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After Burner 2 5. Asterix the Power Bare Knuckle 2 Battletoads 2 Double Dragon Beaty and Beast 2 Bubble and Squeak Castle of Illusion Contra Hard Corps Daffy Duck Hollywood Spon b Disney will Riesenpuppen mit Drohnen steuern. Spiegel Online, 29 August. Spon c Drohnen-Entwicklung stellt Facebook vor Probleme. Spiegel Online, 24 September. Spiegel Online, 17 December. Spiegel Online, 21 August. Spiegel Online, 2 December. Spiegel Online, 22 November. Spon i Frieden schaffen mit noch besseren Waffen.

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Spiegel Online, 16 November. Spon j Israels Kampf im Untergrund. Spiegel Online, 14 July. Spiegel Online, 3 December. Spiegel Online, 28 November. Spiegel Online, 21 December. Spiegel Online, 8 December. Spon p Flieg, Armband, lieg. Spiegel Online, 29 September. Spiegel Online, 27 February. Spon r Der Krieg kommt nach Deutschland. Spiegel Online, 29 November. Spiegel Online, 26 November. Spiegel Online, 24 October. HC Defence Committee, prepared 24 March , http: States, Communities, and the Production of Danger.

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University of Minnesota Press. The Washington Times, 14 August; http: World Economic Forum Personal Data: The Emergence of a New Asset Class. The process of normalizing drones throughout Africa has received little scholarly attention. Discussions of drone proliferation tend to assume that the drone industry is a monolithic, geographically concentrated entity, and that drone use will look the same and engender the same controversies, regardless of geography.

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The article also reads the African drone in the context of the early deployment of surveillance drones in Africa in the s, as well as the legacy of technological imperialism and colonial airpower. Africa, drones, development, imperialism, leapfrogging, security Kristin Bergtora Sandvik S. Companies, government unmanned aerial vehicles.

To address this to respond to and administer a permanent gap, I will explore a particular aspect of contemporary drone discourse: My sense is that there is a particular African drone story worth telling at this point in time. As I see it, the concept of the African drone has become a vehicle for the production and distribution of norms, resources, and forms of legitimacy that have implications for drone proliferation, both within and outside Africa.

There is a rich literature dealing with images of Africa in the postcolonial and neoliberal context. External actors — that is to say, drone operators — are the immaturity of the technology on the restrictions limiting drone use in civil portrayed as the solution to the problems of ill health, poverty, and general airspace. In fact, in their [8] This inability can be traced, in part, discussions of drones, both industry and the media implicitly and explicitly to underfunded civil aviation authorities; invoke the otherwise unfashionable concept of underdevelopment, for outmoded or inadequate regulation of civil which drones are held up as the appropriate antidote: But humanitarian crises, but can prevent it from languishing in the immature see Wanjala on legal challenges stages of capitalism.

Compared with the relative inaccessibility of United States US and European airspace, African airspace is an attractive testing site. Game Changers for Development and Security: Conceptualizing the African Drone A game changer is a new element that signiicantly alters an existing situation or activity.

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In what senses are drones game changers? With their promise of real-time, more detailed views as well as more detailed views from above, drones are believed to offer enhanced situational awareness and faster and better-informed decision making down below. And in places where such activities would otherwise be practically or politically impossible, civilian and military drones enable information gathering, targeting, and supply.

Finally, the appeal of drones as game changers can be traced to the belief that new technologies — in particular, robotics and information and communication technology ICT — can solve virtually any problem. While the game-changer rhetoric is a staple of the drone discourse outside Africa, the focus here is on the ways in which the notion of drones as game changers corresponds to particular ways of imagining Africa and Africans. Thus, any reading of the perceived capacities and attractions of unmanned technology must also take into account the unbroken link to the African colonial context.

