Canada and the Canadians Volume I

English and French are recognized by the Constitution of Canada as official languages. In Nunavut , Inuktitut and Inuinnaqtun are official languages, alongside the national languages of English and French, and Inuktitut is a common vehicular language in territorial government. In Canada, as elsewhere in the world of European colonies , the frontier of European exploration and settlement tended to be a linguistically diverse and fluid place, as cultures using different languages met and interacted.

The need for a common means of communication between the indigenous inhabitants and new arrivals for the purposes of trade, and in some cases intermarriage, led to the development of Mixed languages. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. For other uses, see Canadian disambiguation. Ethnic origins of people in Canada. English and French Bilingual - However, "Canadian" as an ethnic group has since been added to census questionnaires for possible ancestry.

Respondents generally are visibly European Anglophones and Francophones , however no-longer self identify with their ethnic ancestral origins. This response is attributed to a multitude or generational distance from ancestral lineage. Jack Jedwab April Association for Canadian Studies.

Retrieved March 7, The Changing Face of Canada: Essential Readings in Population. Retrieved January 16, Retrieved January 29, Asia Pacific Foundation of Canada. Retrieved September 23, Retrieved July 12, Retrieved July 18, Human Resources and Skills Development Canada. Retrieved January 19, Permanent and temporary residents. Citizenship and Immigration Canada. Retrieved December 4, Retrieved March 15, The English Language in Canada: Status, History, and Comparative Analysis.

The Star asked some people with deep roots in Canada what they thought of Conservative Leader Stephen Harper's controversial phrase".

Retrieved September 21, Retrieved December 17, Canadian Heritage Multicultural Canada. Archived from the original on November 5, Retrieved April 12, Retrieved October 18, Government of Canada Canada. Retrieved July 1, Department of Justice Canada. Retrieved July 11, Government of Canada - Law and Government Division. Immigration and Refugee Protection Act". Law and Government Division, Government of Canada. Retrieved December 12, Archived from the original on October 18, Retrieved September 18, Retrieved February 16, Archived from the original on May 16, Retrieved June 30, Retrieved February 1, Retrieved November 30, Canadiana Library and Archives Canada.

Retrieved April 11, Archived from the original on June 10, Retrieved August 10, Retrieved September 12, Retrieved September 10, The Evolving Linguistic Portrait, Census: Statistics Canada , Dated Archived from the original on April 29, Retrieved October 12, Act current to and last amended on Office of the Languages Commissioner of Nunavut. Archived from the original on September 4, Retrieved November 16, Legislative Assembly of the NWT. Interrogating Race and Racism. Broadcasting Policy in Canada. Archived from the original on August 21, The Jewish World in the Modern Age.

The economics of immigration: Christians in a Secular World: Freedom of Religion and Belief: U Essex — Routledge. Religion and Ethnicity in Canada. Burgess, Ann Carroll Wheelchairs, walkers, baby strollers — all can enjoy it equally. Improving the aesthetics of the walkway, obviously, was an important aspect in the choice of the railing design. The railings are a perfect choice for the seascape. The gated entrance is gone. The railings consist of heavy aluminum top and bottom rails which span from stanchion to stanchion.

In between these rails is a horizontal, heavy stainless steel cabling system. The beauty of this cable design is that it does not block the view of the ocean. You see right through, between these cables. And, the stanchions are slightly bowed outward in shape, so they make the walkway appear wider and give a nautical feel. Using a voice recognition feature called Siri, the iPhone accepts spoken commands to schedule meetings, make phone calls, dictate emails and search the web. A built-in screen reader called VoiceOver can be used to hear whatever is displayed on the screen.

Combined, these features make the new iPhone one of the most powerful devices ever developed for the blind. There are also hundreds of apps available for blind users; most are free. These include apps for travel with precise GPS information; text to speech conversion that can capture a printed page and speak it aloud; apps that identify objects, currency, colour; and apps that provide easy access to social media such as Facebook. Elizabeth Lalonde receives her new iPhone 5. Don Jones The iPhone is rapidly replacing larger, specialized devices for the blind that collectively cost thousands.

