El orden social libre (Spanish Edition)

The most exploited species include pine, oyamel, cypress and oak. Some tropical hardwoods are harvested as well. Veracruz's long coastline supports a large fishing industry, producing one-fifth of Mexico's catch. Most of the country's mojarra , oysters and shrimp come from here. Other major fish catches include crab, sea bass and red snapper. Agroindustry focuses on the processing of coffee and sugar products, with citrus packers holding an important position as well. Today, the state of Veracruz, rich in natural resources, is an important component of Mexico's economy.

There are a number of metallic and non-metallic mineral mining but the most important resource is oil. The mountains contain relatively unexploited deposits of gold, silver, iron, and coal. Although Veracruz is an important source of metals such as iron and copper, a great deal of its mining involves non-metallic minerals as sulfur, silica , feldspar , calcium , kaolin and marble.

The state is ranked fourth in the nation for this kind of mining production. Veracruz was a pioneer in both the extraction and refining of petroleum products. The rest is divided among nearly 11, smaller establishments. There are five major industrial parks: The largest of these is Bruno Pagliai, which covers Transportation and commerce are important factors in the state, mostly linked to importing and exporting through its four deepwater ports.

The focus of most of these activities is the port of Veracruz. It has the most favored position on Mexico's Gulf coast and is extensively used for exports to the United States, Latin America and Europe. Seventy-five percent of all port activity in Mexico takes place in Veracruz. The chief exports of this state are coffee, fresh fruits, fertilizer, sugar, fish and crustaceans.

Most highway, rail and air connections link to the port of Veracruz and other ports to the south. The state contains five major food wholesale markets, government sponsored markets, about 75, private stores and supermarkets.

Wholesale vendors focus on agricultural products such as wood, livestock and food products. Inaugurated in , the center has facilities to accommodate 5, people in 7, m2, an exhibition hall of 12,m2, a business center and parking for over vehicles.

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In the industrial sector, relatively poor municipios are not catching up to relatively rich ones though the latter are not diverging either. In the more rural and indigenous areas of the state, a number of handicrafts are still made and sold both to local buyers and to tourists. Many of these crafts are produced by communities that specialize in one or more types. Wood furniture and other items are made by the Huasteca people, mostly using cedar and palm trees.

The best work comes from the towns of Ozulama and Castillo de Teayo.

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Teocelo and Monte Blanco are known for bamboo furniture and other items. Wooden masks are made in Teocelo, and items made with the wood of coffee plants are made in Misantla, Coatepec, Huastusco and Xico. Palm fronds are woven into fans, shoes and baskets in Jalcomulco, Ozulama and Tlalixcoyan. Ceramics have been made in almost all parts of Veracruz since the Olmecs. One area known for its work is Papantla which also includes life sized representations of folk dancers from the area along with more mundane items of glazed and unglazed pottery. San Miguel Aguasuelos and Jalcomulco are known for their white clay wares which include water jars, toys, nativity scenes, bells and more.

Traditional clothing and embroidery can be most easily found in the La Huasteca area, where elaborately decorated women's blouses can be seen, especially in the El Higo and Tlalixcoyan area. In Totonacalpan, men are still often seen in white shirts and pants with a bag to hold personal items.

This dress dates back to the early colonial period and had not changed much since then. These and other textils such as tablecloths and napkins are often decorated with cross-stitch. The gastronomy of the state is unique in Mexico and mixed Spanish, indigenous, and other influences. The staple triumvirate of corn, beans, and squash was supplemented by tropical fruits, vanilla beans, and an herb called acuyo or hoja santa.

Another important native contribution is seafood , which is featured in many dishes such as, arroz a la tumbada and caldo de mariscos seafood soup. After the conquest and during the colonial period, many other spices and ingredients were brought and have had a greater influence in the cooking here than in other parts of the country. From Europe, the Spanish brought saffron , parsley , thyme , marjoram , bay laurel , and cilantro as well Asian spices such as cloves , cinnamon , and black pepper. The Spaniards also brought wheat, rice, almonds, olives and olive oil, garlic, and capers.

The latter three are essential ingredients in what is perhaps the most famous specialty of the region, huachinango a la veracruzana , red snapper in a spicy tomato sauce. Caribbean imports such as sugar cane and pineapple were adapted as well as the peanut , brought from Africa by the Portuguese although the peanut is originally from South America. The Sotovento area is in the south of the state, and the dishes here are heavily based on rice.