Historically, technological innovations that have lowered the economic and human cost of penetrating, conquering, and exploiting new territory were among the preconditions for imperialism Headrick The innate qualities of airpower, in particular — speed, predictability, and an unrivalled view from above — were important tools for colonial governance Headrick ; Omissi The irst use of airpower in Africa occurred during the Italo-Turkish War, fought in Libya in — In their conquest of Morocco in — , the French used aircraft for reconnaissance and bombing Killingray British use of airpower to enforce civil control in sub-Saharan Africa began in , in the Sudan and British Somaliland.

The use of surveillance drones in Africa initially emerged as a part of the colonial apparatus. Some of the Champions most likely operated by South Africans were also supplied to Rhodesia for use in the Zimbabwean liberation struggle — , which was also known as the Rhodesian Bush War Secret Projects ; Oliver Such a so- ciety, moreover, would not only be the culmination of the introduction of new tools and machines; it would also be modelled on those tools and machines in its institutions, values and culture. In the cosmology of drone utopianism, technology substitutes for politics, becoming the solution for a raft of problems — from insecurity to resource inequality and injustice; it also offers a means of gaining mastery, in the present, over the risks and uncertainties of the future Gabrielsen Jumbert and Sandvik The K-MAX was deployed has focused on the potential use of cargo drones to distribute aid see, for to supply troops at remote outposts in example, Andrade In this discourse, such drones are portrayed as a Afghanistan thus protecting the lives panacea for all the problems attending relief provision, evoking a utopian of cargo-helicopter pilots, soldiers at the vision of development that is void of discomfort, waste, physical insecurity, bases, and those who would otherwise have had to undertake dangerous journeys and the risk of jeopardizing foreign policy objectives or contradicting by road , as well as to support the more mission statements.

These technological in Africa with regard to mobile phones in fantasies are not simply narrative devices used to achieve desired ends; particular. Like ICT, drones are experi- encing a rapid and continuing decline in they also actively shape larger security cultures and afford them inluence cost, combined with a growing range of Monahan and Mokos Also like ICT, drones are ea- There is signiicant literature discussing the technological fantasies that sily transported, internationally available, can be found in the rhetoric surrounding the use of armed drones.

The including the belief that they have the risk of drone-based containment strategies, however, is that nations will potential to contribute to development be dragged into war without any clear purpose, ethical rationale, or exit leapfrogging. Drones versus Roads Leapfrogging refers to bypassing the stages of investment or capability building through which countries were previously required to pass in order to achieve a particular level of economic development Steinmueller ; in other words, it refers to the opportunity to adopt advanced or state-of- the-art technology without irst adopting its precursors Fong The rhetoric of humanitarian crisis permeates development discourse; the result is a fusion of the emergency ethos with concerns about underlying structural problems.

This fusion yields a humanitarian logic that is explicitly transitional and utilitarian: In a related vein, several commercial players have described plans for cargo drones that will initially engage in humanitarian aid, but that will then transition to purely commercial activities, as they undergo further development and become able to carry more cargo. But they will quickly evolve into larger and heavier craft until they can carry 20 kilos or more over distances of several hundred kilometers. That would boost economies and link cities, tribes and countries in lucrative trading channels. So why not use lying robots instead?

Resistance to this argument usually takes the form of scepticism: It would be great if you could always jump straight to the high-tech solution, as you can with mo- bile phones. But with technology, as with education, health care and economic development, such short-cuts are rare. Most of the time, to go high-tech, you need to have gone medium-tech irst. Do aid groups really have the money and resources to acquire and operate drone aircraft? In light of the ongoing struggle to secure access to health care and education for broad swaths of the African population, what does it mean, from an ethical perspective, to take seriously the argument or even to make the argument that the ambition to build roads should be forgone in favour of building drone highways?

There is no mission metaphor at face value and for critics who decried the endless use of war for us to handle infected people, human metaphors Gregory The in Iraq or Afghanistan. As noted earlier, technological fantasies position emergent technological systems as necessary — and effective — responses to dire threats. This was precisely the type of work that the many narratives of the Ebola drone appeared to be doing, regardless of whether they appeared in mainstream media or in the more remote parts of the blogosphere. Any signs of illness?

