The Rainbow Reader Vol. 1 (Aa-Mm): A Research Based Intervention Program

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The case of Heathrow's Terminal 5 project. Use of science and technology in business: Exploring the impact of using activity for systems, organizations and people. Emerald, Bingley UK, pp. Construction facing worldwide challenges, Dubrovnik, Croatia. Complying with the code for sustainable homes: Philosophical Transacions of the Royal Society A: Mathmatical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, Construction Management and Economics, 27 The story of construction management.

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Journal of Facilities Management, 7 2. Building and Environment, 44 9. Journal of Information and Knowledge Management, 8 3. Journal of Knowledge Management, 13 3. The case of a light emitting diode module start-up company. Wiley Blackwell, Oxford,UK, pp Intelligent Buildings International Journal, 1 1. Intelligent Buildings International Journal, 1 2. Journal of Centre South University, 16 Supplement. Information systems in the changing era: International Journal of Law in the Built Environment, 1 3. Information, Process, Management, 9 4. Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management, 16 2.

Construction Management and Economics, 27 7. Construction Management and Economics, 27 5. This is an Impact Assessment question. Mercato Concorrenza Regole, 10 2. Material Culture and Technology in Everyday Life: Intersections in Communications and Culture Peter Lang, New York, pp. Embedding sustainable facilities management in your organization, Keble College, Oxford. Innovation and Research Focus Renewable Energy, 34 9 Special.

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Edward Elgar Publishing, Cheltenham, pp. EuroMed Journal of Business, 3 3. Wiley- Blackwell, Oxford, UK, pp The cases of the buildings schools for the future programme. Journal of Urban Regeneration and Renewal , 2 2. Applied Catalysis B-Environmental, 78 Building and Environment, 43 6. Building and Environment, 43 3. Potential applications to intelligent buildings. Dalian Univ Technol Press, Dalian, pp. Light reflectance value LRV of a surface - Method of test.

British Standards Institution, London. Housing for People with Sight Loss: A Thomas Pocklington Design Guide. Luce E Design, Balkan Light , Ljubljana, Slovenia, pp. International Journal of Information Quality, 2 2.

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Transformation through Construction, Dubai. Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 4 Solar Energy, 82 4. Advanced Corporate Learning, 1 1. The costs of substituting and supplementing care with assistive technology. British Journal of Occupational Therapy, 71 4. Plant Journal, 56 4. A case study of Stanhope plc. Corporate Social Responsibility in the Construction Industry. The case for middle-range theories. Building Research and Information, 36 6.

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Advanced Research Methods in the Built Environment. Journal of the Human-Environmental System, 11 2. From being to becoming. Journal of Construction Procurement, 14 1. Construction Management and Economics, 26 9. Stakeholder management and organizational wealth: Preston and Sybille Sachs. Construction Management and Economics, 26 6. Stakeholder theory and organizational ethics.

Association of Researchers in Construction Management, Vol. Acta Energiae Solaris Sinica, 5. Interaction of airflow structures and ventilation efficiency. Construction Information Quarterly, 10 1. Energy Policy, 36 1. Energy Conversion and Management, 49 2.

Access by Design International Journal of General Systems, 37 2. Information and knowledge management: Information and knowledge management - helping the practitioner in planning and building. Lesson learnt from the construction industry. Florence School of Regulation, Florence. University of British Columbia Press, pp. International Regulatory Reform Report International Regulatory Reform Monitor Environment and Planning A, 40 Qualitative Inquiry, 14 7. Journal of Cereal Science, 48 1.

Designing for services - Multidisciplinary perspectives. Coordinating design work across a large construction project. Academy of Management, Anaheim, CA. Long Range Planning, 41 1. Evolution of Business Knowledge. Time and turbulence in digital technologies and practices. Chongqing University Press in Chinese.