Common dishes include arroz a la tumbada, which is rice cooked with seafood or meat and rice with fried bananas. Seafood dishes are also prominent based mostly on fish and shrimp. The Centro Norte is centered on Xalapa. Dishes here tend to be more indigenous in nature, heavily flavored with mild chili peppers.

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Common dishes here include Chilehuates, similar to a tamale, stuffed chile peppers, and enchiladas. Less seafood and more pork and domestic fowl are consumed. Dishes here are similar to Centro Norte, but chayotes appear more often as this region is a major producer of the vegetable. Meats in adobo sauce are common as well. Bocoles are a kind of filled tortilla made with corn dough, stuffed with black beans, chorizo, eggs, or seafood, which then are fried in lard.

Tamales are often made with banana leaves. The area is also known for its breads, especially anise —flavored rolls. The state capital of Xalapa is also home to a number of important museums. The Museum of Anthropology contains the second most important collection of Mesoamerican artifacts in the country.

It was built beginning in over six hectares. The complex is divided into various halls and galleries by theme, focusing on the Olmec and Totonac cultures. Other important artifacts include giant stelae and San Martin Pajapan Monument 1 at right.

The Museum of Science and Technology is in Xalapa. It contains more than exhibitions in eight halls: It has been preserved and turned into a museum. In Tuxpan is the Regional Museum of Anthropology with more than pieces from pre-Hispanic groups in the region, displayed in four halls. Most of the pieces come from the center of the state and from the Huasteca region. On the edge of the Tuxpan River. The city also has the Mexican-Cuban Museum. Other museums are scattered in other parts of the state. The Salvador Ferrando Museum is located in Tlacotalpan and contains many everyday items and art from the 16th to the 19th centuries.

The Tuxteco Regional Museum in Santiago de Tuxtla contains Olmec and Totonac artifacts including art objects, farming implements, utensils and more. In the garden area, there are giant stone sculptures from the Tres Zapotes site. There is also a collection of historical photographs of the city. It also contains a collection of historical photographs related to Veracruz and art. The Malintzin Archeological Museum is in the municipality of Nogales. It is a small museum with one hall, with photographs and documents. It is located in the church where Malinche and Juan de Jaramillo were supposedly married.

The state is noted for its quantity and variety of festivals. The most important of these is Carnival in the city of Veracruz. A number of kings and queens are "crowned" including categories for children but the most important is the Rey Feo Ugly King and the Reina del Carnaval Queen of the Carnival. The latter is accompanies by cadets from the Naval Academy during the parade. In some places, it is commemorated during the months of August and September. In Papantla, boards or tables are placed on rooftops, which have been adorned with flowers, plant matter and more.

In Tantoyuca, it is commemorated with costumes and music, similar to Carnival. The Christian celebration of Candlemas is fused with traditions associated with Chalchiuhtlicua , the goddess of water, rivers, lakes and ocean. She was replaced by the Virgin of Candlemas, the protector of fishermen, making this celebration particularly important on the coast, especially in Tlacotalpan, where it is celebrated with much pomp.

These generally include native dances and foods based on corn. The state is well known in the country for its music and dance. The fandango is a dance brought over from Spanish. Today the state has two varieties: According to tradition, the origin of this dance lies in a story about a boy who was bitten by a snake and the rituals his family held to heal him. However, the state's most famous dance is as much a ritual and daredevil act as movements performed to music. It is believed to have originated with the Nahua , Huastec and Otomi peoples in central Mexico, and then spread throughout most of Mesoamerica.

The ritual consists of dance and the climbing of a meter pole from which four of the five participants then launch themselves tied with ropes to descend to the ground.

The fifth remains on top of the pole, dancing and playing a flute and drum. According to myth, the ritual was created to ask the gods to end a severe drought. Although the ritual did not originate with the Totonac people, today it is most strongly associated with them, especially those in and around Papantla , as the ceremony has died off in most other places. The state's best-known musical style is called the "son". It is the state's most popular musical style shows influences from the many peoples who have lived here such as indigenous groups, Portuguese, Italians, Africans, French and others.

The music is generally performed by harps, violins and guitars, with an occasional wind instrument. Son huasteco also called son huapango is a variety of son played in the north of the state mostly among the Totonacs. Son jarocho is the better known and more popular variety played in the south of the state.