However, it is still beyond the means of many blind people. This is where the Lions and Lioness of 19 I-2 enter the picture. Since then, twelve iPhones have been purchased and delivered by the project. Ten of these are within the Greater Victoria area, one in Nanaimo and one in Burnaby.

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The project has been most successful in the Greater Victoria area where the Lions iPhone Committee is situated. When an application is received from someone outside of the area, the committee attempts to contact a club in the area where the applicant lives to encourage sponsorship of the requested iPhone. All interested blind Canadians may apply in writing by submitting a brief request letter, by email to: The Lions iPhone Committee Email: The Lions Club logo.

Please make the subject text: People who would primarily rely on their vision to use a smart phone will not be considered for the project. Individuals receiving the iPhones are responsible for purchasing the apps they require and for their own on-going monthly data and cell phone plan expenses. This mainstream device is being used by the blind to participate on social media, such as Twitter and Facebook; to identify the color of clothing; browse web pages; listen to audio books and YouTube; send and receive email; identify products and objects; convert printed text into spoken information; explore city maps; obtain real-time GPS information while travelling; identify Canadian and US bank notes; confirm whether household lights are on or off; do audio recordings of classroom notes or favourite recipes; make and receive phone calls; not to mention Siri, which is available to answer all kinds of inquiries; plus much, much more in specific disciplines and hobby pursuits.

This annual convention, among many other things, offers workshops and meetings for special interest groups within the NFB during the conference. The topics in those meetings focused on existing technology and their level of accessibility. This meeting was different. The audience was filled with engineers, like me, who work together to solve technology problems faced by blind consumers. One of the speakers during the meeting was Dr. His enthusiasm about his current projects was contagious. The projects he demonstrated were.

He demonstrated the problem with accessing YouTube by playing the audio of a popular YouTube video. Miele explained that YouDescribe will add audio descriptions to popular YouTube videos, so blind users can access the entertainment available across the site. Miele answered the flurry of questions from the audience. Our interest surrounded his announcement of an API, a publicly accessible interface, that software developers could use to make their own client to deliver all of the descriptive video content collected by YouDescribe.

I was enthused at the thought of contributing to an app that other blind consumers and I could use to access YouTube videos. It was a treat to hear Dr. Miele describe his innovative approach to solving a technology barrier for the blind community. For me, attending the NFB convention brings home the message that blind people can solve some of the technology barriers we face for ourselves.

Software developers, James Teh and Michael Curran, who are both partially sighted, created this software to resolve a barrier —the financial barrier blind students face in making a standard PC accessible. NVDA is free for the user to download, but does depend on donations to continue the project.

When I came home, I was curious to know if Miele, Teh and Curran were unique or if there are others who are blind and taking a leadership role in designing accessible technology. After some research, I found out about T. Raman, a lead engineer at Google, who is also blind. Raman is currently working on accessibility for Android phones. The blind community has been outspoken about the need to enable accessibility on Android phones, so blind consumers may have the choice between the currently accessible iPhone and the large variety of Android phones available to sighted users.

I walked away from the meeting excited about the imaginative solutions blind engineers are implementing and the possibility that I too can now join this active community. From left to right are: Excerpt reprinted from www. This annual convention held in the United States, of up to 3, blind attendees from around the world, is one of the largest and most important learning environments for blind people. This assertion of incapacity is bolstered by some blind people who want to use the characteristics of blindness that they perceive in themselves to shock, amuse, or excuse bizarre behaviour.

Here is some of what was said. Note the use of slightly salacious language to attempt to make the description humorous:. And so I walk into the room and I find the bed. And then to the left of the bed, I feel along and I find this nightstand, which is where I expect the phone to be. So I reach across the bed to the other side and find the other nightstand.

The Blind Canadian, Volume 7, October 2013

And so I turn to where I think there might be a table, and poof! Back to the bed and I find the wall. And I feel behind me again and the bed is back behind me again. So I circle the room two more times this way, wiping it down. And I check the coffee table again. I check the desk again.