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1. Introduction

Governing Threats in the New Millennium. Engineering Failure Analysis, 14 5. Identifying suitable procurement and briefing processes. Clima WellBeing Indoors, Helsinki. Energy and Buildings, 39 4. Building and Environment, 42 5. The Value Manager, 13 2. University of Reading, pp People and Culture in Construction: Urban Studies, 44 Proceedings of the Royal Society A, International Journal of Low Carbon Technologies, 2 4.

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Worldviews, Science and Us: World Scientific, New York, pp. ISBN ebook. The 7th biennial conference on Environmental Psychology, Bayreuth, Germany. Method of investigation of a commercial building's comfort levels. Highlighting energy efficiency concerns. Journal of Risk Research, 10 2. Design Issues, 23 2. Managing the Construction of Buildings, Copenhagen, Denmark. Mowery and Richard R. Organization Studies, 28 4.

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Construction in the XXI Century: Local and global challenges, Rome, Italy. Journal of Construction in Developing Countries, 11 1. Journal of Harbin Institute of Technology. Comercial management of projects: The impact of on-line manuscript management on the management of a peer-reviewed journal.

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Sustainable Built Environment and Construction. Chongqing University, Chongqing, pp. Introduction to Sustainable Urban and Architectural Design. China Architectur and Building Press, China, pp. Information, Process, Management, 6 1. A new way of determining ductile fracture toughness and strength. Engineering Fracture Mechanics, 72 6. International Journal of Mechanical Science, 47 Applied Ergonomics, 36 2. Journal of Experimental Biology, Biological Sciences Review, 17 4.

Materials World, 13 4. Automation in Construction, 14 3. International Journal of Offshore and Polar Engineering, 15 3. Journal of Engineering for the Maritime Environment , 4. Ieee Computer Soc, Los Alamitos, pp. Hoist and Haul, Perth. Challenges, solutions and torsion. Assessment case study session. ISO and the construction industry: Journal of Management in Engineering, 21 3. Construction Innovation, 5 1. Computer-Aided Civil and Infrastructure Engineering. A decision-making model for sustainable partnerships in construction.

Construction Sustainability and Innovation, Hong Kong. Tsinghua University Press, Beijing, pp. Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers. Managing inclusive design guide. Managing inclusive design Guide. Include , Royal College of Art, London. Journal of Biomechanical Engineering, 2. The Impact of Information and Communications Technology. Journal of Property Investment and Finance, 23 6. Property Management, 23 2. The case of managed and conventional offices. Journal of Property Investment and Finance, 23 5. Local Economy, 23 6. International Journal of Project Management, 23 7.

Harnessing the role of FM in the design processes through post-occupancy evaluation studies. Combining forces - Advancing facilities management and construction through innovation, 13 - 16 Jun , Helsinki, Finland, pp. A framework explaining construction industry competitiveness. Blackwell Publishing, Oxford, pp Making Buildings Accessible Special Report, Workplace Law Network, pp.

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Peter Reed, "Railtracks in the Sky: Journal of Air Transport Management, 11 4. The national construction college site management course. The case of the CITB site management course. A comparison of government and commercially available data Journal of Financial Management of Property and Construction, 10 2. Shifts in codes of conduct. Journal of Strain Analysis for Engineering Design, 40 7.

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Renewable Energy, 29 2. The all-cause mortality risk for low-fit or sedentary diabetics is more than 2 times higher compared with physically fit men and women diabetics regardless of body weight [ 95 — 97 ]. Low physical activity levels and poorer fitness status are inexorably associated with aging and age-related unfavorable changes in several physiological and metabolic processes, including declines in muscle mass, strength, endurance, and aerobic fitness, with reciprocal increases in adiposity, insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes mellitus [ 29 , 98 ].

Individuals with diabetes mellitus, in addition, show an accelerated decline in oxidative capacity maximum oxygen uptake , muscle mass, muscle strength, and glycemic control with aging [ 99 — ]. Reduced exercise capacity is a strong predictor of all-cause mortality in older individuals with and without diabetes mellitus [ 49 ]. Since aging and reduced exercise capacity often coexist, and increased fitness is inversely related to mortality risk, we assessed the relationship between aging and exercise capacity in older individuals with diabetes mellitus.