The UAV could highlight individu- als who might have symptoms and they could be isolated or given treatment. Most remarkable however, was the utopian rhetoric surrounding the potential use of drones to drop off food, water, and — most importantly, medication — to Ebola-affected populations Auerbach The Ebola drone was imagined as a useful way to carry what did not actually exist: Closed borders to commercial air trafic are no barriers to drones.

Knowledge can combat disease and the fear that precedes it. People need to know how to protect themselves, how to discern the signs of sickness,. The not-unexpected second part of this argument, however, was that the United States already owned the K-Max, which was sitting idle in storage Auerbach When viewed as a tool for protecting Western health care workers, the Ebola drone was imagined to be capable of many things—including seeing and sensing Ebola-infected individuals.

And despite the fact that current drone technology allows for only limited cargo capacity and short light times, the Ebola drone was imagined to be free of these constraints. Thus, the Ebola drone was deined as a humanitarian drone, capable of carrying medication and other aid where health workers were unable to go, either because of insecurity or bad roads. At the same time, however, the Ebola drone was largely a set of imaginings about the extended use of military drones.

As conceived for deployment in the war on Ebola, it was endowed with the potential to be surgically precise, avoid the burden of placing boots on the ground, and allow for remote management. Meanwhile, West Africans were strangely absent from the technoscape of the Ebola drone, a realm that was inhabited only by Western actors, who possessed the hardware, technical skills, and know-how required for crisis management. Either way, whether as individuals or communities, they were largely devoid of agency. Drones as Solutions to African Insecurity Continuing the theme of technological fantasies, I argue in this section that drones play an important role in dealing with perceived security threats — speciically, those arising from within Africa.

Surveillance and combat drones are also increasingly in use by African militaries Oliver At the same time that it is part of the global war on terror, drone use in Africa has intermittently been infused with humanitarian motifs: The enormous humanitarian costs of the Libyan intervention were only belatedly acknowledged. By , the terror motif had returned, and the United States was again looking to use armed drones in Libya, this time against the Islamic State Entous and Lubold As part of Operation Bahkhane, France is now deploying three Reaper drones for surveillance.

The valuable information they provide enables units to understand and remain aware of the environment in which they will operate and the threats they will face. Some observers hold that armed drones have become a push factor for military action: One development that is receiving increasing attention is that just as drones support the proliferation of the war on terror in Africa, the war supports the proliferation of drones. More than ifteen African states have purchased drones, and at least six can manufacture their own Menke The drones are CH-3s, which are manufactured by the China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation; it is unknown whether they are under the control of the Nigerian Air Force or are being lown remotely by Chinese military contractors.

Observers have suggested that, taking its cue from US efforts to protect its oil supply in Iraq, China may be offering Nigeria armed drones in order to protect its investment in the Nigerian oil sector McCarthy ; Maughan As Omissi notes, airpower was previously used in Africa to address a wide range of issues, from insurgencies to tribalism, anticolonialist movements, and even tax evasion.

Today, however, drones are increasingly seen as necessary and effective responses to what are framed as the key contemporary threats: The relaxation, in , of US export restrictions on weaponized drones; increased Chinese and Israeli exports; and the emergence of effective, home-grown, weaponized platforms will likely increase the use of drone strikes as substitutes for political settlements. Through the target- selection process, drones help deine African security problems as security threats to the Global North.

To the extent that they succeed in identifying, isolating, and eliminating such threats, drones are eradicating the need for more comprehensive strategies. I would argue that by allowing practices with high degrees of legitimacy — peacekeeping, crime control, and conservation — to be juxtaposed with drone uses that, in other contexts, may be viewed as more controversial, the African context provides opportunities to strengthen the notion of the good drone. According to the expert panel, drones offer advantages in the realms of surveillance, reconnaissance, documentation, and potentially deterrence.

