.

Hungary; public administration; civil service; civil servants; National Assembly; Association of civil servants; service pragmatics; pension; appointment. Due to the strong position of Islam in Turkish context the issue of secularism is the first and foremost significant principle of modern Turkey that has always remained on the national agenda as the most polarizing political problem.

In my opinion Islam in Turkey was never completely abandoned but in fact has been continuously and strategically used in Turkish political life for pragmatic reasons. So there is no exaggeration to say that the secular Turkey's most successful political ideologies, trends contains noticeably Islamic ideas, elements.

In this paper the relationship between Turkish nationalism, identity and Islam is examined in the Turkish nationalist debates of the late Ottoman and early Republican era. I focus only those disputes in which the compatibility between the ideas of Islam, nationalism and modernism is proven. I analyze the two most significant thinkers of the late Ottoman era because they influenced the dominant thinkers of the officially secular Kemalist era which created the ideological basic of the present Turkey.

The present article offers the single magisterial view to be found in a Gierke, a Carlyle, or an Ullmann. Its aim is, rather, to present a conspectus, as comprehensive as is possible within prescribed limits of space, of the present state of historical scholarship in the field surveyed. Such a conspectus need not be, nor is it here, so neutral as to preclude critical assessment. The judgements of the authors concerned have been brought to bear upon the issues arising in scholarly debate; and since the division between one article and another cannot be absolute and rigid, there is room for differences of emphasis and approach in the handling of topics that are relevant to more than one article.

It is hoped that such differences do not amount to contradictions and that their presence may yield a degree of cross-fertilisation rather than confusion. National Mobilization of Labour Force in Czechoslovakia — The regulated mobilization and distribution of the labour force is a process in which individual workers are allocated to work positions in specific branches or fields of social production in such a way as to enable together the functioning of the overall social work. After the end of World War II was a labour shortage in Czechoslovakia and of course the Czechoslovak economy focused on the needs of the war.

The structure of the labour market the employment rate and distribution of the labour force in individual branches and regions was completely uneven. The compulsory recording of all changes in employment relationships was gradually implemented. A job seeker and also an employer had always the duty to apply to the Labour Protection Office when seeking or offering a job Under Ordinance No. The award prior approval of a competent District Labour Protection Office is the most important requirement to enter into the valid employment relationship apprenticeship.

In Czechoslovakia was in — planned the labour force mobilization based on a voluntary only for some individual areas of the economy. Only after two years the state proceeded to the central planning of the labour force mobilization. At the turn of the s and s, plan-based labour force management can be divided into reproductive movement of the labour force, recruiting new labour resources from adult citizens capable of work who had not yet been engaged in the work process or redistribution of the labour force placement of workers within sectors.

School graduates represented the largest labour recruitment as for the number of workers. The socialist law knew three major methods of the planned movement of the labour force: Constitutional Conflict as the Basis for American Revolution. Presented work deals with the issue of unconstitutionality of the Stamp Act, issued by British Parliament in the Authors analyse the primary sources obtained from the Yale University database of Avalon project in context with literature related to the issue in minor extent Czech and primarily English.

Because of the extent of the issue, only one particular colony of the Thirteen was chosen — the colony of Connecticut. The work tries to argue, that there was no formal imperfection of the Act, and so it had to be repealed not because of legal reasons, but because of the reasons presented by a public opinion.

Eva Kell — Sabine Penth Hrsg. Vom Empire zur Restauration. Die Saarregion im Umbruch Estudios de Historia del Derecho penal. Zwischen Princeps und Res Publica. Tacitus, Plinius und die senatorische Selbstdarstellung in der Hohen Kaiserzeit. Christian Fischer — Walter Pauly Hrsg. The French Revolution of is the most important event in modern history.

Whilst in Europe the Revolution in the first three and a half years was regarded as a mere change of the competences of the monarchic power. In the field of legislation, the monarchs tried to realize some liberal ideas in order to push back too many revolutionary ideas. France was given by Napoleon the Code civil In all legislations, political rights were not guaranteed — they referred only to the economic field. In the times of absolute monarchies, political rights had no place. These three codifications were a compromise between the uprising liberal ideas personal freedom, propriety rights, etc.