Our findings show that greater exercise capacity or fitness is associated with lower mortality risk in individuals aged 50 to 65 years old as well as those older than 65 with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Because poorer fitness and lower physical activity levels are strongly associated with aging and age-related unfavorable changes in several physiological and metabolic processes, it is imperative that healthcare providers encourage a physically active lifestyle regardless of age.

Because African-Americans have a 2- to 6-fold higher risk for developing diabetes mellitus [ ] and approximately double the diabetes mellitus death rate [ ] we probed for racial differences on the impact of exercise capacity on mortality risk in the Veterans Exercise Testing Study [ ]. We found that exercise capacity was a strong predictor of mortality in black and white men with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Recent evidence form large epidemiologic studies support significantly higher mortality risk only in individuals with relatively low body mass index BMI with no excess risk associated with overweight or obese individuals. This puzzling observation, termed obesity paradox [ 56 , ], has not been investigated in the context of fitness status in diabetic individuals.

We therefore, assessed the interrelationship between exercise capacity, BMI and mortality risk, in middle-aged and older African-American and Caucasian veterans with type 2 diabetes mellitus [ , ]. The lower mortality risk associated with increased fitness may be modulated by the exercise-related favorable effects on carbohydrate and fat metabolism. It is known that exercise is an insulin-independent stimulant of glucose uptake by the working muscle cells via the GLUT-4 transporter [ ].

Exercise-induced translocation of GLUT-4 transporters is modulated by several factors related to muscular contractions such as increased calcium concentrations [ ], hypoxia [ ] and nitric oxide [ ]. Exercise training studies support that both aerobic and anaerobic exercise training regimens improve glucose uptake and insulin sensitivity [ , ]. The recent discovery of the hormone Irisin provide a mechanistic explanation for the protection exercise offers against metabolic diseases and perhaps a network of other chronic human diseases [ 23 ].

Moreover, mice engineered to express high irisin levels in blood were resistant to obesity and diabetes [ 23 ]. The most consistent findings from epidemiologic studies and randomized controlled trials supports that aerobic exercise of adequate intensity, duration, and volume results in favorable and independent alterations in high-density lipoprotein HDL cholesterol, with less consistency for reductions in total cholesterol, triglycerides, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations for both normolipidemic and dyslipidemic individuals [ — ].

Exercise training can also attenuate the reductions in HDL cholesterol [ , ] usually observed with low-fat diets [ , ]. Overall, no consistent evidence is available to indicate that HDL cholesterol changes related to exercise are associated with age, ethnicity, or gender [ ]. However, greater HDL cholesterol changes in men versus women, particularly when exercise is combined with a prudent diet, have been reported by some [ , ], but disputed by others [ , ].

Some studies suggested that exercise training does not appear to improve HDL cholesterol concentrations beyond the improvements seen with hormone replacement therapy [ ], whereas others have shown synergistic effects between hormone replacement therapy and exercise training [ ]. Epidemiological and interventional study evidence support that the magnitude of the changes in HDL cholesterol is related more to the volume of exercise than the intensity [ — ]. A dose-response relationship between the volume of exercise and HDL cholesterol changes has also been suggested by this study.

For each mile increase in weekly distance, HDL cholesterol concentration increased 0. Similar findings were reported by others [ — ]. In women, menopausal status does not appear to influence this dose-response relationship [ ]. This theory states that atherosclerosis develops as a result of repetitive injury and ongoing inflammatory process of the arterial endothelium, initiated by a pathogen. A number of blood markers have been identified that are associated with inflammation, most notably white blood cell count, C-reactive protein CRP , homocysteine, fibrinogen, and other proteins involved in the immune response.