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More generally, there are concerns about the ownership and safety drones. This early deployment ended when of the data collected and stored by peacekeeping drones. Without adequate one of the drones was shot down and the procedures and regulations in place, information leaks may undermine the other crashed, killing and injuring civilians. Peacekeeping drones can also impact civilian-military debris eight months after a crash, and relations, as well as the relationships between peacekeeping missions and had severely delayed paying compensa- local populations. Furthermore, MONUSCO regards the drones as engaging simultaneously in reconnaissance, peace enforcement, and humanitarian data gathering humanitarian organizations are given the opportunity to assign speciic surveillance missions to the drones.

Hall and Coyne argue that as the police engage in military-style training, acquire military weapons, and employ military tactics in everyday operations, the protective state devolves into a predatory state that undermines the rights of the populace. One corollary is a shift in how the police conceive of the events and behaviours with which they are expected to deal: While putting guns on police drones remains highly controversial, ideas for using drones to deliver and deploy less-lethal agents for law enforcement purposes — such as smoke canisters for crowd control and steel spikes to destroy tires — have circulated since the late s Murphy and Cycon Globally, less-lethal weapons are fairly common in domestic policing, as are deaths caused by the use of such weapons.

Proponents argue that arming drones with less-lethal weapons will reduce both collateral damage and threats to the security of police oficers, while critics caution against the legitimizing effect of less-lethal weapons Rappert My focus here is on the South African context, which has allowed armed drones to emerge and may allow them to be deployed in civil airspace. While Desert Wolf has explicitly targeted mining companies that might potentially have to deal with striking workers, the use of the Skunk can easily be extended to any kind of urban protest.

In recent years, the poaching of elephants, rhinos, and other wildlife has increased massively across the continent. Drones have been used to monitor habitats and both terrestrial and marine wildlife, as well as to detect changes in land use Wich, Scott, and Koh, In Zambia, for example, drones have been used to detect the presence of chimpanzees; they have also been used in Gabon, to detect the fruiting trees associated with chimpanzees Van Andel et al.

While the combination of widespread drone use and improvements in data processing technology raises important privacy issues for conservationists, it is the use of drones in anti-poaching efforts that evokes the most dificult questions. And as Wich, Scott, and Koh note, the use of drones to intercept and arrest poachers can lead to dangerous — even lethal — consequences. But poachers are at bodily risk as well: Thus, more debate is needed on the dual functions of drones in conservation work.

The scope of my investigation has been intentionally broad. I began by historicizing current developments, which revealed both the surprisingly early uses of surveillance drones in Africa, and the legacy of technological imperialism and colonial airpower. In my discussion of technological utopianism and technological fantasies speciically with regard to leapfrogging and the Ebola drone , I focused on the links and overlaps between the twin trajectories of development and insecurity.

While peacekeeping, riot control, and anti-poaching efforts constitute very different responses to very different threats, drones are touted as game changers in all three cases. Moreover, each type of response is currently undergoing both militarization and reframing, in which drones play an important part. Finally, I suggested that the drone industry regards Africa as offering opportunities to enhance the legitimacy of drones in the Global North. The only way to counteract this view is to examine the speciics: At the same time, it is important to beware of technological determinism.

Drones do not eradicate human agency. We know little about emergent local practices of tinkering with donated drone technology, or inventing affordable, effective indigenous drones. The Case of the Democratic Republic of Congo. Journal of Terrorism Research 5 3: Studies in Socio-Technical Change. Reported US covert actions Skunk Riot Control copter.

Economist The limits of leapfrogging. American anthropologist 3: Africa in the neoliberal world order. Encyclopedia of Information Science and Technology. France24 Are drones the future of peacekeeping? French Air Force Operation Barkhane: Third Reaper Drone Arrives http: What does it take to be Good? Gamer Rangers Association of Africa n. Defence and Peace Economics 25 5: Technology and European imperialism in the nineteenth century.

