Black Turquoise

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Gold art deco panels on dark turquoise background. Turquoise, associated with the goddess Hathor , was so liked by the Ancient Egyptians that it became arguably the first gemstone to be imitated, the fair structure created by an artificial glazed ceramic product known as faience. The French conducted archaeological excavations of Egypt from the midth century through the early 20th. These excavations, including that of Tutankhamun's tomb, created great public interest in the western world, subsequently influencing jewellery, architecture , and art of the time.

Turquoise, already favoured for its pastel shades since around , was a staple of Egyptian Revival pieces. In contemporary Western use, turquoise is most often encountered cut en cabochon in silver rings, bracelets, often in the Native American style, or as tumbled or roughly hewn beads in chunky necklaces. Lesser material may be carved into fetishes , such as those crafted by the Zuni. While strong sky blues remain superior in value, mottled green and yellowish material is popular with artisans.

In many cultures of the Old and New Worlds, this gemstone has been esteemed for thousands of years as a holy stone, a bringer of good fortune or a talisman. In the ancient Persian Empire , the sky-blue gemstones were earlier worn round the neck or wrist as protection against unnatural death.

If they changed colour, the wearer was thought to have reason to fear the approach of doom. Meanwhile, it has been discovered that the turquoise certainly can change colour, but that this is not necessarily a sign of impending danger. The change can be caused by the light, or by a chemical reaction brought about by cosmetics, dust or the acidity of the skin.

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The goddess Hathor was associated with turquoise, as she was the patroness of Serabit el-Khadim , where it was mined. In Western culture, turquoise is also the traditional birthstone for those born in the month of December. The turquoise is also a stone in the Jewish High Priest 's breastplate , described in Exodus The stone is also considered sacred to the indigenous peoples of the Southwestern United States [13] Zuni and Pueblo peoples of the American Southwest, [14] The pre-Columbian Aztec and Maya also considered it to be a valuable and culturally important stone.

The Egyptians were the first to produce an artificial imitation of turquoise, in the glazed earthenware product faience. Later glass and enamel were also used, and in modern times more sophisticated porcelain , plastics , and various assembled, pressed, bonded, and sintered products composed of various copper and aluminium compounds have been developed: Most of these products differ markedly from natural turquoise in both physical and chemical properties, but in Pierre Gilson introduced one fairly close to a true synthetic it does differ in chemical composition owing to a binder used, meaning it is best described as a simulant rather than a synthetic.

Gilson turquoise is made in both a uniform colour and with black "spiderweb matrix" veining not unlike the natural Nevada material. The most common imitation of turquoise encountered today is dyed howlite and magnesite , both white in their natural states, and the former also having natural and convincing black veining similar to that of turquoise.

Dyed chalcedony , jasper , and marble is less common, and much less convincing. Other natural materials occasionally confused with or used in lieu of turquoise include: While rarely encountered today, odontolite was once mined in large quantities—specifically for its use as a substitute for turquoise—in southern France. These fakes are detected by gemologists using a number of tests, relying primarily on non-destructive, close examination of surface structure under magnification; a featureless, pale blue background peppered by flecks or spots of whitish material is the typical surface appearance of natural turquoise, while manufactured imitations will appear radically different in both colour usually a uniform dark blue and texture usually granular or sugary.

Glass and plastic will have a much greater translucency, with bubbles or flow lines often visible just below the surface. Staining between grain boundaries may be visible in dyed imitations. Some destructive tests may, however, be necessary; for example, the application of diluted hydrochloric acid will cause the carbonates odontolite and magnesite to effervesce and howlite to turn green, while a heated probe may give rise to the pungent smell so indicative of plastic. Differences in specific gravity , refractive index , light absorption as evident in a material's absorption spectrum , and other physical and optical properties are also considered as means of separation.

Turquoise is treated to enhance both its colour and durability i. As is so often the case with any precious stones, full disclosure about treatment is frequently not given. Gemologists can detect these treatments using a variety of testing methods, some of which are destructive, such as the use of a heated probe applied to an inconspicuous spot, which will reveal oil, wax or plastic treatment.

Historically, light waxing and oiling were the first treatments used in ancient times, providing a wetting effect, thereby enhancing the colour and lustre.

This treatment is more or less acceptable by tradition, especially because treated turquoise is usually of a higher grade to begin with. Oiled and waxed stones are prone to "sweating" under even gentle heat or if exposed to too much sun, and they may develop a white surface film or bloom over time. With some skill, oil and wax treatments can be restored. Material treated with plastic or water glass is termed "bonded" or "stabilized" turquoise. This process consists of pressure impregnation of otherwise unsaleable chalky American material by epoxy and plastics such as polystyrene and water glass sodium silicate to produce a wetting effect and improve durability.