And I just figure, forget it. And the phone [Knighton continues] is on a coffee table. Now I know I felt that thing up to an illicit degree. I mauled that coffee table, and there was nothing on that table last night. And I said, well there was no phone. But there is now…. And so we talk. Do your beds turn into walls? An occasional disorientation in a strange location is part of life.

Most people maybe all people have experienced disorientation. Knighton, of course, may have whatever opinions suit his convenience, but for a major media outlet to portray his opinions as reality, when they are based in something quite different, is the height of irresponsibility. Why do millions need to know that a blind man in a hotel room could not find the phone? Do the officials who put this program together want to make fun of the blind? Is making fun of blind people good journalism?

Can respect for blind Americans exist when bigotry is permitted to masquerade as journalism? However, Knighton and his so-called friends who work for the media are not the only ones who portray the blind. We have a very personal interest in publicity about us, and we will tell the story as it truly is.

Very few blind journalists work for Public Radio International. Maybe we should demand that we get an equal opportunity to write the stories, host the programs, and report the reality as we know it to be. Blind people do face problems, and they should be reported. Have they noticed the two-class system that guarantees minimum wage for some yet leaves us out?

Have they any idea that many of the problems faced by the blind are part of a classical struggle for equal rights and equal opportunity? We deserve respect, but we also deserve more than that -we deserve equal time. Public Radio International must stop its practice of excluding us. We must be welcomed as part of the journalism community. We are not there yet, but we are coming.

We own our freedom; we have power; and we know what to do with it. Our society belongs to us; we will not be shut out; we belong! But how many Ryan Knightons do exist in Canada? When we say that some of us would wish that the CNIB would simply disappear, this is why. One thing that Ryan Knighton said in his interview on the program is significant. He said that blindness was not his real problem, but his real problem was embarrassment about being blind. I think that he has a point there!

I know from my own experience as a blind person, that his problem about not being able to find things in his hotel room could have been solved fairly easily. Knowing of his own problem with finding things, Knighton could have asked the person showing him to his room to help him locate significant things in his hotel room, such as the telephone. When I go to a hotel room, there are five things that I want to know about and I always ask about them:. Most importantly, on the phone, I want to know the location of the button for creating and accessing voicemail.

As with most problematic situations, if you plan for them, they are no longer problems. So, what about the embarrassment that we can sometimes feel because we do things differently? As an example, after exploring, I asked one of my sons about the location of the toilet flusher on a train. It really was in a location that I had not encountered before. And, parenthetically, I always check for the locations of these things before I start doing anything in the bathroom: On the Amtrak trains, all of these things are now labelled in Braille. Nice idea, as far as it goes, but I say to myself: I am convinced that our unemployment problem is partially due to our own embarrassment about being blind, consistent with Knighton.

But, as Knighton demonstrates, embarrassment about blindness only leads to paralysis, inefficiency, a failure to plan, and feelings of helplessness and disorientation. I suggest that, just as we blind people need to quickly explore hotel rooms and quickly resolve questions and implement strategies so that we can operate basic hotel functions, like the room key, the TV remote, the thermostat, the phone and the shampoo, we, as blind people, need to individually explore strategies and possibilities for employment at different job sites.

Just like hotel rooms require only minimal interventions to make them functional for us, I believe that the same is true for blind people at most job sites. I believe that this is also true for most job sites for blind people. In this connection, I met a few people with guide dogs on the train.

They were travelling from Orlando to Baltimore, which takes about a day. How did they get these dogs to relieve themselves? Where did they feed these dogs? Obviously, these dogs were taken out and were fed. The problems were solved. Today, there is simply no issue about that. Yet, I rarely hear of blind people applying for these positions. We should ask ourselves why?

Could it be embarrassment about being blind and having to show employers how we could do these jobs? My own feeling is that it comes down to belief in ourselves. It comes down to really believing that, with proper training and opportunity, we can compete on terms of equality with the sighted, in all arenas of endeavour. At first, of course, this is simply a matter of faith, for us.