Journal of International Studies 32 3: International Journal of Security and Development 2 2. Third World Quarterly, 36 1: The Journal of African History 25 4: What Can Drones do for Protection of Civilians? Contemporary Africa and the legacy of late colonialism. Mazzetti, M and E. The development of homeland security markets for environmental sensor networks.

MSF Global bio-disaster response urgently needed in Ebola ight. Murphy, R Robots and Ebola. Enabling Technologies for Law Enforcement and Security. International Society for Optics and Photonics. The Royal Air Force, Non-lethal weapons as legitimizing forces? Technology, Politics, and the Management of Conlict. Giving Content to an Emerging Concept. Millennium-Journal of International Studies 43 1: A History from the British Middle East. Secret Projects Topic: History, Technology and The American Future.

ShadowView Poachers caught by ShadowView drones. International Labour Review 2: American Journal of Primatology Kenya Journal of Law and Justice: Justice Be Our Shield and Defender Niger becomes latest frontline in US war on terror. Support for Combating Wildlife Traficking. US and Britain launched 1, drone strikes in recent wars. The use of unmanned combat air vehicles challenges the established notion of military heroism, which is based on the idea of fundamental reciproc- ity: Within this logic, soldiers can become heroes if they bravely ight the enemy and put their life on the line.

Drone pilots by contrast operate from a safe distance to the battleield without any risk of injury. Hence, armed drones have been often described as the paradigmatic weapons of an upcoming post-heroic warfare. The ar- ticle questions this point of view and argues that heroic interpellations are indispensable as long as there is a need for the willingness to self-sacriice. Ein offensichtlicher Irrtum, wie sich bald herausstellte. Das geschah nicht, und damit begann der rasante Aufstieg der Remo- tely Piloted Aircraft bzw. Die US-Regierung betreibt zwei Drohnenprogramme: Dokumentiert sind verdeckte Drohnenangriffe vor allem im Jemen, in Somalia und Syrien.

Die Obama-Administration weitete indes nicht nur die Einsatzgebiete, sondern auch die Ziele der Angriffe aus. Obama embraced a disputed hand wegdeiniert: Nachdem John Brennan, Obamas Berater in Sachen method for counting civilian casualties that did little to box him in. Es geht um Drohnen als paradigmatische Objekte eines vermeintlich postheroischen Zeitalters. Panoptisch ist das System in der Tat. Sie registrieren, wann diese das Haus verlassen, wohin sie gehen, mit wem sie sich treffen.

So entsteht eine einseitige, aber geradezu intime soziale Beziehung. Anders als Bomberpiloten, die nach einem Abwurf weiterliegen und den Schrecken, den sie bringen, nie- mals zu Gesicht bekommen, bleibt das elektronische Auge nach dem Treffer weiterhin auf den Punkt gerichtet, an dem die Opfer vernichtet wurden.

Zum Kriegshelden kann nur werden, wer auch zum Selbstop- fer bereit ist. Wie schon in der Antike impliziert das Verdikt der Feigheit bis heute auch eine sexuelle Depoten- zierung. Im Krieg kreuzen sich zwei Handlungslogiken, die des Kampfes und die der efizienten Gewaltanwendung. Die Spielregeln wandeln sich radikal: Die normative Umstellung vollzieht sich allerdings keineswegs bruchlos.

And maintaining relationships with their families — these were the kinds of things that they reported as that were stressful for them. Wenn also die Drohnenkrieger schon nicht als Kriegshelden taugen, las- sen sich dann vielleicht die Drohnen selbst heroisch auladen?

An entspre- chender Rhetorik mangelt es nicht: In den High-Tech-Waffenschmieden experi- mentiert man jedenfalls bereits eifrig mit vollautomatisierten Systemen. Von einem Heldenkult rund um die Drohnen kann trotzdem keine Rede sein. Helden erzeugen die Drohnen allerdings auf ganze andere Weise: Schon die Frage ist falsch gestellt.