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The famous Grammy award-winning song "La Bamba" by Los Lobos is said have its roots in a traditional folk song from Veracruz hence the reference to the "Marinero" in that song. The state has produced a number of musicians famous in the country. One of the best known is Francisco Gabilondo Soler.

A number of his works have been translated into other languages. Nicknamed "Flaco de oro" golden skinny one , he always insisted that he was born in Tlacotalpan, Veracruz and not Mexico City as records show. His most famous compositions include "Veracruz", "Noche de Ronda" and "Solamente una vez". These paintings focus on the mountains, valles, coasts, volcanos and other natural phenomena in the state. However, most of Veracruz's best-known artists are from the 19th and 20th centuries. Salvador Ferrando was a portrait and landscape artist from the north of the state.

Until recently, most of his work had been hidden in a museum named after him in the Tlacotalpan region. Much of it now is on display at the Museo de Arte de Veracruz in Orizaba. Enrique Guerra was an important sculptor at the end of the 19th century. Alberto Fuster was most active at the end of the century and is noted for bringing symbolism painting to Mexico from his stay in Europe.

His works include El progreso , Safo en el templo de Delfos and Nativa con loro. Active in the first half of the century, sculptor Carlos Bracho's work has been compared to that of Juan Rulfo. His works have been done in plaster, bronze, terracotta and green onyx and include monumental works which can be found in the cities of Xalapa, Puebla , Pachuca and Mexico City.

His best-known works are El abrazo, Cabeza verde and El campesino se apodera de la tierra. Later works include the three murals in the main stairwell of the School of Law at the University of Xalapa and El hombre y el conocimiento at the Universidad Veracruzana.

He has created paintings, sculptures, etchings, photography and mixed media works with his murals and sculptures most acclaimed. Examples of his work can be seen in various parts of public buildings in Papantla. Despite being the first Spanish settlement, the city of Veracruz lost most its older structures to the various invasions it has suffered. Architecture from the 16th to the 19th century includes colonial Spanish, Moorish, Neo gothic and Neoclassical. From the 20th century on, a number of names stand out.

Over his lifetime from the latter 19th to early 20th centuries, he worked as a professor, politician and journalist contributing to periodicals such as El Veracruzano, El Orden, and El Imparcial.

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The following generation, born in the first decades of the 20th century, became known as the Generation of the s. During this time Veracruz's literary tradition consolidated and decided to break type. One important name from this generation is Emilio Carballido who wrote about plays as well as scripts for radio and television. Some of his works include Rosalba y los llaveros , Felicidad and Las visitaciones del Diablo. In , he won the Premio Nacional de Literatura and in he received the Ariel de Oro for his work in cinema.

The current system is the result of a number of reforms which took place in the s and s. In the late s, new school campuses were created statewide and schools were remodeled. These included new schools for special education, distance learning and technological institutes, giving the state one of the highest number of school campuses in the country. There are a total of 20, schools, with nearly 2 million students and about 85, teachers.

One major focus of these and other schools is to eliminate illiteracy in indigenous communities. The "Medio Superior" level includes vocational high school and technical colleges. These account for 6. There are institutes at this level, with about 68, students studying different majors. There are also 63 master's degree programs and six PhDs.

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The major state university is the Universidad Veracruzana , with offers 56 bachelor's degrees, 37 masters and 5 PhDs. It is based in the capital of Xalapa and is noted for its large and varied sports programs. There are campuses in fourteen other cities. The state of Veracruz, especially its port, has been a crossroads for various cultures since the very early colonial period. The port of Veracruz has brought cargo, sailors, seamen, and slaves from various parts of the world, especially from the Caribbean and Europe.

The state has indigenous cultural influences mixed with those from Europe, Africa and the Afro-Caribbean. These can be best seen in the music, the culinary traditions and in the people themselves. The number of ethnic communities in the state has been calculated at 2, The largest are Nahuas, who make up over half of the indigenous population. The census of counted , as speaking an indigenous language.

There are also small immigrant communities of Spaniards, Italians, Basque and Lebanese. At one point, they outnumbered Europeans and a significant number ran away from haciendas and plantations to form their own communities, sometimes allied with indigenous groups. One such rebellion was led by Yanga, who successfully negotiated a free African community with Spanish authorities in Today, the vast majority of Afro Mexicans in Veracruz and other parts of the country are spread out and intermixed with the rest of the population. With a population of 7,, , Veracruz is the third most populous entity in the country, after the Federal District of Mexico City and the State of Mexico.

