Human Blood Groups

The most common of these products are packed RBCs, plasma , platelets , cryoprecipitate , and fresh frozen plasma FFP. FFP is quick-frozen to retain the labile clotting factors V and VIII , which are usually administered to patients who have a potentially fatal clotting problem caused by a condition such as advanced liver disease, overdose of anticoagulant , or disseminated intravascular coagulation DIC. Units of packed red cells are made by removing as much of the plasma as possible from whole blood units. Clotting factors synthesized by modern recombinant methods are now in routine clinical use for hemophilia , as the risks of infection transmission that occur with pooled blood products are avoided.

Assumes absence of atypical antibodies that would cause an incompatibility between donor and recipient blood, as is usual for blood selected by cross matching. An Rh D-negative patient who does not have any anti-D antibodies never being previously sensitized to D-positive RBCs can receive a transfusion of D-positive blood once, but this would cause sensitization to the D antigen, and a female patient would become at risk for hemolytic disease of the newborn.

If a D-negative patient has developed anti-D antibodies, a subsequent exposure to D-positive blood would lead to a potentially dangerous transfusion reaction. Rh D-positive blood should never be given to D-negative women of child-bearing age or to patients with D antibodies, so blood banks must conserve Rh-negative blood for these patients.

In extreme circumstances, such as for a major bleed when stocks of D-negative blood units are very low at the blood bank, D-positive blood might be given to D-negative females above child-bearing age or to Rh-negative males, providing that they did not have anti-D antibodies, to conserve D-negative blood stock in the blood bank.

The converse is not true; Rh D-positive patients do not react to D negative blood. This same matching is done for other antigens of the Rh system as C, c, E and e and for other blood group systems with a known risk for immunization such as the Kell system in particular for females of child-bearing age or patients with known need for many transfusions.

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Blood plasma compatibility is the inverse of red blood cell compatibility. Type O carries both antibodies, so individuals of blood group O can receive plasma from any blood group, but type O plasma can be used only by type O recipients. Assumes absence of strong atypical antibodies in donor plasma. Rh D antibodies are uncommon, so generally neither D negative nor D positive blood contain anti-D antibodies. If a potential donor is found to have anti-D antibodies or any strong atypical blood group antibody by antibody screening in the blood bank, they would not be accepted as a donor or in some blood banks the blood would be drawn but the product would need to be appropriately labeled ; therefore, donor blood plasma issued by a blood bank can be selected to be free of D antibodies and free of other atypical antibodies, and such donor plasma issued from a blood bank would be suitable for a recipient who may be D positive or D negative, as long as blood plasma and the recipient are ABO compatible.

In transfusions of packed red blood cells, individuals with type O Rh D negative blood are often called universal donors. Those with type AB Rh D positive blood are called universal recipients. However, these terms are only generally true with respect to possible reactions of the recipient's anti-A and anti-B antibodies to transfused red blood cells, and also possible sensitization to Rh D antigens.

One exception is individuals with hh antigen system also known as the Bombay phenotype who can only receive blood safely from other hh donors, because they form antibodies against the H antigen present on all red blood cells. Blood donors with exceptionally strong anti-A, anti-B or any atypical blood group antibody may be excluded from blood donation.

In general, while the plasma fraction of a blood transfusion may carry donor antibodies not found in the recipient, a significant reaction is unlikely because of dilution. Additionally, red blood cell surface antigens other than A, B and Rh D, might cause adverse reactions and sensitization, if they can bind to the corresponding antibodies to generate an immune response. Transfusions are further complicated because platelets and white blood cells WBCs have their own systems of surface antigens, and sensitization to platelet or WBC antigens can occur as a result of transfusion.

For transfusions of plasma , this situation is reversed. Type O plasma, containing both anti-A and anti-B antibodies, can only be given to O recipients. The antibodies will attack the antigens on any other blood type. Typically, blood type tests are performed through addition of a blood sample to a solution containing antibodies corresponding to each antigen. The presence of an antigen on the surface of the blood cells is indicated by agglutination. An alternative system for blood type determination involving no antibodies was developed in at Imperial College London which makes use of paramagnetic molecularly imprinted polymer nanoparticles with affinity for specific blood antigens.

In addition to the current practice of serologic testing of blood types, the progress in molecular diagnostics allows the increasing use of blood group genotyping. In contrast to serologic tests reporting a direct blood type phenotype, genotyping allows the prediction of a phenotype based on the knowledge of the molecular basis of the currently known antigens. This allows a more detailed determination of the blood type and therefore a better match for transfusion, which can be crucial in particular for patients with needs for many transfusions to prevent allo-immunization.

In , he found that blood sera from different persons would clump together agglutinate when mixed in test tubes, and not only that some human blood also agglutinated with animal blood.

The serum of healthy human beings not only agglutinates animal red cells, but also often those of human origin, from other individuals. It remains to be seen whether this appearance is related to inborn differences between individuals or it is the result of some damage of bacterial kind. This was the first evidence that blood variation exists in humans. The next year, in , he made a definitive observation that blood serum of an individual would agglutinate with only those of certain individuals.