The most widely studied inflammatory blood marker is CRP [ ]. Several studies have shown that elevated levels of CRP are directly associated traditional cardiac risk factors and independently increase the risk of cardiovascular disease and mortality in both healthy individuals and patients with existing cardiovascular disease [ — ]. Acute exercise induces a transient inflammatory response, including heightened CRP concentration.

This is most likely due to joint and muscle inflammation after vigorous activity. However, regular, sustained exercise has been shown to suppress inflammation. The findings of epidemiological studies consistently support of an inverse association between CRP, other inflammatory markers, and fitness. Collectively, these [ — ] and other findings [ 10 ] support that the health benefits including lower mortality risk associated with increased fitness may be explained in part by the inverse association between fitness and inflammatory markers.

The potential for death is inherent in structured exercise programs or physical exertion. The first death mentioned as a result of physical exertion is recorded by the Greeks. Legend has it that Phidippides ran from the battlefield of Marathon to Athens approximately 26 miles away to carry the news to the Athenians that they were victorious against the invading Persians.

He reached Athens in perhaps 3 hours, delivered his message, and died shortly thereafter from exhaustion. Was it the mile run that killed Phidippides? Less known is the fact that, only days prior to the battle at Marathon, Phidippides was sent to Sparta to ask for help. He ran the rugged, mountainous mile course in about 36 hours to deliver the message. Afterwards, Phidippides ran that same mile trail back to Athens with the disappointing news that the Spartans refused to send warriors to help the Athenians.

A few days later he was in the battle of Marathon where, in all likelihood, Phidippides had been carrying messages back and forth to the different generals on the field during the day's battle. It was at the end of that last day when he was charged with running to Athens to deliver the victorious news [ 29 ]. Although we will never know exactly what killed Phidippides, the numerous modern marathon and ultramarathon races run by millions of runners annually are proof that humans are capable of such a task when trained properly.

On the other hand, the occasional death of a runner reminds us of our vulnerabilities. Almost all exercise-related deaths in previously asymptomatic adults without prior history of coronary heart disease have been the result of atherosclerotic plaque rupture in one of the coronary arteries that led to an acute coronary thrombosis [ — ].

Recent findings also suggest that demand ischemia i. Because the most common cause of cardiac complications is atherosclerotic coronary artery disease, the risk of exercise varies according to the population. In older populations where the prevalence of coronary atherosclerotic disease is high, the risk of death during exercise or physical exertion will be correspondingly high [ ].

Interestingly, cardiac arrest, most commonly attributable to hypertrophic cardiomyopathy or atherosclerotic coronary disease, occurs primarily among male marathoners [ ]. Several studies have also shown an inverse association between the risk of an event and the fitness status of the individual [ — ]. The risk of a cardiac event during physical exertion for sedentary individuals is reported to be approximately 2.

Despite this risk, the exercise-related cardiac event is relatively rare even in high-risk populations. The incidence of exercise-related deaths is the Rhode Island study [ ] over a five-year period was 1 death per year for every 15, male joggers with no know coronary heart disease and 1 death per year for every 7, in those with known coronary heart disease.

In general, the rate of sudden cardiac death and other cardiac events during exercise is estimated to be between 0 and 2 per , hours of exercise in the general population and 0. More recent evidence from a large cohort on marathon and half marathon runners concur with these findings. The incidence rates of cardiac arrest and sudden death during long-distance running races were 1 per , and 1 per , participants, respectively. This translates roughly into 0. In conclusion, it is clear that physical exertion is associated with a transient increase in risk for cardiac events.

This risk is significantly higher for older and sedentary individuals engaging in an exercise program. Therefore, it is prudent that such individuals consult their physician to evaluate the presence of subclinical coronary artery disease prior to engaging in an exercise program. The plethora of information and at time misinformation regarding exercise, fitness, and health within the last few decades is stunning and overwhelming for most individuals.