Population growth has slowed in the state in the last decades, due to lower birthrates and the exodus of migrants, mostly men. One reason for the decline in birthrates is the elevation of education levels, especially among women. The migration of men outside the state has put more women into the state's workforce.

Life expectancy is just under the norm for the rest of the country. The overwhelming majority of people in the state are Catholic, however, there is a significant Protestant minority and a number who profess the Jewish faith. Tourism mostly centers on the port city of Veracruz but there are other destinations. Almost all of the four and five-star establishments are in metropolitan area of Veracruz. Many of the state major historical and cultural monuments are located in the port of Veracruz. To the north of the port city is the Sierra or Totonacalpan area of the state, home to the Totonac people.

The area is also the native habitat of the vanilla bean. To the south of the port is on the coast, is Catemaco. This is in a tropical area. The area's two main features are Lake Catemaco , which is located in the crater of an extinct volcano and Isla Tanaxpillo just off the coast. This island is also called the island of the monkeys or baboons due to a group of feral monkeys that escaped and found refuge here. Inland is the coffee-growing region in and around the cities of Coatepec and Xalapa. The state contains numerous remains of pre-Hispanic Olmec , Totonac , and Huastec cities.

El Zapotal is an archeological site which was discovered in in a region known at Mixtequlla between the Blanco and Papaloapan Rivers. This site is noted for its clay figurines with smiling faces, part of an extremely large offering in honor of the god of death Mictlantecuhtli. Cempoala is an archeological site located on the coast between the modern settlements of La Antigua and Ciudad Cardel.

In the center of the site, there is a large plaza surrounded by temples and the palace of the Totonac chief. The site also has a small museum. It is cut into the mountain as a series of terraces. It is located on the border between Huasctec and Totonac lands. It was abandoned in the 19th century.

It is also unknown if the Totonac built it, but since they have dominated the region for centuries, they lay claim to it. The city developed from the end of the Classic period and the beginning of the Post Classic period, between and C. Its signature building is the Pyramid of the Niches, named after the niches built into the levels of the structure. The site has a large number of Mesoamerican ball game courts, one with details reliefs showing the beheading of a ballplayer and his role in the afterlife.

The Tres Zapotes site is located the community of the same name. It consists of a mound with a pyramid base and stairs on the east side. The site's culture is considered to be a link between the coastal and highland cultures of the region. Los Idolos is a site in the municipal city of Misantla , and was an important ceremonial site for the Totonacapan region.

It consists of four rectangular patios linked by platforms and flat-topped mounds. Many of the structures are decorated with smooth river stone, thought to have come from the Misantla River. It consists of a large plaza meters long lined with structures. In the center of the plaza there are three shrines, one of which contains phallic figures. Veracruz became a state in Its government is headed by a governor, who is elected to a single term of six years. Members of the unicameral legislature, the State Congress, are elected to three-year terms. The state is divided into local governmental units called municipios municipalities , each of which is headquartered in a prominent city, town, or village.

Freedom of the Press violations According to many journalists' organizations, Veracruz is one of the most dangerous places for journalists especially after governor Javier Duarte de Ochoa came to power in December The state contains 1, Most of this is conceded by the federal government to private companies, with strategic stretches maintained directly by the government. These lines are used almost exclusively for the transportation of freight, which in added up to 37 million tons. Three rail lines serve the port of Veracruz exclusively.

One is dedicated to the port of Coatzacalcos. The first three are the ports for heavy cargo ships, with Veracruz the most important of the three. The others are small ports for small ships, fishing boats and tourism. Goods imported through the state reach 16 out of Mexico's 31 states plus Mexico City. The port of Veracruz alone handles over 12 million tons of freight per year. Coatzacoalcos is important for its handling of petroleum products.

The state contains three major airports. There are 59 local newspapers and 40 magazines published in the state. There are radio stations 57 AM, 35 FM. Most are commercial or private but some are operated by non-profits and governmental agencies. Create lists, bibliographies and reviews: Search WorldCat Find items in libraries near you. Advanced Search Find a Library. Your list has reached the maximum number of items. Please create a new list with a new name; move some items to a new or existing list; or delete some items.

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