INFILTRATION

We had several critical conversations on US and EU sanctions against Tehran, which he deemed "unhelpful and unreasonable". Moreover, he publicly spoke about the foreign threats against Iran as recently as in March and emphasised the need to boost Iran's "defence capabilities" to deter possible military action against it. But when security forces decided that he was "a spy", Seyed-Emami's apparent patriotism proved insufficient to save his life. In some cases, the branding of certain Iranian academics as "spies" is not even based on the perceived ideological differences they have with the country's leadership.

Infiltration

At times, the Iranian security apparatus appears to use innocent academics as scapegoats to cover up its own security failures. They are also known to accuse academics who refuse to spy for Tehran of being spies for the enemy. The case of Ahmad Reza Jalali, an Iranian-Swedish medical doctor and lecturer at Karolinska Institute in Stockholm, who was apprehended in April and later sentenced to death for spying for Israel, can be viewed as a possible example of this. In December , Iranian state television aired a report in which Jalali, who previously worked on a project for Iran's Defence Ministry, confessed to relaying information to a foreign intelligence service about Iranian nuclear scientists.

His family, supporters and several international NGOs believe Jalali was forced to read the confession. Later on, Jalali himself sent out an audio recording from inside the Evin Prison, repudiating the confessions as coerced.

She added that by sentencing her husband to death, the state is also aiming to "terrorise other researchers working with state organisations into complete obedience". In late , Jalali claimed in a letter he wrote in Evin Prison that he was jailed after declining to spy for Iranian intelligence services. Jalali is not the only scientist to claim that he has been targeted for refusing to work for Iranian intelligence.

Examples of infiltrate in a Sentence The gang was infiltrated by undercover agents. Attempts to infiltrate undercover agents into the gang have failed. Water can easily infiltrate the soil. Recent Examples on the Web In , Swedish naval forces investigated multiple reports of foreign submarine activity, and Stockholm confirmed that a unidentified foreign submarine had in fact infiltrated —and left—its waters.

First Known Use of infiltrate , in the meaning defined at transitive sense 1. Learn More about infiltrate.

Infiltration - Wikipedia

Resources for infiltrate Time Traveler! Explore the year a word first appeared. Dictionary Entries near infiltrate infighting infill infilter infiltrate infiltration capacity infiltration vein infiltree. Time Traveler for infiltrate The first known use of infiltrate was in See more words from the same year. English Language Learners Definition of infiltrate. More from Merriam-Webster on infiltrate Rhyming Dictionary: Words that rhyme with infiltrate Thesaurus: All synonyms and antonyms for infiltrate Spanish Central: Translation of infiltrate Nglish: Given all the other variables and infiltration is the only unknown, simple algebra solves the infiltration question.

The only note on this method is one must be wise about which variables to use and which to omit, for doubles can easily be encountered.

An easy example of double counting variables is when the evaporation, E , and the transpiration, T , are placed in the equation as well as the evapotranspiration, ET. ET has included in it T as well as a portion of E. Interception also needs to be accounted for, not just raw precipitation.

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The standard rigorous approach for calculating infiltration into soils is Richards' Equation , which is a partial differential equation with very nonlinear coefficients. The Richards equation is computationally expensive, not guaranteed to converge, and sometimes has difficulty with mass conservation.

This method is an approximation of the Richards' partial differential equation that de-emphasized soil water diffusivity and emphasizes advection. This approximation does not affect the calculated infiltration flux because the diffusive flux has a mean of 0.

Manufacturing spies: Iran's campaign against 'infiltration'

The Finite water-content vadose zone flow method [6] is a set of three ordinary differential equations , is guaranteed to converge and to conserve mass. It requires the assumption that soil is uniform within layers. Named for two men; Green and Ampt. The Green-Ampt [7] method of infiltration estimation accounts for many variables that other methods, such as Darcy's law, do not.

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It is a function of the soil suction head, porosity, hydraulic conductivity and time. Once integrated, one can easily choose to solve for either volume of infiltration or instantaneous infiltration rate:. However the variable being solved for is in the equation itself so when solving for this one must set the variable in question to converge on zero, or another appropriate constant.

Named after the same Robert E.

Horton mentioned above, Horton's equation [7] is another viable option when measuring ground infiltration rates or volumes. The other method of using Horton's equation is as below. It can be used to find the total volume of infiltration, F , after time t. Named after its founder Kostiakov [8] is an empirical equation which assumes that the intake rate declines over time according to a power function.

The major limitation of this expression is its reliance on the zero final intake rate. In most cases the infiltration rate instead approaches a finite steady value, which in some cases may occur after short periods of time. The Kostiakov-Lewis variant, also known as the "Modified Kostiakov" equation corrects for this by adding a steady intake term to the original equation.