Plastic and water glass treatments are far more permanent and stable than waxing and oiling, and can be applied to material too chemically or physically unstable for oil or wax to provide sufficient improvement. Conversely, stabilization and bonding are rejected by some as too radical an alteration. The epoxy binding technique was first developed in the s and has been attributed to Colbaugh Processing of Arizona, a company that still operates today.

The majority of American material is now treated in this manner although it is a costly process requiring many months to complete. Dyes have also been used to darken the veins of turquoise. Perhaps the most extreme of treatments is "reconstitution", wherein fragments of fine turquoise material, too small to be used individually, are powdered and then bonded with resin to form a solid mass. Very often the material sold as "reconstituted" turquoise is artificial , with little or no natural stone, made entirely from resins and dyes. In the trade "reconstituted" turquoise is often called "block" turquoise or simply "block.

Since finer turquoise is often found as thin seams, it may be glued to a base of stronger foreign material for reinforcement. These stones are termed "backed," and it is standard practice that all thinly cut turquoise in the Southwestern United States is backed.

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Native indigenous peoples of this region, because of their considerable use and wearing of turquoise, have found that backing increases the durability of thinly cut slabs and cabochons of turquoise. They observe that if the stone is not backed it will often crack. Early backing materials included the casings of old model T batteries, old phonograph records, and more recently epoxy steel resins. Backing of turquoise is not widely known outside of the Native American and Southwestern United States jewellery trade.

Backing does not diminish the value of high quality turquoise, and indeed the process is expected for most thinly cut American commercial gemstones. Hardness and richness of colour are two of the major factors in determining the value of turquoise; while colour is a matter of individual taste, generally speaking, the most desirable is a strong sky to robin egg blue in reference to the eggs of the American robin.

The mother rock or matrix in which turquoise is found can often be seen as splotches or a network of brown or black veins running through the stone in a netted pattern; this veining may add value to the stone if the result is complementary, but such a result is uncommon. Such material is sometimes described as "spiderweb matrix"; it is most valued in the Southwest United States and Far East , but is not highly appreciated in the Near East where unblemished and vein-free material is ideal regardless of how complementary the veining may be.

Uniformity of colour is desired, and in finished pieces the quality of workmanship is also a factor; this includes the quality of the polish and the symmetry of the stone. Calibrated stones—that is, stones adhering to standard jewellery setting measurements—may also be more sought after. Like coral and other opaque gems, turquoise is commonly sold at a price according to its physical size in millimetres rather than weight. Turquoise is treated in many different ways, some more permanent and radical than others.

Controversy exists as to whether some of these treatments should be acceptable, but one can be more or less forgiven universally: This is the light waxing or oiling applied to most gem turquoise to improve its colour and lustre; if the material is of high quality to begin with, very little of the wax or oil is absorbed and the turquoise therefore does not "rely" on this impermanent treatment for its beauty.

All other factors being equal, untreated turquoise will always command a higher price. Bonded and "reconstituted" material is worth considerably less. Being a phosphate mineral, turquoise is inherently fragile and sensitive to solvents; perfume and other cosmetics will attack the finish and may alter the colour of turquoise gems, as will skin oils, as will most commercial jewellery cleaning fluids.

Prolonged exposure to direct sunlight may also discolour or dehydrate turquoise. Care should therefore be taken when wearing such jewels: After use, turquoise should be gently cleaned with a soft cloth to avoid a buildup of residue, and should be stored in its own container to avoid scratching by harder gems. Turquoise can also be adversely affected if stored in an airtight container.

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. For other uses, see Turquoise disambiguation. Some natural blue to blue-green materials, such as this botryoidal chrysocolla with drusy quartz, are occasionally confused with or used to imitate turquoise. Gemology and Jewelry portal. Manual of Mineralogy 20th ed. John Wiley and Sons. Archived from the original on Handbook of Mineralogy PDF. Mineralogical Society of America. Archived PDF from the original on Dana's System of Mineralogy.

Nevada Bureau of Mines. Turquoise — archaeomineralogical evidences from the Orlovo prehistoric site Haskovo district, Southern Bulgaria. Archived from the original on March 19, National Gallery of Art. Archived from the original on 11 March Retrieved 11 March Retrieved November 15, from www. Retrieved November 20, from www. Gemstones of the world , revised edition. Their sources, descriptions and identification 5th ed.

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