That faith in self advocacy and collective action, as blind people, gets boosted at local chapter meetings, State conventions, and National conventions of the National Federation of the Blind NFB , and at meetings and conventions of the Canadian Federation of the Blind CFB. Maurer has devoted the past 27 years to the presidency of this large and most influential organization of the blind.

Maurer has been very supportive of CFB over the years for which we are truly grateful. And, in , Dr. Marc Maurer was born in His blindness was caused by overexposure to oxygen after his premature birth, but he and his parents were determined that this should not prevent him from living a full and normal life. Maurer graduated cum laude from the University of Notre Dame in Maurer was elected president of the Student Division of the National Federation of the Blind in and re-elected in and In Maurer moved to Washington, D. He soon advanced to dealing with international matters and then to doing research and writing opinions on constitutional issues and board action.

In he went into private practice in Baltimore, Maryland, where he specialized in civil litigation and property matters. Increasingly, he concentrated on representing blind individuals and groups in the courts. Today he is one of the most experienced and knowledgeable attorneys in the country regarding the laws, precedents, and administrative rulings concerning civil rights and discrimination against the blind. He has served in this role ever since. The Institute is the first of its kind, conceived and built by the blind for the blind.

He joined President George W. The Maurers were married in On March 27, , new policy took effect at WestJet regarding the stowage of long, white canes during flights. This positive change in policy at WestJet represents a victory for the independence and freedom of blind people in Canada. These were not isolated incidents. Other blind Canadians have experienced the same issue on other flights over the years with this airline. On both flights, I stowed my non-folding, rigid white cane, which is lightweight and narrow, alongside the fuselage by the window.

Even though my cane was stowed neatly on both flights, without obstruction, the flight attendants insisted and forced me to stow my cane in the overhead compartment above my head. Normally, I am not offended by these sort of comments, but as a capable blind adult, I did not appreciate being dealt with in such a disrespectful way. Frustrated and fed-up with the treatment I received, I registered my complaint with WestJet and then, ultimately, with the Canadian Transportation Agency.

At first, WestJet was not willing to make any changes to its policy. But, after some discussion and mediation with the Canadian Transportation Agency, WestJet agreed to update its flight attendant manual to reflect the following policy, which applies now to the placement of canes:.

Blind Canadians will now be able to travel with more independence, respect and comfort. Coincidently, four of the five members of our book club are blind. That might explain why our long chat over pizza and beer kept moving back and forth between our focus on the fictional Jane Eyre and the cnib Canadian National Institute for the Blind.

In , when Jane Eyre was published, most blind people lived in squalor often begging to survive. It was still 33 years before Helen Keller was born and would begin to exert her profound influence on the world. You would think almost a hundred years of fundraising on the part of one of the oldest charitable organizations in the country, would have served to change reality for working-age blind Canadians.

This pity-perception is a grave problem in the blind community. According to my book club members, blind people have been oppressed and diminished by the prevailing, condescendingly sympathetic attitudes about blindness. We wondered if it was time to shed the lifetime-sum of heart-wrenching advertorial images that have trained Canadians to this conditioned response? Could the cnib have played a role in creating such perceptions in Canada in these last almost hundred years?

We could understand how making blind people appear incapable would seem to fly in the face of a mandate of caring for blind people; but creating a fearful and pitiful perception does seem to generate dollars. We wondered if some questioning might be healthy. But, according to my book club members, if you even dare to question the cnib, you will quickly recognize their untouchable-sacred-cow status.

They tell me the cnib goes unchallenged by donors, legislators and sighted Canadians in general. It is hard to imagine any other medical issue so fully directed by a charity agency! Reed, her guardian and somewhat cruel aunt. Based on the personal experiences of three particularly riled members of our book club, we decided to playfully imagine how the fiery-spirited Jane Eyre might have addressed the current cnib board of directors.