To minimize confusion for the patients, reduce the risk of injury, and to maintain exercise efficacy, health care providers must view exercise as an intervention similar to prescribing medication. The mode of exercise, its frequency, intensity and duration should be considered carefully. Moreover, exercise should be tailored to meet an individual's needs and abilities. This is especially true for special populations such as elderly, overweight or obese, hypertensive, and diabetic individuals. The current recommendations from the American Heart Association and the American College of Sports Medicine for middle-aged adults and older individuals [ 83 , 84 ] stated below should be followed.

National Center for Biotechnology Information , U. Published online Oct Author information Article notes Copyright and License information Disclaimer. Received Aug 5; Accepted Sep 7. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. This article has been cited by other articles in PMC. Abstract A plethora of epidemiologic evidence from large studies supports unequivocally an inverse, independent, and graded association between volume of physical activity, health, and cardiovascular and overall mortality.

Introduction Over 2, year ago, Hippocrates noted the potential health benefits of daily exercise of moderate intensity such as a simple walk. Physical Activity and Mortality in Women The findings of recent large cohort studies in women, including the Women's Health Study, the Lipid Research Clinics Research Prevalence Study, and the Women Take Heart Project also support an inverse and graded association between increased physical activity and mortality in women [ 7 , 8 , 13 — 15 ]. Fitness Assessment Studies More recent studies assessed fitness status by standardized exercise protocols.

Association of Mortality Risk with Exercise Type, Duration, and Intensity Evidence from several studies suggests an independent contribution of the exercise mode and each exercise components intensity, duration, frequency to mortality risk [ 28 ]. Physical Activity and Cardiac Risk Factors 6.

Table 1 Classification of body weight and obesity based on BMI and waist circumference. Open in a separate window. Physical Activity, Fitness, Obesity, and Mortality Obesity and overweight are considered to be leading risk factors for a number of chronic health conditions, including diabetes mellitus, hypertension, coronary heart disease, and premature mortality.

Hypertension Chronic hypertension is a major and most common risk factor for developing cardiovascular disease and mortality [ 58 ]. Physical Activity, Fitness, and Hypertension The significant impact of increased physical activity or structured exercise programs on blood pressure control has been consistently documented by a number of well-controlled studies.

Exercise Blood Pressure Response Evidence supports that the blood pressure response to submaximal workloads is associated with left ventricular hypertrophy LVH. Physical Activity, Fitness, and Mortality Risk in Individuals with Hypertension A number of large and well-controlled epidemiologic studies have reported an inverse and graded association between exercise capacity and mortality risk in hypertensive individuals [ 9 , 27 , 88 ]. Diabetes Mellitus Evidence from large cohort studies supports that physical activity in general provides a highly effective way to delay or avert the development of diabetes mellitus in both men and women.

Physical Activity, Fitness, and Mortality Risk in Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Epidemiologic findings also support that increased physical activity is associated with lower mortality risk in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Physical Activity, Fitness, and Lipids The most consistent findings from epidemiologic studies and randomized controlled trials supports that aerobic exercise of adequate intensity, duration, and volume results in favorable and independent alterations in high-density lipoprotein HDL cholesterol, with less consistency for reductions in total cholesterol, triglycerides, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations for both normolipidemic and dyslipidemic individuals [ — ].

Risk of Death during Physical Activity The potential for death is inherent in structured exercise programs or physical exertion. Exercise Recommendations for Health Benefits The plethora of information and at time misinformation regarding exercise, fitness, and health within the last few decades is stunning and overwhelming for most individuals.

Exercise should be primarily aerobic, supplemented by muscle-strengthening activities. The exercise intensity should be moderate brisk walking at 15 to 20 minutes per mile for most individuals and at even lower intensities for those unable to sustain such walking speeds. Moderate- and vigorous-intensity jogging activities can be combined for younger individuals or those able to sustain such intensities.

A gradual increase in the minimum exercise volume is recommended to maximize health benefits. In addition, a minimum of 2 days per week of light weight-resistance exercises involving the major muscle groups and designed to maintain or increase muscular strength and endurance is encouraged.

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