Wir sind nie heroisch gewesen. Wir sollten es immer nur sein. Und viel zu oft wollten wir es auch References Anders, G. Die Antiquiertheit des Menschen, Bd. Social Semiotics 23 2: How to Think About Drones. Eine Theorie der Drohne. American Forces Press Service, Foreign Affairs 74 3: Foreign Affairs 78 4: The New Yorker, Military Times Petition: Lower precedence to new drone medal, Von der Symmetrie zur Asymmetrie.

The Wilson Quarterly, Autumn. This article provides a historiographical and epistemological re- construction of the visuality of the contemporary drone. It will be argued that, despite an evident technical caesura between analogue images of early aerial reconnaissance in aviation since and the digital image production of recent unmanned aerial vehicles especially of the armed drone since , both aerial aesthetics are deeply rooted in modernity.

Sie tru- gen allerdings keine Waffen, sondern lediglich das typische Kameraequip- ment von Videojournalistinnen. Ende des Kalten Krieges, vielmehr rekurriert sie mannigfaltig auf Techno- der Tiefsee- oder der Weltraumforschung Chamayou , 33ff. Ethische Bedenken gegen Drohnen, das wird der vorliegende Aufsatz zeigen, sind gekoppelt an epistemologische, medienhistorische und wahrnehmungstheoretische Fragen. Zum einen unterscheidet sich die Raumwahrnehmung der Drohnen-Pilotinnen — oder besser: Die synoptische Gleichzeitigkeit wird dann allerdings noch einmal gestei- Konzentrationslagers Auschwitz vgl.

Zur Auswertung solcher Bilder mit einem Volumen von mehreren Terabyte pro Minute reicht kein mensch- liches Auge aus, daher werden Bewegungsproile von Menschen und Fahr- zeugen durch automatisierte Mustererkennung vorsortiert. Als moralisch oder perfektioniert lat.: Denn neben der Entwick- lung der Fotograie vollzieht sich um im Bereich des Druckereiwesens und in den Texturen von Bildern eine Transformation, die eine mindestens ebenso bedeutsame Wandlung bezeichnet wie die Fotograie, oder deren Verzeitlichung: Mit dieser Transformation schreiben sich terri- toriale wie echt-, bzw.

Bei datenbankbasierten Fahndungen, etwa in der Biometrik oder dem kriminalistischen Proiling, wird diese Begriflichkeit fortgeschrieben: Dabei wurde der Begriff des Rasters aus der Druckersprache des Birgit Schneider hat diesen Zusammenhang von bildgebenden Verfahren mit Regierungsformen der Kontrolle wie folgt auf den Punkt gebracht: So gewinnt die topographische Rasterung der Landschaft zunehmend eine hermeneutische Tiefe: Im Gegensatz zum Vektorbildschirm der nur Anfang und Ende einer Linie speicherte, muss der Rasterbildschirm je- den einzelnen Punkt einer Linie verwalten.

Einerseits die Diskretisierbarkeit von Kame- rabildern und damit der Anschluss an Datenbanken des Computers, ande- rerseits eine immer exaktere und datenintensivere Beobachtung der Erde, die in den Bildverfahren des Horizontale und Vertikale werden in einem Diagramm des Chef des Generalstabes des Feldheeres Erich von Falkenhayn in einem Querschnitt durch die Gefechtsfront visualisiert: Zweidimensionale Rasterung des Luftraums In Reaktion auf solche Verkleidungen entstehen Wissensformen, die durch immer genauere Beobachtung versuchen, Tar- nung mittels Fotograie erkennbar zu machen.