But to focus on the point Sir, my message is rather simple. The blind should be treated with some modicum of equality with the sighted population. Last year, according to your own website, you spent a substantial portion of millions of dollars received on fundraising and image-building, rather than on direct services helping the blind. This is an inappropriate use of donated money, Sir. Your reputation is stellar mostly in the sighted community Sir, and I believe your sanctimonious fund raisers are not working in the best interests of blind people.

I scorn the fact that you are not providing blind people with the blindness skills they need to participate in the world as equals. Many blind people feel that working-age blind Canadians who most need the perpetually abundant donated dollars for skills training are not getting them. Jane Eyre may have been shunted off to the lonely isolation of an orphan boarding school, but at least she had the opportunity to learn useful skills that led to an ability to create a better life for herself.

This brave conversation sent her on her way:. Schoolmaster to young Jane: Are you not grateful to your aunt and benefactress for your keep in this fine home? Jane about her neglectful aunt: I was spurred to write about this topic after hearing a reporter on the radio talk about her blindfold experience as she was guided fora2. The thought of becoming blind is terrifying to most sighted people. Blindness is a foreign concept. Sighted people who are curious about understanding blindness have often tried to use simulations as a way of attempting to experience and understand first-hand what it might be like to be blind.

By the end of class, more people felt sorry for me and none of my classmates had learned about the coping mechanisms and skills I employ everyday. Since , at least three restaurants in major cities in Canada have offered patrons an experience of dining in the dark. Their advertising goes something like this:. A new perception of reality? Replicate the experience of how the blind eat? It seems there is a large amount of ignorance at play here.

So, if blindness is not what the out-of-date simulation exercises would have us believe, then what is the world really like without vision? Still, our world is not a different world. Blind people span the full spectrum of society, with individual strengths, weaknesses, challenges, histories and potential s— like everyone else.

Some are born blind, some become blind later in life, some are fully blind, and some have residual vision. Perpetuating stereotypes and misconceptions may serve the function of charity fundraising, but does not serve the blind well. In fact, it does a great disservice to the blind, as many have been working hard in their daily lives to dispel these erroneous beliefs. When there is informed knowledge about blindness and of the abilities, challenges, and accomplishments of blind people, and knowledge about the full lives many blind people can and do lead, then there can be a better understanding of what it must be like to be blind.

When a blind person has learned to function independently and confidently— over time — then living with blindness becomes normal, natura l — although, at times, it can be a challenging nuisance. Many factors come into play for a blind person to have a positive attitude and feel OK about being blind. For those who do, many can and do compete on terms of equality with sighted peers, study, hold jobs and professions, raise families, use technology, read, enjoy hobbies, cook, travel and just plain live their lives -like anyone else.

Sighted people need to learn to see blindness in a different light. It is a tall order when unhelpful simulations still abound. This wonderful article was written by Mary Ellen in when she was editor of an earlier Canadian Federation blindness magazine. It explains the issue around blindness simulations very well and is as relevant today as it was back then. Blind people do not inhabit another planet.

Obviously, we get our information about the world without the use of sight or with the use of very limited sight. Curiosity about what blindness must really be like is almost universal. One sighted toddler I know was found walking down the hallway of he home with her eyes closed, swinging a mop from side to side to simulate the movement of a long white cane. When someone asked her what she was doing, she said she was playing at being her blind aunt. My own children are reaching the age where the blindness of their parents is no longer taken for granted.

It has become a matter for questioning. One would think that the musings of immature children would be different from the thoughtful curiosity of mature adults. Surprisingly, it often is not. Many seemingly intelligent people have told me that they have gained new understanding of my life after a late evening power outage. They seem to feel that their disorientation while searching for a candle and matches in a darkened house is similar to my daily life. Of course, nothing could be further from the truth.

I also find power outages disorienting and annoying. No one likes to have their regular routine disrupted by circumstances beyond their control. But my daily life as a blind person is not disorienting and frustrating. My lack of eyesight sometimes imposes problems. It often encourages the development of creative problem solving skills.