Based on this he classified human bloods into three groups, namely group A, group B, and group C. He defined that group A blood agglutinates with group B, but never with its own type. Similarly, group B blood agglutinates with group A. Group C blood is different in that it agglutinates with both A and B. C was later renamed to O after the German Ohne , meaning without, or zero, or null.

A popular belief in Japan is that a person's ABO blood type is predictive of their personality , character , and compatibility with others. This belief is also widespread in South Korea [43] and Taiwan.

The theory reached Japan in a psychologist's report, and the government of the time commissioned a study aimed at breeding better soldiers. Ultimately, the discovery of DNA in the following decades indicated that DNA instead had an important role in both heredity generally and personality specifically. Interest in the theory was revived in the s by Masahiko Nomi , a broadcaster with a background in law rather than science.

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. For other uses, see Blood type disambiguation. It is not to be confused with type 0.

Antibodies and antigens

ABO blood group system. Rh blood group system. Blood type distribution by country. Human blood group systems. Hemolytic disease of the newborn. Blood type personality theory. Human Biology and Health. International Society of Blood Transfusion. Archived from the original on A number of illnesses may alter a person's ABO phenotype The Japanese Journal of Surgery. The Duffy-blood-group genotype, FyFy". The New England Journal of Medicine.

American Journal of Human Genetics. Archived from the original PDF on June 26, Foundations in microbiology 5th ed. Brown 22 February Retrieved 11 June The emergence and evolution of blood groups in humans is still not clear. The geographical spread not only is a result of the above assumptions, but the current process of natural selection against environmental factors such as diseases, climate, humidity, altitude and etc. After discovery of the first human blood groups ABO by Karl Landsteiner in 5 , gradually from , other blood groups were also discovered and reported which its collection is given in Table 2.

It is important to mention that Landsteiner together with his American colleague Alexander Wiener discovered the Rh blood group and reported it in , Landsteiner in his 17 th scientific paper in reported blood group ABO which was displayed at the beginning with the letters ABC. In , he received the Nobel Prize in Medicine for his discovery.

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In addition to the known blood groups Table 2 , nearly twenty public antigens and also sixty-specific antigen or family antigen Private Antigens have been reported 3. Moreover, the main blood groups ABO, gradually discovered and reported 3 which the most notably of them are as follows:. In a compilation by Mourant in 4 , referring to a limited and small sampling from Iran Tehran by A.

Ajir was seen, but there was no systematic and comprehensive research about types and frequencies of blood groups, serum proteins, and red blood cell enzymes, found in Iran. The first report about the frequency of Lutheran blood group in Iran was published in After a long study and targeted collection, detailed reports of the frequency of ABO blood groups in different Iranian ethnic groups was released In another study, the frequency of blood groups, serum proteins and red cells enzymes in various Iranian populations were reported Furthermore, a collection of valuable and extensive cooperation with Iran Blood Transfusion Organization, different types of blood groups in various population of Iran, was reported.

This report included the study of ABO and Rh blood groups phenotype and genotype frequencies among individuals and their geographical spread in different provinces of Iran Since over 20—30 years have passed from that sampling in different provinces of Iran, population displacement, and various environmental factors, diseases, immigration, exogamous marriages within different ethnic groups, no doubt that provincial prevalence of blood groups distribution, at this time has changed, too. However, over time, case reports and local frequencies of blood groups in different regions of Iran, were prepared and published, including ABO and Rh blood groups report in population of Larestan and Lamerd, Fars National Center for Biotechnology Information , U.

Iran J Public Health. Author information Article notes Copyright and License information Disclaimer. Received Oct 20; Accepted Dec This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial 3. This article has been cited by other articles in PMC.

Blood Groups

Abstract The evolution of human blood groups, without doubt, has a history as old as man himself. Introduction It was not until the year , when Karl Landsteiner at the University of Vienna, discovered why some blood transfusions were successful while others could be deadly.

Everything you need to know about blood types

Genesis and Evolution As investigations have demonstrated on monkeys Table 1 , human blood groups are very old genetic indicators which have evolved during several million years 2. Percentage of blood groups in monkeys collected by Kramps Open in a separate window. Geographical distribution of blood group A, percentage Mourant Geographical distribution of blood group O, percentage Mourant Blood groups in Iran In a compilation by Mourant in 4 , referring to a limited and small sampling from Iran Tehran by A.

Geographical distribution of blood group B, percentage Mourant Acknowledgments The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.

Blood groups - NHS

Farhud D, Dariush A. Schwartz F, Helmbold W. Georg Thieme Verlag; Stuttgart: Ueber Agglutinationsersche inungen normalen menschlichen Blutes. Landsteiner K, Levine P. A new agglutinable factor differentiating individual human bloods. Proc Soc Exp Biol. Further observations on individual differences of human blood. Schiff F, Sasaki H. Der Aus-scheidungstypus, ein auf serologischem wege nachweisbares Mendelndes Merkmal. On the new blood type Q. Landsteiner K, Wiener AS. An agglutinable factor in human blood recognized by Immune sera for rhesus blood.