They lasted for centuries. This essay examines the reform in criminal procedure promulgated in under Minister of Justice Julius Glaser. An aspect of the constitutional reforms associated with the establishment of the dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary, the introduction of trial by jury served to promote a sense of citizenship among the public.

Glaser emphasized the centrality of the individual conscience of jurors in determining the verdicts in criminal trials and implicitly applied liberal values in evaluating the proper qualification of a well-developed conscience. Julius Glaser, liberalism, jury trial, criminal procedure, conviction intime. The conduct of prosecutions had also improved. They were generally no longer carried out in a sneering hectoring manner with witnesses mercilessly browbeaten or bullied. After publishing those two novels, she became a bestselling, double Man Booker winner with stage and screen adaptations to her name; the BBC2 drama was the most popular on the channel since modern ratings began 14 years ago.

In that people are willing to give it a break. Every nation has a changing and sometimes fraught relationship with its past. Different periods of history swim into view at different times, bringing parallels and visions of lost glory or past blunders. For the Americans, aside from the origin story represented by the founding fathers, perhaps the most often revisited period of domestic history is the civil war — except that, in contrast with the Tudors, it is still live as an issue, providing a lightly encoded way of talking about present anxieties about race.

Italy, an even younger country, is certainly invested in the past, but that is more about the glories of regional visual cultures than a fascination with a single family. The French have enough national mythology to go around, but it is invested more in ideas and values than with people. The present moment of Tudormania does not come from nowhere: We have been raised on the Tudors.

Other kids had Annie Lennox or Morrissey on their bedroom walls: I had a poster of Elizabeth I, a reproduction of the Darnley portrait, in which she looks especially porcelain-skinned and icy, but also tough and clever. Like many other middle-class children, I was taken to see some of the great Tudor houses of England. I still associate the Tudors with long galleries lined with linenfold panelling, the scent of National Trust lavender in bowls, and a wandering imagination.

The Tudors are the first people in British history into whose eyes we feel we can gaze. We slip into their world — or what we imagine to be their world — with ease. They were the first people to have lived in recognisable houses, rather than in the draughty great halls and militaristic castles of their medieval forebears.

There is something comfortingly domestic and ineffably English about these dwellings, which is surely why mock-Tudor has been, since the late 19th century, such a persistently revived vernacular architecture. Some of the inhabitants of these houses had even been women, whose characters were a little more than cyphers such as the redoubtable matriarch Bess of Hardwick who, with her four husbands, rivalled Henry VIII in marital energy if not murderous tendency. For those raised in the s and beyond, early immersion in the 16th century has much to do with the wildly popular, enjoyably gory Horrible Histories books , also televised by CBBC, in which the Terrible Tudors loom large.

Jessie Childs, a popular historian who has written about the period, said: They are like a boyband: The Tudors have come to represent a certain kind of English exceptionalism: This is no coincidence — it is precisely how the Tudor monarchs framed themselves. They were even more urgently after Mary I, the successor to the zealously Protestant Edward VI, briefly reversed the nation into Catholicism.

• Tudormania: Why can’t we get over it?.
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• David Hume.
• Thomas More - Wikipedia.

Like so many radical departures, Protestantism needed to be backfilled with the trappings of tradition, however spurious. Elizabethan England created our sense of itself; to a large extent, it also created our sense of its own medieval past — as a bloody, violent pit out of which the nation had clambered en route to a new golden age.

The English no longer believe that they are an elect nation. But the underlying sense of superiority still lingers: You can hear it in the arguments over whether to retain Trident, over whether Britain is, or is not, in a state of self-delusion when it claims to be a world power. We cleave to this ancestral sense most strongly when the nation feels threatened. The different ways in which the Tudor period was used by past generations can throw light on the way we see them now.

Take the narrative of Hampton Court, which was opened to the public by Queen Victoria. The 19th-century tourist clutching the standard guidebook, published in , would have received a completely different view of the palace from that conveyed today. Why are we obsessed with the seductions and the violence, the spying and the intrigue, the corridors and the whispering and the catastrophic falls from grace? Why above all, are we obsessed by the sexy powerplay of the Tudor court?

Starkey argued that the minutiae of court life were inextricably intertwined with the life of the nation. The political became the personal, and the personal made for compelling storytelling.