It does not keep me from leading a full and active life. All of this leaves us with the problem of devising a way to satisfy the legitimate curiosity of our sighted neighbours. Everyone committed to good public education about blindness wants to take the mystery away and replace it with constructive thought and genuine understanding.

The answer depends on the context in which blindfolding is used. Progressive rehabilitation programs for the blind use blindfolds for students with some remaining vision in order to teach them the skills of blindness. Often these students are afraid of the consequences of losing more vision. They wonder if their life will become more limited every time their visual acuity drops or their field of vision narrows. By simulating total blindness in a controlled training environment, these students can face and conquer their worst fears.

Instead of clinging desperately to every shred of remaining vision, they learn to develop alternative, non-visual methods for leading their lives. When the blindfold comes off after approximately nine months of training, the remaining vision is actually of much more use to them. Instead of using it in desperation as a primary, but insufficient, means of functioning, they use it as a backup to supplement the effective alternative techniques they have learned. What about blindfolding sighted rehabilitation workers? Again, the use of blindfolding as part of a long-term training program for sighted staff members can be extremely beneficial.

As blindfolded sighted people learn the skills of blindness and gain confidence in those skills, they become genuine advocates for the capabilities of blind people. Both of these things take time -at least three months in the case of staff members and longer for blind students. This brings us to the question of simulation exercises. Many organizations, believing they are acting in the interests of raising awareness, run programs in which participants simulate blindness and other disabilities for an hour or a day. Participants are not given rigorous instruction in the alternative techniques of blindness.

They may be guided by a sighted person with some knowledge of blindness skills.

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Negative attitudes and misconceptions about blindness are deeply ingrained in our society. Good will is present in abundance, but it is usually coupled with misinformation. It takes a long time to provide accurate information about blindness. It takes longer than an hour or a day to work through the process.

The entrepreneurs responsible for Dining in The Dark are selling their expensive experience as a unique and fun way for customers to appreciate food more deeply. That mistaken notion has negative consequences for those of us who are blind and are doing all we can to demonstrate that blindness is a less common, but nevertheless normal, way to live fully. They have a great deal to do with people around me who frequently have very low expectations concerning my capacity to do everyday things like crossing streets, climbing stairs, carrying trays in food courts and a hundred other things.

People have a hard time understanding how I function because they are terrified when they imagine themselves suddenly unable to see. I understand sighted people are curious and genuinely want a way to understand my life. The single worst way to understand blindness is to simulate it. They learn very little about how blind people gain ease and confidence using alternative techniques. To learn the true nature of blindness would require much more time and intensive skills education and discussions. Thinking that an evening dining in the dark gives you a window on blindness is akin to believing a day spent playing cowboys and Indians creates understanding of aboriginal culture.

In both cases, the experience may be fun, but using that experience to draw conclusions about a minority community is bogus. CNIB is using this event to raise money, thereby reinforcing stereotypes blind people are working hard to eradicate. In my view it should be reprinted in newspapers across the country. I have no doubt that the Dining in the Dark organization and the CNIB are well-intentioned, but I have to question the value of initiatives that, as Ms.

McCreath stresses the importance of blind Canadians learning Braille at a young age, thereby increasing their literacy and employability and providing, in the words of the Rt. Both McCreath and Gabias are passionate and articulate advocates for their cause. This well-written article comes all the way from San Antonio, Texas. The author perfectly explains the problems with disability simulations. He also tells us how best to learn about disabilities and the disabled. Retrieved 1 March Retrieved 5 July Retrieved 10 July Retrieved 14 January Archived from the original on Canadian Studies in the New Millennium.

University of Toronto Press. Archived from the original PDF on May 7, Retrieved February 5, Political Economy of Canada: McClelland and Stewart, Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development. Archived PDF from the original on Retrieved 6 August An in-depth look at the perfect storm that pushed Canada into recession , Macleans , retrieved 8 August CS1 maint: Oxford University Press, Hollywood North the feature film industry in British Columbia. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management.

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