Food Allergens: Analysis Instrumentation and Methods

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Food allergens : analysis instrumentation and methods

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Food Allergens: Analysis Instrumentation and Methods

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Many people today suffer from one allergy or another.

Food Allergens: Analysis Instrumentation and Methods - CRC Press Book

For example, about one in every 13 American children under years-old is affected. With that in mind and the interest of public health and safety, global regulators require food manufacturers and producers to be more vigilant with product labels. For instance, the European Food Safety Authority EFSA requires food manufacturers to label packaged products that contain gluten, milk and dairy products, eggs, nuts, peanuts, soy, fish, crustaceans, molluscs, celery, lupin, sesame, mustard, and sulphites.

The FDA also states that there is no true cure for food allergies. While the number of affected individuals continues to rise, the only effective measure is strict avoidance of the food allergen. Therefore, allergen sufferers are forced to rely heavily on accurate food labeling as a precautionary measure to help them prevent adverse reactions. But, sometimes undeclared allergens unintentionally make their way into food and coupled with cross-contact between ingredients things get even more complicated.

A peanut-free food product, for instance, may be packaged in the same premise that also packages peanut-containing products. This could cause cross-contamination between the two products and its ingredients. At SCIEX we continuously work to develop methods and workflows to enable you to produce safer foods and accurate food labeling. Using the positive ESI mode, easily analyze food samples for 12 allergens within a single injection. Biosensors In food analysis, biosensors and, in particular, surface plasmon resonance SPR -based biosensors have become increasingly accepted tools.

SPR detection is based on changes in the refractive index at the surface of a sensor chip, caused by the binding of an analyte to an immobilized ligand. For detection of high molecular-weight compounds such as allergens, specific antibodies are usually immobilized on the chip surface Figure 3. The binding of allergens in the sample is followed in real time, and from the change in the signal, the concentration in the sample can be calculated from a calibration curve.

The majority of new biosensors are aimed at high-throughput and multi-analyte measurements. The major advantages of these systems are their short assay time minutes , their high degree of automation that reduces labor time, the option to simultaneously detect several analytes and label-free detection. A major disadvantage of the majority of these systems is the relatively high price of both the machines and chips.

Furthermore, only a single sample can be tested at one time, and trained laboratory personnel are needed. A few biosensor immunoassays for the detection of allergens have been developed by research groups and are described in the literature. It is expected that within the next few years, allergen test kits will become commercially available and will come to be applied in food control agencies.

Microsphere-based flow cytometric systems These assays are based on the flow cytometry detection of sets of differently colored micron-size beads Figure 4. To each color-coded set of beads, antibodies against different allergenic compounds can be coupled. Specific, fluorescently labeled, second antibodies are used to visualize the binding of allergens to the beads.

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For analysis, different bead sets to detect different allergens are added simultaneously to a sample in a microtiter well. The beads are drawn up into a fluidic tube that causes the microspheres to line up in single file before they pass through the detection chamber. In this chamber, one laser identifies each bead and categorizes it into the appropriate bead set based on which allergen is detected , while another laser scans the beads for the quantity of fluorescently labeled antibodies per bead and determines the concentration of the detected allergen.

In this way, multiple allergens can be detected simultaneously in a sample.

Food Allergen Analysis: Detection, Quantification and Validation by Mass Spectrometry

The advantages of these types of assays are their very short analysis time seconds , simultaneous detection of multiple allergens, small sample volume and relatively low-priced machines compared with biosensors. Selecting a Detection Method When selecting a suitable detection method, the following criteria should be considered: In Figure 5, a simplified selection scheme is presented. When a high number of samples are required to be analyzed for only a single allergen, ELISA is the best option as the necessary equipment is relatively inexpensive.

When multiple allergens need to be quantitatively analyzed in a few samples and when the results need to be obtained within an hour e. When a qualitative result is sufficient i. When there is no need for an especially short analysis time, microsphere-based methods are a better choice as the price of the necessary equipment is generally much lower than that of biosensors. Before an immunological assay can be implemented, it is necessary to check whether the method is suitable for the matrix or matrices in which it will be used.

This is important as the applied antibodies may cross-react with food-matrix components, leading to false-positive test results. In general, the kit supplier can provide validation data and is generally willing to validate the method in the required matrices or after processing. Otherwise, in-house validation for specificity and recovery is necessary. Samples suspected to contain allergens can be confirmed by using a mass spectrometry MS method.

Using MS, parts of the unique amino acid sequence of a protein can be determined, and the protein can unambiguously be identified. MS, however, is labor-intensive, requires expensive equipment and materials and is not suitable for routine analysis.