Diese Formen des gestalt- theoretischen Wissens wirken auch auf die zivile Luftfahrt, genauer: Estate of Roy Lichtenstein. One is spatial; the other is temporal. In the spatial sense, the grid states the autonomy of the realm of art. Flattened, geometricized, ordered, it is antinatural, antimimetic, antireal. It is what art looks like when it turns its back on nature. In the latness that results from its coordinates, the grid is the means of crowding out the dimensions of the real and replacing them with the late- ral spread of a single surface.

In the overall regularity of its organization, it is the result not of imitation, but of aesthetic decree. Auf der anderen Seite haben Studien, u. Lenoir und Lowood bezeichnen mit dem journalistische Zwecke auf. So macht etwa Paglen in verschiedenen Bilderserien Strips als entertainment abstrahieren. Kartographische Anwendungen von Luft- und Satellitenbildern. Wie haben uns die anderen gesehen? Wie haben wir uns selbst gesehen?

Epistemologie des Horizontalen und Strategien der Benachbarung: Baudrillard, J Die Illusion des Endes. University of Toronto Press. Bilder als Instrumente der Erkenntnis. Mit dem Auge denken: Strategien der Sichtbarmachung in wissenschaftlichen und virtuellen Welten, Theorie — Gestaltung. Kompendium zu einer Stilgeschichte wissenschaftlicher Bilder. Mapping the Military-industrial-media- entertainment Network. Technische Bilder und kunsthistorische Begriffe. Hansa Luftbild Luftbild-Lesebuch: Wissenschaftliche Ballonfahrt in Deutschland, — Blindness and Insight in Secret Intelligence. Zur Kritik der ikonischen Vernunft.

Collection — Laboratory — Theater. Scenes of Knowledge in the 17th Century. Raum — Wissen — Macht. Oxford Art Journal 24 1: University of Chicago Press. Redeining the Kill Box. Medical Surveillance Monthly Report 20 3: Darstellungstechniken — Normierungsverfahren — Wahrnehmungskonstitution. Zum Raster als Kulturtechnik. Within the literature on warfare and drones two observations are currently made. The irst is that war is becoming individualized and personalized; the second that warfare is more and more dehumanized.

This juxtaposi- tion of individualization and dehumanization within the literature is the departure point of this article. The article engages with the simultaneous individualization and dehumanization of warfare by assessing the relatively new practice of targeted killing via drones, focusing on the US drone pro- grammes. Offering a short overview of current US drone strike practices and a reconstructive analysis of the discourse on targeted killing via drone strikes, the article identiies three themes within the discourse on targeted killing via drones: Taken together these themes are constitu- tive of the social construction of individual human beings as dehumanized targeted bodies.

The article makes the argument that this social construc- tion allows the conduct of dehumanized warfare against individual human beings. The article therefore provides a theoretical framework, which allows analysing and understanding the practice of the targeted killing via drones from a perspective of International Relations Theory.

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The article has proited from valuable comments by Susanne Krasmann, Jutta as today sovereign states are often at war with non-state armed groups and Weber, Markus Wagner, and Anna Leanda. As a result of this development, warfare gestions. An earlier version of this article has become asymmetrical. I would like to thank the organizers, Fillipe have been used in a variety of civilian and military operations, conducting dos Reis and Maj Grasten, Anna Leander, both surveillance and lethal operations.

Yet it must be noted sibility for any errors in the article is, of that not all drones are used in targeted killing operations, and not every course, mine alone. This article focusses on these practices as extrajudicial executions targeted killing operations via drones as a relatively new practice. However, for reasons premeditation and deliberation to kill individually selected persons who are of consistency, I use the term targeting not in the physical custody of those targeting them.

The change in warfare and the changing means of warfare pointed out above imply a tension. Individualized warfare is thus characterized by being aimed at individual human beings with known and unknown identities. We do feel very safe at their locations that probably is the main reason. Delivery and catering is available and we have over 30 years of experience. Lord Of the Ring Gift Sets. I think this is a huge, huge problem.

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